Compiler segfault when using bitwise not on number literal cast to bitstruct #2373.

* implement working single size object pool
---------

Co-authored-by: Christoffer Lerno <christoffer@aegik.com>

.github/workflows/main.yml

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ env:
   LLVM_RELEASE_VERSION_WINDOWS: 18
   LLVM_RELEASE_VERSION_MAC: 17
   LLVM_RELEASE_VERSION_LINUX: 17
+  LLVM_RELEASE_VERSION_OPENBSD: 19
   LLVM_RELEASE_VERSION_UBUNTU22: 17
   LLVM_DEV_VERSION: 21
 jobs:
@@ -52,9 +53,9 @@ jobs:
           call "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvarsall.bat" x64
           cd resources/testproject
           ..\..\build\${{ matrix.build_type }}\c3c.exe -vvv --emit-llvm run hello_world_win32 --trust=full
-          dir build\llvm\windows-x64
+          dir out\llvm\windows-x64
           ..\..\build\${{ matrix.build_type }}\c3c.exe clean
-          dir build\llvm\windows-x64
+          dir out\llvm\windows-x64
 
 
       - name: Build testproject lib
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Compile run unit tests
         run: |
           cd test
-          ..\build\${{ matrix.build_type }}\c3c.exe compile-test unit -O1
+          ..\build\${{ matrix.build_type }}\c3c.exe compile-test unit -O1 -D SLOW_TESTS
 
       - name: run compiler tests
         run: |
@@ -273,6 +274,7 @@ jobs:
                 -DCMAKE_OBJCOPY=llvm-objcopy-${{matrix.llvm_version}} \
                 -DCMAKE_STRIP=llvm-strip-${{matrix.llvm_version}} \
                 -DCMAKE_DLLTOOL=llvm-dlltool-${{matrix.llvm_version}} \
+                -DLLVM_ENABLE_LIBXML2=OFF \
                 -DC3_LLVM_VERSION=${{matrix.llvm_version}}
           cmake --build build
       - name: CMake18
@@ -287,6 +289,7 @@ jobs:
                 -DCMAKE_OBJCOPY=llvm-objcopy-${{matrix.llvm_version}} \
                 -DCMAKE_STRIP=llvm-strip-${{matrix.llvm_version}} \
                 -DCMAKE_DLLTOOL=llvm-dlltool-${{matrix.llvm_version}} \
+                -DLLVM_ENABLE_LIBXML2=OFF \
                 -DC3_LLVM_VERSION=${{matrix.llvm_version}}.1
           cmake --build build
 
@@ -345,7 +348,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Compile run unit tests
         run: |
           cd test
-          ../build/c3c compile-test unit
+          ../build/c3c compile-test unit -D SLOW_TESTS
 
       - name: Build testproject
         run: |
@@ -439,6 +442,7 @@ jobs:
                 -DCMAKE_OBJCOPY=llvm-objcopy-${{matrix.llvm_version}} \
                 -DCMAKE_STRIP=llvm-strip-${{matrix.llvm_version}} \
                 -DCMAKE_DLLTOOL=llvm-dlltool-${{matrix.llvm_version}} \
+                -DLLVM_ENABLE_LIBXML2=OFF \
                 -DC3_LLVM_VERSION=${{matrix.llvm_version}}
           cmake --build build
       - name: CMake
@@ -453,6 +457,7 @@ jobs:
                 -DCMAKE_OBJCOPY=llvm-objcopy-${{matrix.llvm_version}} \
                 -DCMAKE_STRIP=llvm-strip-${{matrix.llvm_version}} \
                 -DCMAKE_DLLTOOL=llvm-dlltool-${{matrix.llvm_version}} \
+                -DLLVM_ENABLE_LIBXML2=OFF \
                 -DC3_LLVM_VERSION=${{matrix.llvm_version}}.1
           cmake --build build
       - name: Compile and run some examples
@@ -489,7 +494,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Compile run unit tests
         run: |
           cd test
-          ../build/c3c compile-test unit --sanitize=address
+          ../build/c3c compile-test unit --sanitize=address -D SLOW_TESTS
 
       - name: Build testproject
         run: |
@@ -583,7 +588,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Compile run unit tests
         run: |
           cd test
-          ../build/c3c compile-test unit
+          ../build/c3c compile-test unit -D SLOW_TESTS
 
       - name: Build testproject
         run: |
@@ -665,7 +670,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Compile run unit tests
         run: |
           cd test
-          ../build/c3c compile-test unit -O1
+          ../build/c3c compile-test unit -O1 -D SLOW_TESTS
 
       - name: Test WASM
         run: |
@@ -747,6 +752,119 @@ jobs:
           nix build -L ".#c3c-checks"
         fi
 
+  build-openbsd:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      # Don't abort runners if a single one fails
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        build_type: [Release, Debug]
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: OpenBSD VM
+        uses: vmactions/openbsd-vm@main
+        with:
+          prepare: |
+            pkg_add cmake llvm-19.1.7p3 ninja
+
+          run: |
+            echo "CMake"
+            cmake -B build \
+              -G Ninja \
+              -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${{matrix.build_type}} \
+              -DLLVM_ENABLE_LIBXML2=OFF \
+              -DC3_LLVM_VERSION=${LLVM_RELEASE_VERSION_OPENBSD}
+            cmake --build build
+            echo "Compile and run some examples"
+            cd resources
+            ../build/c3c compile examples/base64.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile examples/binarydigits.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile examples/brainfk.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile examples/factorial_macro.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile examples/fasta.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile examples/gameoflife.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile examples/hash.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile-only examples/levenshtein.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile examples/load_world.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile-only examples/map.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile examples/mandelbrot.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile examples/plus_minus.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile examples/nbodies.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile examples/spectralnorm.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile examples/swap.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile examples/contextfree/boolerr.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile examples/contextfree/dynscope.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile examples/contextfree/guess_number.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile examples/contextfree/multi.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile examples/contextfree/cleanup.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile-run examples/hello_world_many.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile-run examples/time.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile-run examples/fannkuch-redux.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile-run examples/contextfree/boolerr.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile-run examples/load_world.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile-run examples/process.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile-run examples/ls.c3
+            ../build/c3c compile-run examples/args.c3 -- foo -bar "baz baz"
+            cd ..
+            echo "Compile and run dynlib-test"
+            cd resources/examples/dynlib-test
+            ../../../build/c3c -vv dynamic-lib add.c3
+            mv add.so libadd.so
+            cc test.c -L. -ladd -Wl,-rpath=.         
+            ./a.out
+            ../../../build/c3c compile-run test.c3 -L . -l add -z -Wl,-rpath=.
+            cd ../../../
+            echo "Compile and run staticlib-test"
+            cd resources/examples/staticlib-test
+            ../../../build/c3c -vv static-lib add.c3
+            mv add.a libadd.a
+            cc test.c -L. -ladd         
+            ./a.out
+            ../../../build/c3c compile-run test.c3 -L . -l add           
+            cd ../../../
+            echo "Compile run unit tests"
+            cd test
+            ../build/c3c --max-mem 128 compile-test unit -D SLOW_TESTS
+            cd ..
+            echo "Build testproject"
+            cd resources/testproject
+            ../../build/c3c run -vvv --trust=full
+            cd ../../
+            echo "Test WASM"
+            cd resources/testfragments
+            ../../build/c3c compile --target wasm32 -g0 --no-entry -Os wasm4.c3
+            cd ../../
+            echo "Build testproject direct linker"
+            cd resources/testproject
+            ../../build/c3c run -vvv --linker=builtin --trust=full
+            cd ../../
+            echo "Init a library & a project"
+            ./build/c3c init-lib mylib
+            ls mylib.c3l
+            ./build/c3c init myproject
+            ls myproject
+            echo "run compiler tests"
+            cd test
+            ../build/c3c --max-mem 128 compile-run -O1 src/test_suite_runner.c3 -- ../build/c3c  test_suite/
+            cd ..
+
+      - name: bundle_output
+        run: |
+          mkdir c3
+          cp -r lib c3
+          cp msvc_build_libraries.py c3
+          cp build/c3c c3
+          cp README.md c3
+          cp releasenotes.md c3
+          tar czf c3-openbsd-${{matrix.build_type}}.tar.gz c3
+
+      - name: upload artifacts
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: c3-openbsd-${{matrix.build_type}}
+          path: c3-openbsd-${{matrix.build_type}}.tar.gz
+
   release:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     needs: [build-msvc, build-linux, build-mac, build-linux-ubuntu22]
@@ -769,6 +887,8 @@ jobs:
       - run: zip -r c3-windows-debug.zip c3-windows-Debug
       - run: mv c3-linux-Release/c3-linux-Release.tar.gz c3-linux-Release/c3-linux.tar.gz
       - run: mv c3-linux-Debug/c3-linux-Debug.tar.gz c3-linux-Debug/c3-linux-debug.tar.gz
+      - run: mv c3-openbsd-Release/c3-openbsd-Release.tar.gz c3-openbsd-Release/c3-openbsd.tar.gz
+      - run: mv c3-openbsd-Debug/c3-openbsd-Debug.tar.gz c3-openbsd-Debug/c3-openbsd-debug.tar.gz
       - run: mv c3-ubuntu-22-Release/c3-ubuntu-22-Release.tar.gz c3-ubuntu-22-Release/c3-ubuntu-22.tar.gz
       - run: mv c3-ubuntu-22-Debug/c3-ubuntu-22-Debug.tar.gz c3-ubuntu-22-Debug/c3-ubuntu-22-debug.tar.gz
       - run: mv c3-macos-Release/c3-macos-Release.zip c3-macos-Release/c3-macos.zip
@@ -790,6 +910,8 @@ jobs:
             c3-windows-debug.zip
             c3-linux-Release/c3-linux.tar.gz
             c3-linux-Debug/c3-linux-debug.tar.gz
+            c3-openbsd-Release/c3-openbsd.tar.gz
+            c3-openbsd-Debug/c3-openbsd-debug.tar.gz
             c3-ubuntu-22-Release/c3-ubuntu-22.tar.gz
             c3-ubuntu-22-Debug/c3-ubuntu-22-debug.tar.gz
             c3-macos-Release/c3-macos.zip

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.20)
 
+set(C3_LLVM_MIN_VERSION 17)
+set(C3_LLVM_MAX_VERSION 21)
+set(C3_LLVM_DEFAULT_VERSION 19)
+
+if (CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR STREQUAL CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "In-tree build detected, please build in a separate directory")
+endif()
+
 # Grab the version
 file(READ "src/version.h" ver)
 if (NOT ${ver} MATCHES "COMPILER_VERSION \"([0-9]+.[0-9]+.[0-9]+)\"")
@@ -7,8 +15,20 @@ if (NOT ${ver} MATCHES "COMPILER_VERSION \"([0-9]+.[0-9]+.[0-9]+)\"")
 endif()
 
 # Set the project and version
-project(c3c VERSION ${CMAKE_MATCH_1})
-message("C3C version: ${CMAKE_PROJECT_VERSION}")
+project(c3c VERSION ${CMAKE_MATCH_1} LANGUAGES C CXX)
+message("Configuring C3C ${CMAKE_PROJECT_VERSION} for ${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME}")
+
+# Helper functions
+function(c3_print_variables)
+    set(msg "")
+    foreach(var ${ARGN})
+        if(msg)
+            string(APPEND msg " ; ")
+        endif()
+        string(APPEND msg "${c3_print_prefix}${var}=\"${${var}}\"")
+    endforeach()
+    message(STATUS "${msg}")
+endfunction()
 
 # Avoid warning for FetchContent
 if (CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL "3.24.0")
@@ -16,7 +36,7 @@ if (CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL "3.24.0")
 endif()
 
 if (NOT DEFINED CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR)
-    if (MSVC)
+    if (WIN32)
         set(CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR "c:\\c3c\\lib")
         set(CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR "c:\\c3c")
     else ()
@@ -36,36 +56,41 @@ set(CMAKE_FIND_PACKAGE_SORT_DIRECTION DEC)
 set(CMAKE_C_STANDARD 11)
 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 17)
 
+# Use /MT or /MTd
+set(CMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY "MultiThreaded$<$<CONFIG:Debug>:Debug>")
+
 if(MSVC)
     message(STATUS "MSVC version ${MSVC_VERSION}")
-    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE} /O2 /EHsc /utf-8")
-    set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE} /O2 /EHsc /utf-8")
-    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG} /Od /Zi /EHa /utf-8")
-    set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG} /Od /Zi /EHa /utf-8")
+    add_compile_options(/utf-8)
 else()
-    if (true)
-        set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE} -O0 -fno-exceptions")
-        set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG} -gdwarf-3 -O0 -fno-exceptions")
-        set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE} -gdwarf-3 -O3 -fno-exceptions")
-        set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG} -gdwarf-3 -fno-exceptions")
-    else()
-        set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE} -gdwarf-3 -O3 -fsanitize=undefined,address -fno-exceptions")
-        set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG} -gdwarf-3 -O1 -fsanitize=undefined,address -fno-exceptions")
-        set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE} -gdwarf-3 -O3 -fsanitize=undefined,address -fno-exceptions")
-        set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG} -gdwarf-3 -O1 -fsanitize=undefined,address -fno-exceptions")
-        set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS} -fsanitize=undefined,address -fno-exceptions")
-    endif()
+    add_compile_options(-gdwarf-3 -fno-exceptions)
+
+    # add_compile_options(-fsanitize=address,undefined)
+    # add_link_options(-fsanitize=address,undefined)
 endif()
 
-option(C3_LINK_DYNAMIC "link dynamically with LLVM/LLD libs")
+# Options
+set(C3_LINK_DYNAMIC         OFF      CACHE BOOL   "Link dynamically with LLVM/LLD libs")
+set(C3_WITH_LLVM            ON       CACHE BOOL   "Build with LLVM")
+set(C3_LLVM_VERSION         "auto"   CACHE STRING "Use LLVM version [default: auto]")
+set(C3_USE_MIMALLOC         OFF      CACHE BOOL   "Use built-in mimalloc")
+set(C3_MIMALLOC_TAG         "v1.7.3" CACHE STRING "Used version of mimalloc")
+set(C3_USE_TB               OFF      CACHE BOOL   "Use TB")
+set(C3_LLD_DIR              ""       CACHE STRING "Use custom LLD directory")
+set(C3_ENABLE_CLANGD_LSP    OFF      CACHE BOOL   "Enable/Disable output of compile commands during generation")
+set(LLVM_CRT_LIBRARY_DIR    ""       CACHE STRING "Use custom llvm's compiler-rt directory")
 
-set(C3_LLVM_VERSION "auto" CACHE STRING "Use LLVM version [default: auto]")
-option(C3_USE_MIMALLOC "Use built-in mimalloc" OFF)
-option(C3_USE_TB "Use TB" OFF)
-set(C3_MIMALLOC_TAG "v1.7.3" CACHE STRING "Used version of mimalloc")
-option(C3_WITH_LLVM "Build with LLVM" ON)
-option(C3_LLD_DIR "Use custom LLD directory" "")
-option(LLVM_CRT_LIBRARY_DIR "Use custom llvm's compiler-rt directory" "")
+set(C3_OPTIONS
+        C3_LINK_DYNAMIC
+        C3_WITH_LLVM
+        C3_LLVM_VERSION
+        C3_USE_MIMALLOC
+        C3_MIMALLOC_TAG
+        C3_USE_TB
+        C3_LLD_DIR
+        C3_ENABLE_CLANGD_LSP
+        LLVM_CRT_LIBRARY_DIR
+)
 
 set(C3_USE_MIMALLOC OFF)
 if(C3_USE_MIMALLOC)
@@ -83,13 +108,6 @@ endif()
 if (NOT WIN32)
     find_package(CURL)
 endif()
-if(C3_WITH_LLVM)
-    if (NOT C3_LLVM_VERSION STREQUAL "auto")
-        if (${C3_LLVM_VERSION} VERSION_LESS 17 OR ${C3_LLVM_VERSION} VERSION_GREATER 21)
-            message(FATAL_ERROR "LLVM ${C3_LLVM_VERSION} is not supported!")
-        endif()
-    endif()
-endif()
 
 find_package(Git QUIET)
 if(C3_USE_TB AND GIT_FOUND AND EXISTS "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/.git")
@@ -107,7 +125,6 @@ if(C3_USE_TB AND GIT_FOUND AND EXISTS "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/.git")
 endif()
 
 # Clangd LSP support
-option(C3_ENABLE_CLANGD_LSP "Enable/Disable output of compile commands during generation." OFF)
 if(C3_ENABLE_CLANGD_LSP)
     set(CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS ON)
     execute_process(
@@ -120,7 +137,7 @@ endif(C3_ENABLE_CLANGD_LSP)
 if(C3_WITH_LLVM)
     if(CMAKE_C_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "MSVC")
         if (C3_LLVM_VERSION STREQUAL "auto")
-            set(C3_LLVM_VERSION "19")
+            set(C3_LLVM_VERSION ${C3_LLVM_DEFAULT_VERSION})
         endif()
         FetchContent_Declare(
                 LLVM_Windows
@@ -139,6 +156,7 @@ if(C3_WITH_LLVM)
             FetchContent_MakeAvailable(LLVM_Windows)
             set(llvm_dir ${llvm_windows_SOURCE_DIR})
         endif()
+        message("Loaded Windows LLVM libraries into ${llvm_dir}")
         set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PREFIX_PATH ${llvm_dir} ${CMAKE_SYSTEM_PREFIX_PATH})
 
         find_package(LLVM REQUIRED CONFIG)
@@ -149,7 +167,7 @@ if(C3_WITH_LLVM)
         # 
         # Because of CMAKE_FIND_PACKAGE_SORT_ORDER CMAKE_FIND_PACKAGE_SORT_DIRECTION,
         # the newest version will always be found first.
-        message(STATUS "CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH: ${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH}")
+        c3_print_variables(CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH)
         if (DEFINED LLVM_DIR) 
             message(STATUS "Looking for LLVM CMake files in user-specified directory ${LLVM_DIR}")
         else()
@@ -165,6 +183,10 @@ if(C3_WITH_LLVM)
         endif()
     endif()
 
+    if (EXISTS /opt/homebrew/lib)
+        list(APPEND LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS /opt/homebrew/lib)
+    endif()
+
     if (EXISTS /usr/lib)
         # Some systems (such as Alpine Linux) seem to put some of the relevant
         # LLVM files in /usr/lib, but this doesn't seem to be included in the
@@ -172,12 +194,15 @@ if(C3_WITH_LLVM)
         list(APPEND LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS /usr/lib)
     endif()
 
+    list(REMOVE_DUPLICATES LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS)
+
     message(STATUS "Found LLVM ${LLVM_PACKAGE_VERSION}")
     message(STATUS "Using LLVMConfig.cmake in: ${LLVM_DIR}")
-    message(STATUS "Libraries located in: ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS}")
+    message(STATUS "LLVM libraries located in: ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS}")
 
-    if (NOT LLVM_PACKAGE_VERSION VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL 15.0)
-        message(FATAL_ERROR "LLVM version 15.0 or later is required.")
+    if (${LLVM_PACKAGE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS C3_LLVM_MIN_VERSION OR
+        ${LLVM_PACKAGE_VERSION} VERSION_GREATER C3_LLVM_MAX_VERSION)
+        message(FATAL_ERROR "LLVM ${LLVM_PACKAGE_VERSION} is not supported! LLVM version between ${C3_LLVM_MIN_VERSION} and ${C3_LLVM_MAX_VERSION} is required.")
     endif()
 
     if(LLVM_ENABLE_RTTI)
@@ -227,44 +252,43 @@ if(C3_WITH_LLVM)
         llvm_map_components_to_libnames(llvm_libs ${LLVM_LINK_COMPONENTS})
 
         if(NOT ${C3_LLD_DIR} EQUAL "" AND EXISTS ${C3_LLD_DIR})
-            message("C3_LLD_DIR: " ${C3_LLD_DIR})
-            set(LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS
-                    "${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS}"
-                    "${C3_LLD_DIR}"
-            )
+            list(APPEND LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS ${C3_LLD_DIR})
             list(REMOVE_DUPLICATES LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS)
         endif()
 
+        message(STATUS "Looking for static lld libraries in ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS}")
+
         # These don't seem to be reliable on windows.
-        message(STATUS "using find_library")
-        find_library(LLD_COFF NAMES liblldCOFF.dylib lldCOFF.lib lldCOFF.a liblldCOFF.dll.a liblldCOFF.a PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
-        find_library(LLD_COMMON NAMES liblldCommon.dylib lldCommon.lib lldCommon.a liblldCommon.dll.a liblldCommon.a PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
-        find_library(LLD_ELF NAMES liblldELF.dylib lldELF.lib lldELF.a liblldELF.dll.a liblldELF.a PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
-        find_library(LLD_MACHO NAMES liblldMachO.dylib lldMachO.lib lldMachO.a liblldMachO.dll.a liblldMachO.a PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
-        find_library(LLD_MINGW NAMES liblldMinGW.dylib lldMinGW.lib lldMinGW.a liblldMinGW.dll.a liblldMinGW.a PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
-        find_library(LLD_WASM NAMES liblldWasm.dylib lldWasm.lib lldWasm.a liblldWasm.dll.a liblldWasm.a PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
+        find_library(LLD_COFF NAMES liblldCOFF.dylib lldCOFF.lib lldCOFF.a liblldCOFF.dll.a liblldCOFF.a PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
+        find_library(LLD_COMMON NAMES liblldCommon.dylib lldCommon.lib lldCommon.a liblldCommon.dll.a liblldCommon.a PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
+        find_library(LLD_ELF NAMES liblldELF.dylib lldELF.lib lldELF.a liblldELF.dll.a liblldELF.a PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
+        if (NOT ${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} STREQUAL "OpenBSD")
+            find_library(LLD_MACHO NAMES liblldMachO.dylib lldMachO.lib lldMachO.a liblldMachO.dll.a liblldMachO.a PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
+        else()
+            set(LLD_MACHO "")
+        endif()
+        find_library(LLD_MINGW NAMES liblldMinGW.dylib lldMinGW.lib lldMinGW.a liblldMinGW.dll.a liblldMinGW.a PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
+        find_library(LLD_WASM NAMES liblldWasm.dylib lldWasm.lib lldWasm.a liblldWasm.dll.a liblldWasm.a PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
     else()
-        find_library(LLVM NAMES libLLVM.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
+        message(STATUS "Looking for shared lld libraries in ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS}")
+
+        find_library(LLVM NAMES libLLVM.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
         set(llvm_libs ${LLVM})
 
         # These don't seem to be reliable on windows.
-        message(STATUS "using find_library")
-        find_library(LLD_COFF NAMES liblldCOFF.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
-        find_library(LLD_COMMON NAMES liblldCommon.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
-        find_library(LLD_ELF NAMES liblldELF.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
-        find_library(LLD_MACHO NAMES liblldMachO.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
-        find_library(LLD_MINGW NAMES liblldMinGW.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
-        find_library(LLD_WASM NAMES liblldWasm.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
+        find_library(LLD_COFF NAMES liblldCOFF.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
+        find_library(LLD_COMMON NAMES liblldCommon.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
+        find_library(LLD_ELF NAMES liblldELF.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
+        if (NOT ${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} STREQUAL "OpenBSD")
+            find_library(LLD_MACHO NAMES liblldMachO.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
+        else()
+            set(LLD_MACHO "")
+        endif()
+        find_library(LLD_MINGW NAMES liblldMinGW.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
+        find_library(LLD_WASM NAMES liblldWasm.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
     endif()
-endif()
 
-if (NOT(${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR} EQUAL ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}))
-    file(REMOVE_RECURSE ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/lib)
-    file(COPY ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/lib DESTINATION ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR})
-endif()
-
-if(C3_WITH_LLVM)
-    find_library(LLD_LOONG NAMES libLLVMLoongArchCodeGen.lib libLLVMLoongArchAsmParser.lib libLLVMLoongArchCodeGen.a libLLVMLoongArchAsmParser.a PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
+    # find_library(LLD_LOONG NAMES libLLVMLoongArchCodeGen.lib libLLVMLoongArchAsmParser.lib libLLVMLoongArchCodeGen.a libLLVMLoongArchAsmParser.a PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
     set(lld_libs
             ${LLD_COFF}
             ${LLD_WASM}
@@ -289,8 +313,8 @@ if(C3_WITH_LLVM)
         )
     endif()
 
-    message(STATUS "linking to llvm libs ${lld_libs}")
-    message(STATUS "Found lld libs ${lld_libs}")
+    message(STATUS "Linking to llvm libs ${llvm_libs}")
+    message(STATUS "Linking to lld libs ${lld_libs}")
 endif()
 
 add_library(miniz STATIC dependencies/miniz/miniz.c)
@@ -408,6 +432,11 @@ if(C3_WITH_LLVM)
 
     target_compile_definitions(c3c PUBLIC LLVM_AVAILABLE=1)
     add_library(c3c_wrappers STATIC wrapper/src/wrapper.cpp)
+    if (MSVC)
+        target_compile_options(c3c PRIVATE
+                "$<$<CONFIG:Debug>:/EHa>"
+                "$<$<CONFIG:Release>:/EHsc>")
+    endif()
 else()
     target_sources(c3c PRIVATE src/utils/hostinfo.c)
     target_compile_definitions(c3c PUBLIC LLVM_AVAILABLE=0)
@@ -491,7 +520,7 @@ endif ()
 
 if (CURL_FOUND)
     target_link_libraries(c3c ${CURL_LIBRARIES})
-    target_include_directories(c3c PRIVATE ${CURL_INCLUDES})
+    target_include_directories(c3c PRIVATE ${CURL_INCLUDE_DIRS})
     target_compile_definitions(c3c PUBLIC CURL_FOUND=1)
 else()
     target_compile_definitions(c3c PUBLIC CURL_FOUND=0)
@@ -499,34 +528,27 @@ endif()
 
 
 if(MSVC)
-    message("Adding MSVC options")
-    target_compile_options(c3c PRIVATE /wd4068 /wd4090 /WX /Wv:18)
+    target_compile_options(c3c PRIVATE
+        /wd4068
+        /wd4090
+        /WX
+        /Wv:18
+    )
+
     if(C3_WITH_LLVM)
-        target_compile_options(c3c_wrappers PUBLIC /wd4624 /wd4267 /wd4244 /WX /Wv:18)
+        target_compile_options(c3c_wrappers PUBLIC
+            /wd4624
+            /wd4267
+            /wd4244
+            /WX
+            /Wv:18
+        )
         if(NOT LLVM_ENABLE_RTTI)
             target_compile_options(c3c_wrappers PUBLIC /GR-)
         endif()
         target_link_options(c3c_wrappers PUBLIC /ignore:4099)
     endif()
-    if(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug")
-        target_compile_options(c3c PUBLIC /MTd)
-        if (C3_WITH_LLVM)
-            target_compile_options(c3c_wrappers PUBLIC /MTd)
-        endif()
-        target_compile_options(miniz PUBLIC /MTd)
-        if (C3_USE_TB)
-            target_compile_options(tilde-backend PUBLIC /MTd)
-        endif()
-    else()
-        target_compile_options(c3c PUBLIC /MT)
-        if (C3_WITH_LLVM)
-            target_compile_options(c3c_wrappers PUBLIC /MT)
-        endif()
-        target_compile_options(miniz PUBLIC /MT)
-        if (C3_USE_TB)
-            target_compile_options(tilde-backend PUBLIC /MT)
-        endif()
-    endif()
+
     if(C3_WITH_LLVM)
         set(clang_lib_dir ${llvm_dir}/lib/clang/${C3_LLVM_VERSION}/lib/windows)
         set(sanitizer_runtime_libraries
@@ -536,13 +558,20 @@ if(MSVC)
                 ${clang_lib_dir}/clang_rt.asan_dynamic_runtime_thunk-x86_64.lib)
     endif()
 else()
-    message(STATUS "using gcc/clang warning switches")
-    target_link_options(c3c PRIVATE -pthread)
     if (C3_WITH_LLVM AND NOT LLVM_ENABLE_RTTI)
         target_compile_options(c3c_wrappers PRIVATE -fno-rtti)
     endif()
-    target_compile_options(c3c PRIVATE -pthread -Wall -Werror -Wno-unknown-pragmas -Wno-unused-result
-            -Wno-unused-function -Wno-unused-variable -Wno-unused-parameter)
+    target_compile_options(c3c PRIVATE
+        -pthread
+        -Wall
+        -Werror
+        -Wno-unknown-pragmas
+        -Wno-unused-result
+        -Wno-unused-function
+        -Wno-unused-variable
+        -Wno-unused-parameter
+    )
+    target_link_options(c3c PRIVATE -pthread)
 endif()
 
 install(TARGETS c3c DESTINATION bin)
@@ -553,6 +582,12 @@ if (NOT WIN32)
     install(FILES c3c.1 DESTINATION "share/man/man1")
 endif()
 
+# Copy stdlib
+if (NOT ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR} EQUAL ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR})
+    file(REMOVE_RECURSE ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/lib)
+    file(COPY ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/lib DESTINATION ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR})
+endif()
+
 if (C3_WITH_LLVM AND DEFINED sanitizer_runtime_libraries)
     add_custom_command(TARGET c3c POST_BUILD
             COMMAND "${CMAKE_COMMAND}" -E rm -rf -- $<TARGET_FILE_DIR:c3c>/c3c_rt
@@ -572,3 +607,35 @@ if (C3_WITH_LLVM AND DEFINED sanitizer_runtime_libraries)
 endif()
 
 feature_summary(WHAT ALL)
+
+message(STATUS "Building ${CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME} with the following configuration:")
+
+set(c3_print_prefix "  ")
+
+foreach(option IN LISTS C3_OPTIONS)
+    if (DEFINED ${option})
+        c3_print_variables(${option})
+    endif()
+endforeach()
+
+foreach(flag_var
+        CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE
+        CMAKE_C_COMPILER
+        CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER
+        CMAKE_LINKER
+        CMAKE_OBJCOPY
+        CMAKE_STRIP
+        CMAKE_DLLTOOL)
+    c3_print_variables(${flag_var})
+endforeach()
+
+message(STATUS "Build flags:")
+foreach(flag_var
+        CMAKE_C_FLAGS CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE
+        CMAKE_C_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO
+        CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE
+        CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO)
+    c3_print_variables(${flag_var})
+endforeach()
+
+message(STATUS "Output to: \"${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}\"")

CMakePresets.json

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+{
+    "version": 3,
+    "configurePresets": [
+        {
+            "name": "windows-base",
+            "hidden": true,
+            "architecture": {
+                "value": "x64"
+            },
+            "toolset": {
+                "value": "host=x64"
+            }
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "windows-vs-2022-release",
+            "generator": "Visual Studio 17 2022",
+            "displayName": "Windows x64 Visual Studio 17 2022",
+            "inherits": "windows-base",
+            "binaryDir": "build",
+            "cacheVariables": {
+                "CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES": "Release;RelWithDebInfo",
+                "CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE": "Release"
+            }
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "windows-vs-2022-debug",
+            "generator": "Visual Studio 17 2022",
+            "displayName": "Windows x64 Visual Studio 17 2022 (Debug)",
+            "inherits": "windows-base",
+            "binaryDir": "build-debug",
+            "cacheVariables": {
+                "CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES": "Debug",
+                "CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE": "Debug"
+            }
+        }
+    ],
+    "buildPresets": [
+        {
+            "name": "windows-vs-2022-debug",
+            "displayName": "Debug",
+            "configurePreset": "windows-vs-2022-debug",
+            "configuration": "Debug"
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "windows-vs-2022-release",
+            "displayName": "Release",
+            "configurePreset": "windows-vs-2022-release",
+            "configuration": "Release"
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "windows-vs-2022-release-with-debug-info",
+            "displayName": "RelWithDebInfo",
+            "configurePreset": "windows-vs-2022-release",
+            "configuration": "RelWithDebInfo"
+        }
+    ]
+}

CODESTYLE.md

@@ -151,8 +151,9 @@ one with related functions when working on temporary strings.
 
 # C3 Standard library style guide.
 
-When contributing to the standard librairy please to your best to follow the following style requirements 
-as to ensure a consistent style in the stdlib and also make accepting PRs more quickly.
+When contributing to the standard library please try your best to adhere to the
+following style requirements to ensure a consistent style in the stdlib and to
+facilitate accepting PRs more quickly.
 
 ### Braces are placed on the next line
 
@@ -256,4 +257,4 @@ argument.
 ## Add tests to your changes
 
 If you add or fix things, then there should always be tests in `test/unit/stdlib` to verify
-the functionality.
+the functionality.

README.md

@@ -8,10 +8,11 @@ for programmers who like C.
 
 Precompiled binaries for the following operating systems are available:
  
-- Windows x64 [download](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest/c3-windows.zip), [install instructions](#installing-on-windows-with-precompiled-binaries).
-- Debian x64 [download](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest/c3-linux.tar.gz), [install instructions](#installing-on-debian-with-precompiled-binaries).
-- Ubuntu x86 [download](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest/c3-ubuntu-20.tar.gz), [install instructions](#installing-on-ubuntu-with-precompiled-binaries).
-- MacOS Arm64 [download](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest/c3-macos.zip), [install instructions](#installing-on-macos-with-precompiled-binaries).
+- Windows x64 [download](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-windows.zip), [install instructions](#installing-on-windows-with-precompiled-binaries).
+- Debian x64 [download](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-linux.tar.gz), [install instructions](#installing-on-debian-with-precompiled-binaries).
+- Ubuntu x86 [download](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-ubuntu-20.tar.gz), [install instructions](#installing-on-ubuntu-with-precompiled-binaries).
+- MacOS Arm64 [download](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-macos.zip), [install instructions](#installing-on-macos-with-precompiled-binaries).
+- OpenBSD x64 [download](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-openbsd.tar.gz), [install instructions](#installing-on-openbsd-with-precompiled-binaries).
 
 The manual for C3 can be found at [www.c3-lang.org](http://www.c3-lang.org).
 
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ whole new language.
 
 ### Example code
 
-The following code shows [generic modules](https://c3-lang.org/references/docs/generics/) (more examples can be found at https://c3-lang.org/references/docs/examples/). 
+The following code shows [generic modules](https://c3-lang.org/generic-programming/generics/) (more examples can be found at https://c3-lang.org/language-overview/examples/). 
 
 ```cpp
 module stack {Type};
@@ -141,7 +142,7 @@ fn void main()
 
 ### Current status
 
-The current stable version of the compiler is **version 0.7.1**.
+The current stable version of the compiler is **version 0.7.4**.
 
 The upcoming 0.7.x releases will focus on expanding the standard library,
 fixing bugs and improving compile time analysis. 
@@ -176,12 +177,14 @@ The compiler is currently verified to compile on Linux, Windows and MacOS.
 | NetBSD x86               | Untested                      | Untested                | No          | Yes      | Untested | Yes*       |
 | NetBSD x64               | Untested                      | Untested                | No          | Yes      | Untested | Yes*       |
 | OpenBSD x86              | Untested                      | Untested                | No          | Yes      | Untested | Yes*       |
-| OpenBSD x64              | Untested                      | Untested                | No          | Yes      | Untested | Yes*       |
+| OpenBSD x64              | Yes*                          | Yes                     | Yes*        | Yes      | Untested | Yes*       |
 | MCU x86                  | No                            | Untested                | No          | No       | No       | Yes*       |
 | Wasm32                   | No                            | Yes                     | No          | No       | No       | No         |
 | Wasm64                   | No                            | Untested                | No          | No       | No       | No         |
 
-*\* Inline asm is still a work in progress*
+*\* Inline asm is still a work in progress*<br>
+*\* OpenBSD 7.7 is the only tested version*<br>
+*\* OpenBSD has limited stacktrace, needs to be tested further*
 
 More platforms will be supported in the future.
 
@@ -197,34 +200,44 @@ More platforms will be supported in the future.
 
 ### Installing
 
+This installs the latest prerelease build, as opposed to the latest released version.
+
 #### Installing on Windows with precompiled binaries
-1. Download the zip file: [https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest/c3-windows.zip](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest/c3-windows.zip) 
-(debug version [here](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest/c3-windows-debug.zip))
+1. Download the zip file: [https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-windows.zip](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-windows.zip)
+(debug version [here](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-windows-debug.zip))
 2. Unzip exe and standard lib.
 3. If you don't have Visual Studio 17 installed you can either do so, or run the `msvc_build_libraries.py` Python script which will download the necessary files to compile on Windows. 
 4. Run `c3c.exe`.
 
 #### Installing on Debian with precompiled binaries
-1. Download tar file: [https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest/c3-linux.tar.gz](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest/c3-linux.tar.gz)
-   (debug version [here](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest/c3-linux-debug.tar.gz))
+1. Download tar file: [https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-linux.tar.gz](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-linux.tar.gz)
+   (debug version [here](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-linux-debug.tar.gz))
 2. Unpack executable and standard lib.
 3. Run `./c3c`.
 
 #### Installing on Ubuntu with precompiled binaries
-1. Download tar file: [https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest/c3-ubuntu-20.tar.gz](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest/c3-ubuntu-20.tar.gz)
-   (debug version [here](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest/c3-ubuntu-20-debug.tar.gz))
+1. Download tar file: [https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-ubuntu-20.tar.gz](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-ubuntu-20.tar.gz)
+   (debug version [here](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-ubuntu-20-debug.tar.gz))
 2. Unpack executable and standard lib.
 3. Run `./c3c`.
 
 #### Installing on MacOS with precompiled binaries
 1. Make sure you have XCode with command line tools installed.
-2. Download the zip file: [https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest/c3-macos.zip](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest/c3-macos.zip)
-   (debug version [here](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest/c3-macos-debug.zip))
+2. Download the zip file: [https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-macos.zip](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-macos.zip)
+   (debug version [here](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-macos-debug.zip))
 3. Unzip executable and standard lib.
 4. Run `./c3c`.
 
 (*Note that there is a known issue with debug symbol generation on MacOS 13, see [issue #1086](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/issues/1086))
 
+#### Installing on OpenBSD with precompiled binaries
+1. Download tar file: [https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-openbsd.tar.gz](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-openbsd.tar.gz)
+   (debug version [here](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-openbsd-debug.tar.gz))
+2. Unpack executable and standard lib.
+3. Run `./c3c`.
+
+(*Note that this is specifically for OpenBSD 7.7, running it on any other version is prone to ABI breaks)
+
 #### Installing on Arch Linux
 Arch includes c3c in the official 'extra' repo. It can be easily installed the usual way:
 
@@ -263,14 +276,15 @@ See the `build-with-docker.sh` script for more information on other configurable
 
 #### Installing on OS X using Homebrew
 
-2. Install CMake: `brew install cmake`
-3. Install LLVM 17+: `brew install llvm`
-4. Clone the C3C github repository: `git clone https://github.com/c3lang/c3c.git`
-5. Enter the C3C directory `cd c3c`.
-6. Create a build directory `mkdir build`
-7. Change directory to the build directory `cd build`
-8. Set up CMake build for debug: `cmake ..`
-9. Build: `cmake --build .`
+1. Install [Homebrew](https://brew.sh/)
+2. Install LLVM 17+: `brew install llvm`
+3. Install lld: `brew install lld`
+4. Install CMake: `brew install cmake`
+5. Clone the C3C github repository: `git clone https://github.com/c3lang/c3c.git`
+6. Enter the C3C directory `cd c3c`.
+7. Set up CMake build for debug: `cmake -B build -S .`
+8. Build: `cmake --build build`
+9. Change directory to the build directory `cd build`
 
 #### Installing on Windows using Scoop
 
@@ -311,28 +325,35 @@ called `hello_world` or `hello_world.exe`depending on platform.
 1. Make sure you have Visual Studio 17 2022 installed or alternatively install the "Buildtools for Visual Studio" (https://aka.ms/vs/17/release/vs_BuildTools.exe) and then select "Desktop development with C++"
 2. Install CMake
 3. Clone the C3C github repository: `git clone https://github.com/c3lang/c3c.git`
-4. Enter the C3C directory `cd c3c`.
-5. Set up the CMake build `cmake -B build -G "Visual Studio 17 2022" -A x64 -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release`
-6. Build: `cmake --build build --config Release`
-7. You should now have the c3c.exe
+4. Enter the C3C directory: `cd c3c`.
+5. Set up the CMake build: `cmake --preset windows-vs-2022-release`
+6. Build: `cmake --build --preset windows-vs-2022-release`
 
-You should now have a `c3c` executable.
+You should now have a `c3c` executable in `build\Release`.
 
-You can try it out by running some sample code: `c3c.exe compile ../resources/examples/hash.c3`
+You can try it out by running some sample code: `c3c.exe compile ../../resources/examples/hash.c3`
+
+Building `c3c` using Visual Studio Code is also supported when using the `CMake Tools` extension. Simply select the `Windows x64 Visual Studio 17 2022` configure preset and build.
 
 *Note that if you run into linking issues when building, make sure that you are using the latest version of VS17.*
 
+#### Compiling on Windows (Debug)
+
+Debug build requires a different set of LLVM libraries to be loaded for which a separate CMake configuration is used to avoid conflicts.
+1. Configure: `cmake --preset windows-vs-2022-debug`
+2. Build: `cmake --build --preset windows-vs-2022-debug`
+
+You should now have a `c3c` executable in `build-debug\Debug`.
 
 #### Compiling on Ubuntu 24.04 LTS
 
 1. Make sure you have a C compiler that handles C11 and a C++ compiler, such as GCC or Clang. Git also needs to be installed.
-2. Install LLVM 18 `sudo apt-get install cmake git clang zlib1g zlib1g-dev libllvm18 llvm llvm-dev llvm-runtime liblld-dev liblld-18 libpolly-18-dev`
+2. Install LLVM 18 `sudo apt-get install cmake git clang zlib1g zlib1g-dev libllvm18 llvm llvm-dev llvm-runtime liblld-dev liblld-18 libpolly-18-dev`. If you're using Ubuntu 25.04, also install `libpolly-20-dev`.
 3. Clone the C3C github repository: `git clone https://github.com/c3lang/c3c.git`
 4. Enter the C3C directory `cd c3c`.
-5. Create a build directory `mkdir build`
-6. Change directory to the build directory `cd build`
-7. Set up CMake build: `cmake ..`
-8. Build: `cmake --build .`
+5. Set up CMake build: `cmake -B build -S .`
+6. Build: `cmake --build build`
+7. Change directory to the build directory `cd build`
 
 You should now have a `c3c` executable.
 
@@ -345,13 +366,12 @@ You can try it out by running some sample code: `./c3c compile ../resources/exam
 2. Clone the C3C repository: `git clone https://github.com/c3lang/c3c.git`
     - If you only need the latest commit, you may want to make a shallow clone instead: `git clone https://github.com/c3lang/c3c.git --depth=1`
 3. Enter the directory: `cd c3c`
-4. Create a build directory: `mkdir build`
-5. Enter the build directory: `cd build`
-6. Create the CMake build cache: `cmake ..`
-7. Build: `cmake --build .`
+4. Create the CMake build cache: `cmake -B build -S .`
+5. Build: `cmake --build build`
+6. Enter the build directory: `cd build`
 
 Your c3c executable should have compiled properly. You may want to test it: `./c3c compile ../resources/examples/hash.c3`  
-For a sytem-wide installation, run the following as root: `cmake --install .`
+For a system-wide installation, run the following as root: `cmake --install .`
 
 
 #### Compiling on Fedora
@@ -361,12 +381,29 @@ For a sytem-wide installation, run the following as root: `cmake --install .`
 3. Clone the C3C repository: `git clone https://github.com/c3lang/c3c.git`
     - If you only need the latest commit, you may want to make a shallow clone: `git clone https://github.com/c3lang/c3c.git --depth=1`
 4. Enter the C3C directory: `cd c3c`
-5. Create a build directory and navigate into it: `mkdir build && cd build`
-6. Create the CMake build cache. The Fedora repositories provide `.so` libraries for lld, so you need to set the C3_LINK_DYNAMIC flag: `cmake .. -DC3_LINK_DYNAMIC=1`
-7. Build the project: `cmake --build .`
+5. Create the CMake build cache. The Fedora repositories provide `.so` libraries for lld, so you need to set the C3_LINK_DYNAMIC flag: `cmake -B build -S . -DC3_LINK_DYNAMIC=1`
+6. Build the project: `cmake --build build`
+7. Enter the build directory: `cd build`
 
 The c3c binary should be created in the build directory. You can try it out by running some sample code: `./c3c compile ../resources/examples/hash.c3`
 
+#### Compiling on Arch Linux
+
+1. Install required project dependencies: `sudo pacman -S curl lld llvm-libs clang cmake git libedit llvm libxml2`
+2. Clone the C3C repository: `git clone https://github.com/c3lang/c3c.git`
+    - If you only need the latest commit, you may want to make a shallow clone: `git clone https://github.com/c3lang/c3c.git --depth=1`
+3. Enter the C3C directory: `cd c3c`
+4. Create the CMake build cache:
+```bash
+cmake -B build \
+    -D C3_LINK_DYNAMIC=ON \
+    -D CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
+```
+5. Build the project: `cmake --build build`.
+
+After compilation, the `c3c` binary will be located in the `build` directory. You can test it by compiling an example: `./build/c3c compile resources/examples/ls.c3`.
+
+6. To install the compiler globally: `sudo cmake --install build`
 
 #### Compiling on other Linux / Unix variants
 
@@ -374,11 +411,10 @@ The c3c binary should be created in the build directory. You can try it out by r
 2. Install or compile LLVM and LLD *libraries* (version 17+ or higher)
 3. Clone the C3C github repository: `git clone https://github.com/c3lang/c3c.git`
 4. Enter the C3C directory `cd c3c`.
-5. Create a build directory `mkdir build`
-6. Change directory to the build directory `cd build`
-7. Set up CMake build for debug: `cmake ..`. At this point you may need to manually 
-provide the link path to the LLVM CMake directories, e.g. `cmake -DLLVM_DIR=/usr/local/opt/llvm/lib/cmake/llvm/ ..`
-8. Build: `cmake --build .`
+5. Set up CMake build for debug: `cmake -B build -S .`. At this point you may need to manually 
+provide the link path to the LLVM CMake directories, e.g. `cmake -B build -S . -DLLVM_DIR=/usr/local/opt/llvm/lib/cmake/llvm/`
+6. Build: `cmake --build build`
+7. Change directory to the build directory `cd build`
 
 *A note on compiling for Linux/Unix/MacOS: to be able to fetch vendor libraries
 libcurl is needed. The CMake script should detect it if it is available. Note that
@@ -406,7 +442,12 @@ Editor plugins can be found at https://github.com/c3lang/editor-plugins.
 
 A huge **THANK YOU** goes out to all contributors and sponsors.
 
-A special thank you to sponsors [Caleb-o](https://github.com/Caleb-o) and [devdad](https://github.com/devdad) for going the extra mile.
+A special thank you to sponsors [Zack Puhl](https://github.com/NotsoanoNimus) and [konimarti](https://github.com/konimarti) for going the extra mile.
+
+And honorable mention goes to past sponsors:
+[Ygor Pontelo](https://github.com/ygorpontelo), [Simone Raimondi](https://github.com/SRaimondi),
+[Jan Válek](https://github.com/jan-valek), [Pierre Curto](https://github.com/pierrec), 
+[Caleb-o](https://github.com/Caleb-o) and [devdad](https://github.com/devdad)
 
 ## Star History
 

benchmarks/stdlib/collections/hashmap.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2025 Zack Puhl <github@xmit.xyz>. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+//
+// Some benchmark test ideas are sourced from this article on C++ hashmap benchmarking:
+//   https://martin.ankerl.com/2022/08/27/hashmap-bench-01/
+//
+module hashmap_benchmarks;
+
+import std::collections::map;
+import std::math::random;
+
+
+const DEFAULT_ITERATIONS = 16384;
+
+Lcg64Random rand;
+
+HashMap { int, int } modifying_numbers_random;
+
+fn void bench_setup() @init
+{
+	set_benchmark_warmup_iterations(3);
+	set_benchmark_max_iterations(DEFAULT_ITERATIONS);
+
+	// TODO: Cannot take the address of a @benchmark function. If we could, we could pass &insert_erase as a fn ptr and use the $qnameof CT eval internally.
+	set_benchmark_func_iterations($qnameof(insert_erase), 32);
+	set_benchmark_func_iterations($qnameof(random_access), 1024);
+
+    random::seed(&rand, 0x4528_21e6_38d0_1377);
+
+    for (usz i = 0; i < 1_000; ++i) modifying_numbers_random.set(rand.next_int(), rand.next_int());
+}
+
+
+// ==============================================================================================
+module hashmap_benchmarks @benchmark;
+
+import std::collections::map;
+
+import std::math::random;
+import std::encoding::base64;
+
+
+fn void generic_hash_speeds()
+{
+	(char){}.hash();
+	(char[<100>]){}.hash();
+	(char[100]){}.hash();
+	(ichar){}.hash();
+	(ichar[<100>]){}.hash();
+	(ichar[100]){}.hash();
+	(short){}.hash();
+	(short[<100>]){}.hash();
+	(short[100]){}.hash();
+	(ushort){}.hash();
+	(ushort[<100>]){}.hash();
+	(ushort[100]){}.hash();
+	(int){}.hash();
+	(int[<100>]){}.hash();
+	(int[100]){}.hash();
+	(uint){}.hash();
+	(uint[<100>]){}.hash();
+	(uint[100]){}.hash();
+	(long){}.hash();
+	(long[<20>]){}.hash();
+	(long[100]){}.hash();
+	(ulong){}.hash();
+	(ulong[<20>]){}.hash();
+	(ulong[100]){}.hash();
+	(int128){}.hash();
+	(int128[<20>]){}.hash();
+	(int128[100]){}.hash();
+	(uint128){}.hash();
+	(uint128[<20>]){}.hash();
+	(uint128[100]){}.hash();
+	(bool){}.hash();
+	(bool[<100>]){}.hash();
+	(bool[100]){}.hash();
+	String x = "abc";
+	char[] y = "abc";
+	assert(x.hash() == y.hash());
+	String z1 = "This is a much longer string than the above value because longer values lead to longer hashing times.";
+	char[] z2 = "This is a much longer string than the above value because longer values lead to longer hashing times.";
+	assert(z1.hash() == z2.hash());
+	assert(int.typeid.hash());
+}
+
+
+fn void hash_speeds_of_many_random_values() => @pool()
+{
+	var $arrsz = 10_000;
+	uint fake_checksum;
+
+	char[] chars = allocator::new_array(tmem, char, $arrsz)[:$arrsz];
+	foreach (&v : chars) *v = (char)random::next(&rand, uint.max);
+
+	ushort[] shorts = allocator::new_array(tmem, ushort, $arrsz)[:$arrsz];
+	foreach (&v : shorts) *v = (ushort)random::next(&rand, uint.max);
+
+	uint[] ints = allocator::new_array(tmem, uint, $arrsz)[:$arrsz];
+	foreach (&v : ints) *v = random::next(&rand, uint.max);
+
+	ulong[] longs = allocator::new_array(tmem, ulong, $arrsz)[:$arrsz];
+	foreach (&v : longs) *v = (ulong)random::next(&rand, uint.max);
+
+	uint128[] vwideints = allocator::new_array(tmem, uint128, $arrsz)[:$arrsz];
+	foreach (&v : vwideints) *v = (uint128)random::next(&rand, uint.max);
+
+	char[48][] zstrs = allocator::new_array(tmem, char[48], $arrsz)[:$arrsz];
+	String[$arrsz] strs;
+	foreach (x, &v : zstrs)
+	{
+		foreach (&c : (*v)[:random::next(&rand, 48)]) *c = (char)random::next(&rand, char.max);
+		strs[x] = ((ZString)&v[0]).str_view();
+	}
+
+	runtime::@start_benchmark();
+	foreach (v : chars) fake_checksum += v.hash();
+	foreach (v : shorts) fake_checksum += v.hash();
+	foreach (v : ints) fake_checksum += v.hash();
+	foreach (v : longs) fake_checksum += v.hash();
+	foreach (v : vwideints) fake_checksum += v.hash();
+	foreach (v : strs) fake_checksum += v.hash();
+	runtime::@end_benchmark();
+}
+
+
+fn void modifying_numbers_init_from_map() => @pool()
+{
+	HashMap { int, int } v;
+	v.tinit_from_map(&modifying_numbers_random);
+	v.free();
+}
+
+
+fn void insert_erase() => @pool()
+{
+	uint iters = 1_000_000;
+	HashMap { int, int } v;
+	v.tinit();
+
+	runtime::@start_benchmark();
+	for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i) v[i] = i;
+	for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i) v.remove(i);
+
+	runtime::@end_benchmark();
+
+	v.free();
+}
+
+
+fn void random_access() => @pool()
+{
+	HashMap { int, int } v;
+	v.tinit();
+
+	uint bound = 10_000;
+	usz pseudo_checksum = 0;
+
+	for (uint i = 0; i < bound; ++i) v[i] = i;
+
+	runtime::@start_benchmark();
+	for (uint i = 0; i < 1_000_000; ++i) pseudo_checksum += (v[i.hash() % bound] ?? 0);
+	runtime::@end_benchmark();
+
+	v.free();
+}
+
+
+fn void random_access_erase() => @pool()
+{
+	HashMap { int, int } v;
+	v.tinit();
+
+	uint bound = 10_000;
+
+	for (uint i = 0; i < bound; ++i) v[i] = i;
+
+	runtime::@start_benchmark();
+	for (uint i = 0; i < bound; ++i)
+	{
+		v[i.hash() % bound] = i;   // supplant an entry
+
+		v.remove(random::next(&rand, bound));   // remove a random entry
+	}
+	runtime::@end_benchmark();
+
+	v.free();
+}
+
+
+fn void random_access_string_keys() => @pool()
+{
+	HashMap { String, ulong } v;
+	v.tinit();
+
+	usz pseudo_checksum = 0;
+	String[5_000] saved;
+
+	for (usz i = 0; i < saved.len; ++i)
+	{
+		ulong hash = i.hash();
+		String b64key = base64::tencode(@as_char_view(hash));
+
+		v[b64key] = hash;
+
+		if (i < saved.len) saved[i] = b64key;
+	}
+
+	runtime::@start_benchmark();
+	for (usz i = 0; i < saved.len; ++i)
+	{
+		pseudo_checksum += v[ saved[random::next(&rand, saved.len)] ]!! % 512;
+	}
+	runtime::@end_benchmark();
+
+	v.free();
+}

benchmarks/stdlib/hash/non_crypto_shootout.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2025 Zack Puhl <github@xmit.xyz>. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+module non_crypto_benchmarks;
+
+
+const usz COMMON_ITERATIONS = 1 << 18;
+
+const char[] COMMON_1 = { 0xA5 };
+const char[] COMMON_4 = { 0xA5, 0xA5, 0xA5, 0xA5, };
+const char[] COMMON_8 = { [0..7] = 0xA5 };
+const char[] COMMON_16 = { [0..15] = 0xA5 };
+const char[] COMMON_32 = { [0..31] = 0xA5 };
+const char[] COMMON_64 = { [0..63] = 0xA5 };
+const char[] COMMON_128 = { [0..127] = 0xA5 };
+const char[] COMMON_1024 = { [0..1023] = 0xA5 };
+
+
+fn void initialize_bench() @init
+{
+	set_benchmark_warmup_iterations(3);
+	set_benchmark_max_iterations(COMMON_ITERATIONS + 3);
+}
+
+
+// =======================================================================================
+module non_crypto_benchmarks @benchmark;
+
+import std::hash;
+
+
+fn void fnv64a_1() => fnv64a::hash(COMMON_1);
+fn void fnv32a_1() => fnv32a::hash(COMMON_1);
+fn void wyhash2_1() => wyhash2::hash(COMMON_1);
+fn void metro64_1() => metro64::hash(COMMON_1);
+fn void metro128_1() => metro128::hash(COMMON_1);
+fn void a5hash_1() => a5hash::hash(COMMON_1);
+fn void komi_1() => komi::hash(COMMON_1);
+
+fn void fnv64a_4() => fnv64a::hash(COMMON_4);
+fn void fnv32a_4() => fnv32a::hash(COMMON_4);
+fn void wyhash2_4() => wyhash2::hash(COMMON_4);
+fn void metro64_4() => metro64::hash(COMMON_4);
+fn void metro128_4() => metro128::hash(COMMON_4);
+fn void a5hash_4() => a5hash::hash(COMMON_4);
+fn void komi_4() => komi::hash(COMMON_4);
+
+fn void fnv64a_8() => fnv64a::hash(COMMON_8);
+fn void fnv32a_8() => fnv32a::hash(COMMON_8);
+fn void wyhash2_8() => wyhash2::hash(COMMON_8);
+fn void metro64_8() => metro64::hash(COMMON_8);
+fn void metro128_8() => metro128::hash(COMMON_8);
+fn void a5hash_8() => a5hash::hash(COMMON_8);
+fn void komi_8() => komi::hash(COMMON_8);
+
+fn void fnv64a_16() => fnv64a::hash(COMMON_16);
+fn void fnv32a_16() => fnv32a::hash(COMMON_16);
+fn void wyhash2_16() => wyhash2::hash(COMMON_16);
+fn void metro64_16() => metro64::hash(COMMON_16);
+fn void metro128_16() => metro128::hash(COMMON_16);
+fn void a5hash_16() => a5hash::hash(COMMON_16);
+fn void komi_16() => komi::hash(COMMON_16);
+
+fn void fnv64a_32() => fnv64a::hash(COMMON_32);
+fn void fnv32a_32() => fnv32a::hash(COMMON_32);
+// NOTE: wyhash2 cannot be used on inputs > 16 bytes.
+fn void metro64_32() => metro64::hash(COMMON_32);
+fn void metro128_32() => metro128::hash(COMMON_32);
+fn void a5hash_32() => a5hash::hash(COMMON_32);
+fn void komi_32() => komi::hash(COMMON_32);
+
+fn void fnv64a_64() => fnv64a::hash(COMMON_64);
+fn void fnv32a_64() => fnv32a::hash(COMMON_64);
+// NOTE: wyhash2 cannot be used on inputs > 16 bytes.
+fn void metro64_64() => metro64::hash(COMMON_64);
+fn void metro128_64() => metro128::hash(COMMON_64);
+fn void a5hash_64() => a5hash::hash(COMMON_64);
+fn void komi_64() => komi::hash(COMMON_64);
+
+fn void fnv64a_128() => fnv64a::hash(COMMON_128);
+fn void fnv32a_128() => fnv32a::hash(COMMON_128);
+// NOTE: wyhash2 cannot be used on inputs > 16 bytes.
+fn void metro64_128() => metro64::hash(COMMON_128);
+fn void metro128_128() => metro128::hash(COMMON_128);
+fn void a5hash_128() => a5hash::hash(COMMON_128);
+fn void komi_128() => komi::hash(COMMON_128);
+
+fn void fnv64a_1024() => fnv64a::hash(COMMON_1024);
+fn void fnv32a_1024() => fnv32a::hash(COMMON_1024);
+// NOTE: wyhash2 cannot be used on inputs > 16 bytes.
+fn void metro64_1024() => metro64::hash(COMMON_1024);
+fn void metro128_1024() => metro128::hash(COMMON_1024);
+fn void a5hash_1024() => a5hash::hash(COMMON_1024);
+fn void komi_1024() => komi::hash(COMMON_1024);

lib/std/ascii.c3

@@ -1,77 +1,42 @@
+<* This module is scheduled for removal, use std::core::ascii *>
 module std::ascii;
 
 macro bool in_range_m(c, start, len) => (uint)(c - start) < len;
-macro bool is_lower_m(c) => in_range_m(c, 0x61, 26);
-macro bool is_upper_m(c) => in_range_m(c, 0x41, 26);
-macro bool is_digit_m(c) => in_range_m(c, 0x30, 10);
+macro bool is_lower_m(c)  => in_range_m(c, 0x61, 26);
+macro bool is_upper_m(c)  => in_range_m(c, 0x41, 26);
+macro bool is_digit_m(c)  => in_range_m(c, 0x30, 10);
 macro bool is_bdigit_m(c) => in_range_m(c, 0x30, 2);
 macro bool is_odigit_m(c) => in_range_m(c, 0x30, 8);
 macro bool is_xdigit_m(c) => in_range_m(c | 32, 0x61, 6) || is_digit_m(c);
-macro bool is_alpha_m(c) => in_range_m(c | 32, 0x61, 26);
-macro bool is_print_m(c) => in_range_m(c, 0x20, 95);
-macro bool is_graph_m(c) => in_range_m(c, 0x21, 94);
-macro bool is_space_m(c) => in_range_m(c, 0x9, 5) || c == 0x20;
-macro bool is_alnum_m(c) => is_alpha_m(c) || is_digit_m(c);
-macro bool is_punct_m(c) => !is_alnum_m(c) && is_graph_m(c);
-macro bool is_blank_m(c) => c == 0x20 || c == 0x9;
-macro bool is_cntrl_m(c) => c < 0x20 || c == 0x7f;
+macro bool is_alpha_m(c)  => in_range_m(c | 32, 0x61, 26);
+macro bool is_print_m(c)  => in_range_m(c, 0x20, 95);
+macro bool is_graph_m(c)  => in_range_m(c, 0x21, 94);
+macro bool is_space_m(c)  => in_range_m(c, 0x9, 5) || c == 0x20;
+macro bool is_alnum_m(c)  => is_alpha_m(c) || is_digit_m(c);
+macro bool is_punct_m(c)  => !is_alnum_m(c) && is_graph_m(c);
+macro bool is_blank_m(c)  => c == 0x20 || c == 0x9;
+macro bool is_cntrl_m(c)  => c < 0x20 || c == 0x7f;
 macro to_lower_m(c) => is_upper_m(c) ? c + 0x20 : c;
 macro to_upper_m(c) => is_lower_m(c) ? c - 0x20 : c;
 
 fn bool in_range(char c, char start, char len) => in_range_m(c, start, len);
-fn bool is_lower(char c) => is_lower_m(c);
-fn bool is_upper(char c) => is_upper_m(c);
-fn bool is_digit(char c) => is_digit_m(c);
-fn bool is_bdigit(char c) => is_bdigit_m(c);
-fn bool is_odigit(char c) => is_odigit_m(c);
-fn bool is_xdigit(char c) => is_xdigit_m(c);
-fn bool is_alpha(char c) => is_alpha_m(c);
-fn bool is_print(char c) => is_print_m(c);
-fn bool is_graph(char c) => is_graph_m(c);
-fn bool is_space(char c) => is_space_m(c);
-fn bool is_alnum(char c) => is_alnum_m(c);
-fn bool is_punct(char c) => is_punct_m(c);
-fn bool is_blank(char c) => is_blank_m(c);
-fn bool is_cntrl(char c) => is_cntrl_m(c);
-fn char to_lower(char c) => (char)to_lower_m(c);
-fn char to_upper(char c) => (char)to_upper_m(c);
 
 fn bool char.in_range(char c, char start, char len) => in_range_m(c, start, len);
-fn bool char.is_lower(char c) => is_lower_m(c);
-fn bool char.is_upper(char c) => is_upper_m(c);
-fn bool char.is_digit(char c) => is_digit_m(c);
-fn bool char.is_bdigit(char c) => is_bdigit_m(c);
-fn bool char.is_odigit(char c) => is_odigit_m(c);
-fn bool char.is_xdigit(char c) => is_xdigit_m(c);
-fn bool char.is_alpha(char c) => is_alpha_m(c);
-fn bool char.is_print(char c) => is_print_m(c);
-fn bool char.is_graph(char c) => is_graph_m(c);
-fn bool char.is_space(char c) => is_space_m(c);
-fn bool char.is_alnum(char c) => is_alnum_m(c);
-fn bool char.is_punct(char c) => is_punct_m(c);
-fn bool char.is_blank(char c) => is_blank_m(c);
-fn bool char.is_cntrl(char c) => is_cntrl_m(c);
-fn char char.to_lower(char c) => (char)to_lower_m(c);
-fn char char.to_upper(char c) => (char)to_upper_m(c);
-<*
- @require c.is_xdigit()
-*>
-fn char char.from_hex(char c) => c.is_digit() ? c - '0' : 10 + (c | 0x20) - 'a';
 
 fn bool uint.in_range(uint c, uint start, uint len) => in_range_m(c, start, len);
-fn bool uint.is_lower(uint c) => is_lower_m(c);
-fn bool uint.is_upper(uint c) => is_upper_m(c);
-fn bool uint.is_digit(uint c) => is_digit_m(c);
-fn bool uint.is_bdigit(uint c) => is_bdigit_m(c);
-fn bool uint.is_odigit(uint c) => is_odigit_m(c);
-fn bool uint.is_xdigit(uint c) => is_xdigit_m(c);
-fn bool uint.is_alpha(uint c) => is_alpha_m(c);
-fn bool uint.is_print(uint c) => is_print_m(c);
-fn bool uint.is_graph(uint c) => is_graph_m(c);
-fn bool uint.is_space(uint c) => is_space_m(c);
-fn bool uint.is_alnum(uint c) => is_alnum_m(c);
-fn bool uint.is_punct(uint c) => is_punct_m(c);
-fn bool uint.is_blank(uint c) => is_blank_m(c);
-fn bool uint.is_cntrl(uint c) => is_cntrl_m(c);
-fn uint uint.to_lower(uint c) => (uint)to_lower_m(c);
-fn uint uint.to_upper(uint c) => (uint)to_upper_m(c);
+fn bool uint.is_lower(uint c)  @deprecated => is_lower_m(c);
+fn bool uint.is_upper(uint c)  @deprecated => is_upper_m(c);
+fn bool uint.is_digit(uint c)  @deprecated => is_digit_m(c);
+fn bool uint.is_bdigit(uint c) @deprecated => is_bdigit_m(c);
+fn bool uint.is_odigit(uint c) @deprecated => is_odigit_m(c);
+fn bool uint.is_xdigit(uint c) @deprecated => is_xdigit_m(c);
+fn bool uint.is_alpha(uint c)  @deprecated => is_alpha_m(c);
+fn bool uint.is_print(uint c)  @deprecated => is_print_m(c);
+fn bool uint.is_graph(uint c)  @deprecated => is_graph_m(c);
+fn bool uint.is_space(uint c)  @deprecated => is_space_m(c);
+fn bool uint.is_alnum(uint c)  @deprecated => is_alnum_m(c);
+fn bool uint.is_punct(uint c)  @deprecated => is_punct_m(c);
+fn bool uint.is_blank(uint c)  @deprecated => is_blank_m(c);
+fn bool uint.is_cntrl(uint c)  @deprecated => is_cntrl_m(c);
+fn uint uint.to_lower(uint c)  @deprecated => (uint)to_lower_m(c);
+fn uint uint.to_upper(uint c)  @deprecated => (uint)to_upper_m(c);

lib/std/atomic.c3

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ macro Type Atomic.or(&self, Type value, AtomicOrdering ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT
 	return @atomic_exec(atomic::fetch_or, data, value, ordering);
 }
 
-fn Type Atomic.xor(&self, Type value, AtomicOrdering ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT) @if(types::flat_kind(Type) != FLOAT)
+macro Type Atomic.xor(&self, Type value, AtomicOrdering ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT) @if(types::flat_kind(Type) != FLOAT)
 {
 	Type* data = &self.data;
 	return @atomic_exec(atomic::fetch_xor, data, value, ordering);
@@ -171,11 +171,13 @@ macro bool is_native_atomic_type($Type)
 			$case SIGNED_INT:
 			$case UNSIGNED_INT:
 			$case POINTER:
+			$case FUNC:
 			$case FLOAT:
 			$case BOOL:
 				return true;
 			$case DISTINCT:
-				return is_native_atomic_type($typefrom($Type.inner));
+			$case CONST_ENUM:
+				return is_native_atomic_type($Type.inner);
 			$default:
 				return false;
 		$endswitch
@@ -183,7 +185,7 @@ macro bool is_native_atomic_type($Type)
 }
 
 <*
- @param [&in] ptr : "the variable or dereferenced pointer to the data."
+ @param [&inout] ptr : "the variable or dereferenced pointer to the data."
  @param [in] y : "the value to be added to ptr."
  @param $ordering : "atomic ordering of the load, defaults to SEQ_CONSISTENT"
  @return "returns the old value of ptr"
@@ -192,7 +194,7 @@ macro bool is_native_atomic_type($Type)
  @require $defined(*ptr) : "Expected a pointer"
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require $defined(*ptr + y) : "+ must be defined between the values."
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro fetch_add(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatile = false, usz $alignment = 0)
 {
@@ -203,7 +205,7 @@ macro fetch_add(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatil
 }
 
 <*
- @param [&in] ptr : "the variable or dereferenced pointer to the data."
+ @param [&inout] ptr : "the variable or dereferenced pointer to the data."
  @param [in] y : "the value to be subtracted from ptr."
  @param $ordering : "atomic ordering of the load, defaults to SEQ_CONSISTENT"
  @return "returns the old value of ptr"
@@ -212,7 +214,7 @@ macro fetch_add(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatil
  @require $defined(*ptr) : "Expected a pointer"
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require $defined(*ptr - y) : "- must be defined between the values."
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro fetch_sub(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatile = false, usz $alignment = 0)
 {
@@ -223,7 +225,7 @@ macro fetch_sub(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatil
 }
 
 <*
- @param [&in] ptr : "the variable or dereferenced pointer to the data."
+ @param [&inout] ptr : "the variable or dereferenced pointer to the data."
  @param [in] y : "the value to be multiplied with ptr."
  @param $ordering : "atomic ordering of the load, defaults to SEQ_CONSISTENT"
  @return "returns the old value of ptr"
@@ -231,16 +233,16 @@ macro fetch_sub(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatil
  @require $defined(*ptr) : "Expected a pointer"
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require $defined(*ptr * y) : "* must be defined between the values."
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro fetch_mul(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
 {
 	var $load_ordering = $ordering;
 	$if $ordering == RELEASE || $ordering == ACQUIRE_RELEASE:
-	    $load_ordering = AtomicOrdering.SEQ_CONSISTENT;
+	    $load_ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT;
 	$endif
 	
-	var $StorageType = $typefrom(types::lower_to_atomic_compatible_type($typeof(*ptr)));
+	var $StorageType = types::lower_to_atomic_compatible_type($typeof(*ptr));
 
 	$StorageType* storage_ptr = ($StorageType*)ptr;
 
@@ -263,7 +265,7 @@ macro fetch_mul(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
 }
 
 <*
- @param [&in] ptr : "the variable or dereferenced pointer to the data."
+ @param [&inout] ptr : "the variable or dereferenced pointer to the data."
  @param [in] y : "the value to divide ptr by."
  @param $ordering : "atomic ordering of the load, defaults to SEQ_CONSISTENT"
  @return "returns the old value of ptr"
@@ -271,16 +273,16 @@ macro fetch_mul(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
  @require $defined(*ptr) : "Expected a pointer"
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require $defined(*ptr * y) : "/ must be defined between the values."
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro fetch_div(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
 {
 	var $load_ordering = $ordering;
 	$if $ordering == RELEASE || $ordering == ACQUIRE_RELEASE:
-	    $load_ordering = AtomicOrdering.SEQ_CONSISTENT;
+	    $load_ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT;
 	$endif
 	
-	var $StorageType = $typefrom(types::lower_to_atomic_compatible_type($typeof(*ptr)));
+	var $StorageType = types::lower_to_atomic_compatible_type($typeof(*ptr));
 
 	$StorageType* storage_ptr = ($StorageType*)ptr;
 
@@ -303,7 +305,7 @@ macro fetch_div(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
 }
 
 <*
- @param [&in] ptr : "the variable or dereferenced pointer to the data."
+ @param [&inout] ptr : "the variable or dereferenced pointer to the data."
  @param [in] y : "the value to perform a bitwise or with."
  @param $ordering : "atomic ordering of the load, defaults to SEQ_CONSISTENT"
  @return "returns the old value of ptr"
@@ -312,7 +314,7 @@ macro fetch_div(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
  @require $defined(*ptr) : "Expected a pointer"
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require $defined(*ptr | y) : "| must be defined between the values."
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro fetch_or(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatile = false, usz $alignment = 0)
 {
@@ -320,7 +322,7 @@ macro fetch_or(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatile
 }
 
 <*
- @param [&in] ptr : "the variable or dereferenced pointer to the data."
+ @param [&inout] ptr : "the variable or dereferenced pointer to the data."
  @param [in] y : "the value to perform a bitwise xor with."
  @param $ordering : "atomic ordering of the load, defaults to SEQ_CONSISTENT"
  @return "returns the old value of ptr"
@@ -329,7 +331,7 @@ macro fetch_or(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatile
  @require $defined(*ptr) : "Expected a pointer"
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require $defined(*ptr ^ y) : "^ must be defined between the values."
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro fetch_xor(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatile = false, usz $alignment = 0)
 {
@@ -337,7 +339,7 @@ macro fetch_xor(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatil
 }
 
 <*
- @param [&in] ptr : "the variable or dereferenced pointer to the data."
+ @param [&inout] ptr : "the variable or dereferenced pointer to the data."
  @param [in] y : "the value to perform a bitwise and with."
  @param $ordering : "atomic ordering of the load, defaults to SEQ_CONSISTENT"
  @return "returns the old value of ptr"
@@ -346,7 +348,7 @@ macro fetch_xor(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatil
  @require $defined(*ptr) : "Expected a pointer"
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require $defined(*ptr ^ y) : "& must be defined between the values."
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro fetch_and(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatile = false, usz $alignment = 0)
 {
@@ -354,7 +356,7 @@ macro fetch_and(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatil
 }
 
 <*
- @param [&in] ptr : "the variable or dereferenced pointer to the data."
+ @param [&inout] ptr : "the variable or dereferenced pointer to the data."
  @param [in] y : "the value to shift ptr by."
  @param $ordering : "atomic ordering of the load, defaults to SEQ_CONSISTENT"
  @return "returns the old value of ptr"
@@ -363,16 +365,16 @@ macro fetch_and(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatil
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require types::is_int($typeof(*ptr)) : "Only integer pointers may be used."
  @require types::is_int($typeof(y)) : "The value for shift right must be an integer"
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro fetch_shift_right(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
 {
 	var $load_ordering = $ordering;
 	$if $ordering == RELEASE || $ordering == ACQUIRE_RELEASE:
-	    $load_ordering = AtomicOrdering.SEQ_CONSISTENT;
+	    $load_ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT;
 	$endif
 	
-	var $StorageType = $typefrom(types::lower_to_atomic_compatible_type($typeof(*ptr)));
+	var $StorageType = types::lower_to_atomic_compatible_type($typeof(*ptr));
 
 	$StorageType* storage_ptr = ($StorageType*)ptr;
 
@@ -396,7 +398,7 @@ macro fetch_shift_right(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
 }
 
 <*
- @param [&in] ptr : "the variable or dereferenced pointer to the data."
+ @param [&inout] ptr : "the variable or dereferenced pointer to the data."
  @param [in] y : "the value to shift ptr by."
  @param $ordering : "atomic ordering of the load, defaults to SEQ_CONSISTENT"
  @return "returns the old value of ptr"
@@ -405,16 +407,16 @@ macro fetch_shift_right(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require types::is_int($typeof(*ptr)) : "Only integer pointers may be used."
  @require types::is_int($typeof(y)) : "The value for shift left must be an integer"
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro fetch_shift_left(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
 {
 	var $load_ordering = $ordering;
 	$if $ordering == RELEASE || $ordering == ACQUIRE_RELEASE:
-	    $load_ordering = AtomicOrdering.SEQ_CONSISTENT;
+	    $load_ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT;
 	$endif
 	
-	var $StorageType = $typefrom(types::lower_to_atomic_compatible_type($typeof(*ptr)));
+	var $StorageType = types::lower_to_atomic_compatible_type($typeof(*ptr));
 
 	$StorageType* storage_ptr = ($StorageType*)ptr;
 
@@ -438,7 +440,7 @@ macro fetch_shift_left(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
 }
 
 <*
- @param [&in] ptr : "the variable or dereferenced pointer to the data."
+ @param [&inout] ptr : "the variable or dereferenced pointer to the data."
  @param $ordering : "atomic ordering of the load, defaults to SEQ_CONSISTENT"
  @return "returns the old value of ptr"
 
@@ -446,7 +448,7 @@ macro fetch_shift_left(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require types::flat_kind($typeof(*ptr)) == BOOL : "Only bool pointers may be used."
 
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro flag_set(ptr, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
 {
@@ -454,7 +456,7 @@ macro flag_set(ptr, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
 	$typeof(*ptr) new_value = true;
 	var $load_ordering = $ordering;
 	$if $ordering == RELEASE || $ordering == ACQUIRE_RELEASE:
-	    $load_ordering = AtomicOrdering.SEQ_CONSISTENT;
+	    $load_ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT;
 	$endif
 	do
 	{
@@ -466,14 +468,14 @@ macro flag_set(ptr, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
 }
 
 <*
- @param [&in] ptr : "the variable or dereferenced pointer to the data."
+ @param [&inout] ptr : "the variable or dereferenced pointer to the data."
  @param $ordering : "atomic ordering of the load, defaults to SEQ_CONSISTENT"
  @return "returns the old value of ptr"
 
  @require $defined(*ptr) : "Expected a pointer"
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require types::flat_kind($typeof(*ptr)) == BOOL : "Only bool pointers may be used."
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro flag_clear(ptr, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
 {
@@ -481,7 +483,7 @@ macro flag_clear(ptr, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
 	$typeof(*ptr) new_value = false;
 	var $load_ordering = $ordering;
 	$if $ordering == RELEASE || $ordering == ACQUIRE_RELEASE:
-	    $load_ordering = AtomicOrdering.SEQ_CONSISTENT;
+	    $load_ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT;
 	$endif
 	do
 	{
@@ -501,7 +503,7 @@ macro flag_clear(ptr, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
  @require $defined(*ptr) : "Expected a pointer"
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require $defined(*ptr > y) : "Only values that are comparable with > may be used"
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro fetch_max(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatile = false, usz $alignment = 0)
 {
@@ -520,7 +522,7 @@ macro fetch_max(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatil
  @require $defined(*ptr) : "Expected a pointer"
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require $defined(*ptr > y) : "Only values that are comparable with > may be used"
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro fetch_min(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatile = false, usz $alignment = 0)
 {

lib/std/collections/enummap.c3

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import std::io;
 
 struct EnumMap (Printable)
 {
-	ValueType[Enum.len] values;
+	ValueType[Enum.values.len] values;
 }
 
 fn void EnumMap.init(&self, ValueType init_value)

lib/std/collections/enumset.c3

@@ -8,9 +8,10 @@
 module std::collections::enumset{Enum};
 import std::io;
 
-alias EnumSetType @private = $typefrom(type_for_enum_elements(Enum.elements));
+const ENUM_COUNT @private = Enum.values.len;
+alias EnumSetType @private = $typefrom(type_for_enum_elements(ENUM_COUNT));
 
-const IS_CHAR_ARRAY = Enum.elements > 128;
+const IS_CHAR_ARRAY = ENUM_COUNT > 128;
 typedef EnumSet (Printable) = EnumSetType;
 
 fn void EnumSet.add(&self, Enum v)

lib/std/collections/hashmap.c3

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ macro HashMap* HashMap.init_with_key_values(&self, Allocator allocator, ..., uin
 *>
 macro HashMap* HashMap.tinit_with_key_values(&self, ..., uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
 {
-	return self.tinit_with_key_values(tmem, capacity, load_factor);
+	return self.init_with_key_values(tmem, $vasplat, capacity: capacity, load_factor: load_factor);
 }
 
 <*
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ fn Entry*? HashMap.get_entry(&map, Key key)
 
 <*
  Get the value or update and
- @require $assignable(#expr, Value)
+ @require @assignable_to(#expr, Value)
 *>
 macro Value HashMap.@get_or_set(&map, Key key, Value #expr)
 {
@@ -229,15 +229,15 @@ fn bool HashMap.has_key(&map, Key key)
 fn bool HashMap.set(&map, Key key, Value value) @operator([]=)
 {
 	// If the map isn't initialized, use the defaults to initialize it.
-    switch (map.allocator.ptr)
-    {
-    	case &dummy:
-    	    map.init(mem);
-    	case null:
-    	    map.tinit();
-    	default:
-    		break;
-    }
+	switch (map.allocator.ptr)
+	{
+		case &dummy:
+			map.init(mem);
+		case null:
+			map.tinit();
+		default:
+			break;
+	}
 	uint hash = rehash(key.hash());
 	uint index = index_for(hash, map.table.len);
 	for (Entry *e = map.table[index]; e != null; e = e.next)
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ fn usz? HashMap.to_format(&self, Formatter* f) @dynamic
 	{
 		if (len > 2) len += f.print(", ")!;
 		len += f.printf("%s: %s", entry.key, entry.value)!;
-    };
+	};
 	return len + f.print(" }");
 }
 

lib/std/collections/hashset.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,636 @@
+<*
+ @require $defined((Value){}.hash()) : `No .hash function found on the value`
+*>
+module std::collections::set {Value};
+import std::math;
+import std::io @norecurse;
+
+const uint DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
+const uint MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1u << 31;
+const float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75;
+
+const Allocator SET_HEAP_ALLOCATOR = (Allocator)&dummy;
+
+<* Copy the ONHEAP allocator to initialize to a set that is heap allocated *>
+const HashSet ONHEAP = { .allocator = SET_HEAP_ALLOCATOR };
+
+struct Entry 
+{
+	uint hash;
+	Value value;
+	Entry* next;
+}
+
+struct HashSet (Printable) 
+{
+	Entry*[] table;
+	Allocator allocator;
+	usz count; 		// Number of elements
+	usz threshold; 	// Resize limit
+	float load_factor;
+}
+
+fn int HashSet.len(&self) @operator(len) => (int) self.count;
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn HashSet* HashSet.init(&self, Allocator allocator, usz capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR) 
+{
+	capacity = math::next_power_of_2(capacity);
+	self.allocator = allocator;
+	self.threshold = (usz) (capacity * load_factor);
+	self.load_factor = load_factor;
+	self.table = allocator::new_array(allocator, Entry*, capacity);
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn HashSet* HashSet.tinit(&self, uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	return self.init(tmem, capacity, load_factor) @inline;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+macro HashSet* HashSet.init_with_values(&self, Allocator allocator, ..., uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	self.init(allocator, capacity, load_factor);
+	$for var $i = 0; $i < $vacount; $i++:
+		self.add($vaarg[$i]);
+	$endfor
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+macro HashSet* HashSet.tinit_with_values(&self, ..., uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	return self.init_with_values(tmem, $vasplat, capacity: capacity, load_factor: load_factor);
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [in] values : "The values for the HashSet"
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn HashSet* HashSet.init_from_values(&self, Allocator allocator, Value[] values, uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	self.init(allocator, capacity, load_factor);
+	foreach (v : values) self.add(v);
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [in] values : "The values for the HashSet entries"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn HashSet* HashSet.tinit_from_values(&self, Value[] values, uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	return self.init_from_values(tmem, values, capacity, load_factor);
+}
+
+<*
+ Has this hash set been initialized yet?
+
+ @param [&in] set : "The hash set we are testing"
+ @return "Returns true if it has been initialized, false otherwise"
+*>
+fn bool HashSet.is_initialized(&set)
+{
+	return set.allocator && set.allocator.ptr != &dummy;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @param [&in] other_set : "The set to copy from."
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+*>
+fn HashSet* HashSet.init_from_set(&self, Allocator allocator, HashSet* other_set)
+{
+	self.init(allocator, other_set.table.len, other_set.load_factor);
+	self.put_all_for_create(other_set);
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&in] other_set : "The set to copy from."
+ @require !set.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+*>
+fn HashSet* HashSet.tinit_from_set(&set, HashSet* other_set)
+{
+	return set.init_from_set(tmem, other_set) @inline;
+}
+
+<*
+ Check if the set is empty
+
+ @return "true if it is empty"
+ @pure
+*>
+fn bool HashSet.is_empty(&set) @inline
+{
+	return !set.count;
+}
+
+<*
+ Add all elements in the slice to the set.
+
+ @param [in] list
+ @return "The number of new elements added"
+ @ensure total <= list.len
+*>
+fn usz HashSet.add_all(&set, Value[] list)
+{
+	usz total;
+	foreach (v : list)
+	{
+		if (set.add(v)) total++;
+	}
+	return total;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&in] other
+ @return "The number of new elements added"
+ @ensure return <= other.count
+*>
+fn usz HashSet.add_all_from(&set, HashSet* other)
+{
+	usz total;
+	other.@each(;Value value)
+	{
+		if (set.add(value)) total++;
+	};
+	return total;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param value : "The value to add"
+ @return "true if the value didn't exist in the set"
+*>
+fn bool HashSet.add(&set, Value value)
+{
+	// If the set isn't initialized, use the defaults to initialize it.
+	switch (set.allocator.ptr)
+	{
+		case &dummy:
+			set.init(mem);
+		case null:
+			set.tinit();
+		default:
+			break;
+	}
+	uint hash = rehash(value.hash());
+	uint index = index_for(hash, set.table.len);
+	for (Entry *e = set.table[index]; e != null; e = e.next)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(value, e.value)) return false;
+	}
+	set.add_entry(hash, value, index);
+	return true;
+}
+
+<*
+ Iterate over all the values in the set
+*>
+macro HashSet.@each(set; @body(value))
+{
+	if (!set.count) return;
+	foreach (Entry* entry : set.table)
+	{
+		while (entry)
+		{
+			@body(entry.value);
+			entry = entry.next;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ Check if the set contains the given value.
+
+ @param value : "The value to check"
+ @return "true if it exists in the set"
+*>
+fn bool HashSet.contains(&set, Value value)
+{
+	if (!set.count) return false;
+	uint hash = rehash(value.hash());
+	for (Entry *e = set.table[index_for(hash, set.table.len)]; e != null; e = e.next)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(value, e.value)) return true;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+<*
+ Remove a single value from the set.
+
+ @param value : "The value to remove"
+ @return? NOT_FOUND : "If the entry is not found"
+*>
+fn void? HashSet.remove(&set, Value value) @maydiscard
+{
+	if (!set.remove_entry_for_value(value)) return NOT_FOUND?;
+}
+
+fn usz HashSet.remove_all(&set, Value[] values)
+{
+	usz total;
+	foreach (v : values)
+	{
+		if (set.remove_entry_for_value(v)) total++;
+	}
+	return total;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&in] other : "Other set"
+*>
+fn usz HashSet.remove_all_from(&set, HashSet* other)
+{
+	usz total;
+	other.@each(;Value val)
+    {
+		if (set.remove_entry_for_value(val)) total++;
+    };
+    return total;
+}
+
+<*
+ Free all memory allocated by the hash set.
+*>
+fn void HashSet.free(&set) 
+{
+	if (!set.is_initialized()) return;
+	set.clear();
+	set.free_internal(set.table.ptr);
+	*set = {};
+}
+
+<*
+ Clear all elements from the set while keeping the underlying storage
+
+ @ensure set.count == 0
+*>
+fn void HashSet.clear(&set)
+{
+	if (!set.count) return;
+
+	foreach (Entry** &entry_ref : set.table)
+	{
+		Entry* entry = *entry_ref;
+		if (!entry) continue;
+
+		Entry *next = entry.next;
+		while (next)
+		{
+			Entry *to_delete = next;
+			next = next.next;
+			set.free_entry(to_delete);
+		}
+
+		set.free_entry(entry);
+		*entry_ref = null;
+	}
+	set.count = 0;
+}
+
+fn void HashSet.reserve(&set, usz capacity)
+{
+	if (capacity > set.threshold)
+	{
+		set.resize(math::next_power_of_2(capacity));
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+// --- Set Operations ---
+
+<*
+ Returns the union of two sets (A | B)
+
+ @param [&in] other : "The other set to union with"
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "Allocator for the new set"
+ @return "A new set containing the union of both sets"
+*>
+fn HashSet HashSet.set_union(&self, Allocator allocator, HashSet* other)
+{
+	usz new_capacity = math::next_power_of_2(self.count + other.count);
+	HashSet result;
+	result.init(allocator, new_capacity, self.load_factor);
+	result.add_all_from(self);
+	result.add_all_from(other);
+	return result;
+}
+
+fn HashSet HashSet.tset_union(&self, HashSet* other) => self.set_union(tmem, other);
+
+<*
+ Returns the intersection of the two sets (A & B)
+
+ @param [&in] other : "The other set to intersect with"
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "Allocator for the new set"
+ @return "A new set containing the intersection of both sets"
+*>
+fn HashSet HashSet.intersection(&self, Allocator allocator, HashSet* other)
+{
+	HashSet result;
+	result.init(allocator, math::min(self.table.len, other.table.len), self.load_factor);
+
+	// Iterate through the smaller set for efficiency
+	HashSet* smaller = self.count <= other.count ? self : other;
+	HashSet* larger = self.count > other.count ? self : other;
+
+	smaller.@each(;Value value)
+	{
+		if (larger.contains(value)) result.add(value);
+	};
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+fn HashSet HashSet.tintersection(&self, HashSet* other) => self.intersection(tmem, other);
+
+<*
+ Return this set - other, so (A & ~B)
+
+ @param [&in] other : "The other set to compare with"
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "Allocator for the new set"
+ @return "A new set containing elements in this set but not in the other"
+*>
+fn HashSet HashSet.difference(&self, Allocator allocator, HashSet* other)
+{
+	HashSet result;
+	result.init(allocator, self.table.len, self.load_factor);
+	self.@each(;Value value)
+	{
+		if (!other.contains(value))
+		{
+			result.add(value);
+		}
+	};
+	return result;
+}
+
+fn HashSet HashSet.tdifference(&self, HashSet* other) => self.difference(tmem, other) @inline;
+
+<*
+ Return (A ^ B)
+
+ @param [&in] other : "The other set to compare with"
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "Allocator for the new set"
+ @return "A new set containing elements in this set or the other, but not both"
+*>
+fn HashSet HashSet.symmetric_difference(&self, Allocator allocator, HashSet* other)
+{
+	HashSet result;
+	result.init(allocator, self.table.len, self.load_factor);
+	result.add_all_from(self);
+	other.@each(;Value value)
+	{
+		if (!result.add(value))
+		{
+			result.remove(value);
+		}
+	};
+	return result;
+}
+
+fn HashSet HashSet.tsymmetric_difference(&self, HashSet* other) => self.symmetric_difference(tmem, other) @inline;
+
+<*
+ Check if this hash set is a subset of another set.
+
+ @param [&in] other : "The other set to check against"
+ @return "True if all elements of this set are in the other set"
+*>
+fn bool HashSet.is_subset(&self, HashSet* other)
+{
+	if (self.count == 0) return true;
+	if (self.count > other.count) return false;
+
+	self.@each(;Value value)
+	{
+		if (!other.contains(value)) return false;
+	};
+	return true;
+}
+
+
+// --- private methods
+
+fn void HashSet.add_entry(&set, uint hash, Value value, uint bucket_index) @private
+{
+	Entry* entry = allocator::new(set.allocator, Entry, { .hash = hash, .value = value, .next = set.table[bucket_index] });
+	set.table[bucket_index] = entry;
+	if (set.count++ >= set.threshold)
+	{
+		set.resize(set.table.len * 2);
+	}
+}
+
+fn void HashSet.resize(&self, usz new_capacity) @private
+{
+	Entry*[] old_table = self.table;
+	usz old_capacity = old_table.len;
+	if (old_capacity == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
+	{
+		self.threshold = uint.max;
+		return;
+	}
+	Entry*[] new_table = allocator::new_array(self.allocator, Entry*, new_capacity);
+	self.transfer(new_table);
+	self.table = new_table;
+	self.free_internal(old_table.ptr);
+	self.threshold = (uint)(new_capacity * self.load_factor);
+}
+
+fn usz? HashSet.to_format(&self, Formatter* f) @dynamic
+{
+	usz len;
+	len += f.print("{ ")!;
+	self.@each(; Value value)
+	{
+		if (len > 2) len += f.print(", ")!;
+		len += f.printf("%s", value)!;
+	};
+	return len + f.print(" }");
+}
+
+fn void HashSet.transfer(&self, Entry*[] new_table) @private
+{
+	Entry*[] src = self.table;
+	uint new_capacity = new_table.len;
+	foreach (uint j, Entry *e : src)
+	{
+		if (!e) continue;
+		do
+		{
+			Entry* next = e.next;
+			uint i = index_for(e.hash, new_capacity);
+			e.next = new_table[i];
+			new_table[i] = e;
+			e = next;
+		}
+		while (e);
+	}
+}
+
+fn void HashSet.put_all_for_create(&set, HashSet* other_set) @private
+{
+	if (!other_set.count) return;
+	foreach (Entry *e : other_set.table)
+	{
+		while (e)
+		{
+			set.put_for_create(e.value);
+			e = e.next;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+fn void HashSet.put_for_create(&set, Value value) @private
+{
+	uint hash = rehash(value.hash());
+	uint i = index_for(hash, set.table.len);
+	for (Entry *e = set.table[i]; e != null; e = e.next)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(value, e.value))
+		{
+			// Value already exists, no need to do anything
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+	set.create_entry(hash, value, i);
+}
+
+fn void HashSet.free_internal(&self, void* ptr) @inline @private
+{
+	allocator::free(self.allocator, ptr);
+}
+
+fn void HashSet.create_entry(&set, uint hash, Value value, int bucket_index) @private
+{
+	Entry* entry = allocator::new(set.allocator, Entry, {
+		.hash = hash,
+		.value = value,
+		.next = set.table[bucket_index]
+	});
+	set.table[bucket_index] = entry;
+	set.count++;
+}
+
+<*
+ Removes the entry for the specified value if present
+ @return "true if found and removed, false otherwise"
+*>
+fn bool HashSet.remove_entry_for_value(&set, Value value) @private
+{
+	if (!set.count) return false;
+	uint hash = rehash(value.hash());
+	uint i = index_for(hash, set.table.len);
+	Entry* prev = set.table[i];
+	Entry* e = prev;
+	while (e)
+	{
+		Entry *next = e.next;
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(value, e.value))
+		{
+			set.count--;
+			if (prev == e)
+			{
+				set.table[i] = next;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				prev.next = next;
+			}
+			set.free_entry(e);
+			return true;
+		}
+		prev = e;
+		e = next;
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+fn void HashSet.free_entry(&set, Entry *entry) @private
+{
+	allocator::free(set.allocator, entry);
+}
+
+struct HashSetIterator
+{
+	HashSet* set;
+	usz bucket_index;
+	Entry* current;
+}
+
+fn HashSetIterator HashSet.iter(&set) => { .set = set, .bucket_index = 0, .current = null };
+
+fn Value? HashSetIterator.next(&self)
+{
+	if (self.current)
+	{
+		Value value = self.current.value;
+		self.current = self.current.next;
+		return value;
+	}
+
+	while (self.bucket_index < self.set.table.len)
+	{
+		self.current = self.set.table[self.bucket_index++];
+		if (self.current)
+		{
+			Value value = self.current.value;
+			self.current = self.current.next;
+			return value;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return NOT_FOUND?;
+}
+
+fn usz HashSetIterator.len(&self) @operator(len)
+{
+	return self.set.count;
+}
+
+<* @pure *>
+fn uint rehash(uint hash) @inline @private
+{
+	hash ^= (hash >> 20) ^ (hash >> 12);
+	return hash ^ ((hash >> 7) ^ (hash >> 4));
+}
+
+macro uint index_for(uint hash, uint capacity) @private => hash & (capacity - 1);
+
+int dummy @local;

lib/std/collections/linked_blockingqueue.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+module std::collections::blockingqueue { Value };
+import std::thread, std::time;
+
+
+const INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
+
+struct QueueEntry 
+{
+	Value value;
+	QueueEntry* next;    // Next in queue order
+	QueueEntry* prev;    // Previous in queue order
+}
+
+struct LinkedBlockingQueue 
+{
+	QueueEntry* head;      // First element in queue
+	QueueEntry* tail;      // Last element in queue
+	usz count;             // Current number of elements
+	usz capacity;          // Maximum capacity (0 for unbounded)
+	Mutex lock;
+	ConditionVariable not_empty;
+	ConditionVariable not_full;
+	Allocator allocator;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @param capacity : "Maximum capacity (0 for unbounded)"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Queue was already initialized"
+*>
+fn LinkedBlockingQueue* LinkedBlockingQueue.init(&self, Allocator allocator, usz capacity = 0)
+{
+	self.allocator = allocator;
+	self.capacity = capacity;
+	self.count = 0;
+	self.head = null;
+	self.tail = null;
+
+	self.lock.init()!!;
+	self.not_empty.init()!!;
+	self.not_full.init()!!;
+	return self;
+}
+
+fn LinkedBlockingQueue* LinkedBlockingQueue.tinit(&self, usz capacity = 0)
+{
+	return self.init(tmem, capacity) @inline;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require self.is_initialized() : "Queue must be initialized"
+*>
+fn void LinkedBlockingQueue.free(&self)
+{
+	self.lock.@in_lock()
+	{
+		// Free all remaining entries
+		QueueEntry* entry = self.head;
+		while (entry != null)
+		{
+			QueueEntry* next = entry.next;
+			allocator::free(self.allocator, entry);
+			entry = next;
+		}
+	};
+
+	(void)self.lock.destroy();
+	(void)self.not_empty.destroy();
+	(void)self.not_full.destroy();
+}
+
+fn void LinkedBlockingQueue.link_entry(&self, QueueEntry* entry) @private 
+{
+	entry.next = null;
+	entry.prev = self.tail;
+
+	if (self.tail == null)
+	{
+		// First element in queue
+		self.head = entry;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		// Append to tail
+		self.tail.next = entry;
+	}
+	self.tail = entry;
+	self.count++;
+}
+
+
+fn QueueEntry* LinkedBlockingQueue.unlink_head(&self) @private 
+{
+	if (self.head == null) return null;
+
+	QueueEntry* entry = self.head;
+	self.head = entry.next;
+
+	if (self.head != null)
+	{
+		self.head.prev = null;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		// Queue is now empty
+		self.tail = null;
+	}
+
+	self.count--;
+	return entry;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param value : "Value to add to the queue"
+ @require self.is_initialized() : "Queue must be initialized"
+*>
+fn void LinkedBlockingQueue.push(&self, Value value)
+{
+	self.lock.@in_lock()
+	{
+		while (self.capacity > 0 && self.count >= self.capacity)
+		{
+			self.not_full.wait(&self.lock)!!;
+		}
+
+		QueueEntry* entry = allocator::new(self.allocator, QueueEntry, {
+			.value = value,
+			.next = null,
+			.prev = null
+		});
+		self.link_entry(entry);
+
+		// Signal that queue is no longer empty
+		self.not_empty.signal()!!;
+	};
+}
+
+<*
+ Get a value from the queue, blocking if there is no element in the queue.
+
+ @require self.is_initialized() : "Queue must be initialized"
+ @return "The removed value"
+*>
+fn Value LinkedBlockingQueue.poll(&self)
+{
+	self.lock.@in_lock()
+	{
+		while (self.count == 0)
+		{
+			self.not_empty.wait(&self.lock)!!;
+		}
+
+		QueueEntry* entry = self.unlink_head();
+		Value value = entry.value;
+		allocator::free(self.allocator, entry);
+		if (self.capacity > 0)
+		{
+			self.not_full.signal()!!;
+		}
+		return value;
+	};
+}
+
+<*
+ Pop an element from the queue, fail is it is empty.
+
+ @require self.is_initialized() : "Queue must be initialized"
+ @return "The removed value"
+ @return? NO_MORE_ELEMENT : "If the queue is empty"
+*>
+fn Value? LinkedBlockingQueue.pop(&self)
+{
+	self.lock.@in_lock()
+	{
+		if (self.count == 0) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+
+		QueueEntry* entry = self.unlink_head();
+		Value value = entry.value;
+		allocator::free(self.allocator, entry);
+
+		if (self.capacity > 0)
+		{
+			self.not_full.signal()!!;
+		}
+		return value;
+	};
+}
+
+<*
+ Poll with a timeout.
+
+ @param timeout : "Timeout in microseconds"
+ @require self.is_initialized() : "Queue must be initialized"
+ @return "The removed value or null if timeout occurred"
+ @return? NO_MORE_ELEMENT : "If we reached the timeout"
+*>
+fn Value? LinkedBlockingQueue.poll_timeout(&self, Duration timeout)
+{
+	self.lock.@in_lock()
+	{
+		// Use while loop to handle spurious wakeups
+		if (!self.count)
+		{
+			Time start = time::now();
+			Time end = start + timeout;
+			while (!self.count)
+			{
+        		if (end <= time::now()) break;
+        		if (catch self.not_empty.wait_until(&self.lock, end)) break;
+			}
+			if (!self.count) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+		}
+
+		QueueEntry* entry = self.unlink_head();
+		Value value = entry.value;
+		allocator::free(self.allocator, entry);
+
+		// Must signal not_full after removing an item
+		if (self.capacity > 0)
+		{
+			self.not_full.signal()!!;
+		}
+		return value;
+	};
+}
+
+
+<*
+ @require self.is_initialized() : "Queue must be initialized"
+ @return "Current size of the queue"
+*>
+fn usz LinkedBlockingQueue.size(&self)
+{
+	self.lock.@in_lock()
+	{
+		return self.count;
+	};
+}
+
+<*
+ @require self.is_initialized() : "Queue must be initialized"
+ @return "True if queue is empty"
+*>
+fn bool LinkedBlockingQueue.is_empty(&self)
+{
+	self.lock.@in_lock()
+	{
+		return self.count == 0;
+	};
+}
+
+<*
+ Try to push, return CAPACITY_EXCEEDED if the queue is full.
+
+ @param value : "Value to add to the queue"
+ @require self.is_initialized() : "Queue must be initialized"
+ @return? CAPACITY_EXCEEDED : "If the queue is full"
+*>
+fn void? LinkedBlockingQueue.try_push(&self, Value value)
+{
+	self.lock.@in_lock()
+	{
+		if (self.capacity > 0 && self.count >= self.capacity) return CAPACITY_EXCEEDED?;
+
+		QueueEntry* entry = allocator::new(self.allocator, QueueEntry, {
+			.value = value,
+			.next = null,
+			.prev = null
+		});
+		self.link_entry(entry);
+		self.not_empty.signal()!!;
+	};
+}
+
+<*
+ Try to push, return CAPACITY_EXCEEDED if the queue is still full after timeout is reached.
+
+ @param value : "Value to add to the queue"
+ @param timeout : "Timeout in microseconds"
+ @require self.is_initialized() : "Queue must be initialized"
+ @return? CAPACITY_EXCEEDED : "If the queue is full"
+*>
+fn void? LinkedBlockingQueue.push_timeout(&self, Value value, Duration timeout)
+{
+	self.lock.@in_lock()
+	{
+		if (self.capacity > 0 && self.count >= self.capacity)
+		{
+			Time start = time::now();
+			Time end = start + timeout;
+        	while (self.capacity > 0 && self.count >= self.capacity)
+			{
+        		if (end <= time::now()) break;
+				if (catch self.not_empty.wait_until(&self.lock, end)) break;
+			}
+			if (self.capacity > 0 && self.count >= self.capacity) return CAPACITY_EXCEEDED?;
+		}
+
+		QueueEntry* entry = allocator::new(self.allocator, QueueEntry, {
+			.value = value,
+			.next = null,
+			.prev = null
+		});
+		self.link_entry(entry);
+		self.not_empty.signal()!!;
+	};
+}
+
+<*
+ @require self.is_initialized() : "Queue must be initialized"
+ @return "The head value or NO_MORE_ELEMENT? if queue is empty"
+*>
+fn Value? LinkedBlockingQueue.peek(&self)
+{
+	self.lock.@in_lock()
+	{
+		return (self.head != null) ? self.head.value : NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+	};
+}
+
+<*
+ @return "True if queue is initialized"
+*>
+fn bool LinkedBlockingQueue.is_initialized(&self)
+{
+	return self.allocator && self.lock.initialized;
+}

lib/std/collections/linked_hashmap.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,645 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023 Christoffer Lerno. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+<*
+ @require $defined((Key){}.hash()) : `No .hash function found on the key`
+*>
+module std::collections::map{Key, Value};
+import std::math;
+import std::io @norecurse;
+
+const LinkedHashMap LINKEDONHEAP = { .allocator = MAP_HEAP_ALLOCATOR };
+
+struct LinkedEntry
+{
+	uint hash;
+	Key key;
+	Value value;
+	LinkedEntry* next;		// For bucket chain
+	LinkedEntry* before;	// Previous in insertion order
+	LinkedEntry* after;		// Next in insertion order
+}
+
+struct LinkedHashMap (Printable)
+{
+	LinkedEntry*[] table;
+	Allocator allocator;
+	usz count;
+	usz threshold;
+	float load_factor;
+	LinkedEntry* head;		// First inserted LinkedEntry
+	LinkedEntry* tail;		// Last inserted LinkedEntry
+}
+
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Map was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashMap* LinkedHashMap.init(&self, Allocator allocator, usz capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	capacity = math::next_power_of_2(capacity);
+	self.allocator = allocator;
+	self.load_factor = load_factor;
+	self.threshold = (usz)(capacity * load_factor);
+	self.table = allocator::new_array(allocator, LinkedEntry*, capacity);
+	self.head = null;
+	self.tail = null;
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Map was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashMap* LinkedHashMap.tinit(&self, usz capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	return self.init(tmem, capacity, load_factor) @inline;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @require $vacount % 2 == 0 : "There must be an even number of arguments provided for keys and values"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Map was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+macro LinkedHashMap* LinkedHashMap.init_with_key_values(&self, Allocator allocator, ..., uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	self.init(allocator, capacity, load_factor);
+	$for var $i = 0; $i < $vacount; $i += 2:
+		self.set($vaarg[$i], $vaarg[$i + 1]);
+	$endfor
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require $vacount % 2 == 0 : "There must be an even number of arguments provided for keys and values"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Map was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+macro LinkedHashMap* LinkedHashMap.tinit_with_key_values(&self, ..., uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	return self.init_with_key_values(tmem, $vasplat, capacity: capacity, load_factor: load_factor);
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [in] keys : "The keys for the LinkedHashMap entries"
+ @param [in] values : "The values for the LinkedHashMap entries"
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @require keys.len == values.len : "Both keys and values arrays must be the same length"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Map was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashMap* LinkedHashMap.init_from_keys_and_values(&self, Allocator allocator, Key[] keys, Value[] values, uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	assert(keys.len == values.len);
+	self.init(allocator, capacity, load_factor);
+	for (usz i = 0; i < keys.len; i++)
+	{
+		self.set(keys[i], values[i]);
+	}
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [in] keys : "The keys for the LinkedHashMap entries"
+ @param [in] values : "The values for the LinkedHashMap entries"
+ @require keys.len == values.len : "Both keys and values arrays must be the same length"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Map was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashMap* LinkedHashMap.tinit_from_keys_and_values(&self, Key[] keys, Value[] values, uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	return self.init_from_keys_and_values(tmem, keys, values, capacity, load_factor);
+}
+
+<*
+ Has this hash map been initialized yet?
+
+ @param [&in] map : "The hash map we are testing"
+ @return "Returns true if it has been initialized, false otherwise"
+*>
+fn bool LinkedHashMap.is_initialized(&map)
+{
+	return map.allocator && map.allocator.ptr != &dummy;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @param [&in] other_map : "The map to copy from."
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Map was already initialized"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashMap* LinkedHashMap.init_from_map(&self, Allocator allocator, LinkedHashMap* other_map)
+{
+	self.init(allocator, other_map.table.len, other_map.load_factor);
+	self.put_all_for_create(other_map);
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&in] other_map : "The map to copy from."
+ @require !map.is_initialized() : "Map was already initialized"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashMap* LinkedHashMap.tinit_from_map(&map, LinkedHashMap* other_map)
+{
+	return map.init_from_map(tmem, other_map) @inline;
+}
+
+fn bool LinkedHashMap.is_empty(&map) @inline
+{
+	return !map.count;
+}
+
+fn usz LinkedHashMap.len(&map) @inline => map.count;
+
+fn Value*? LinkedHashMap.get_ref(&map, Key key)
+{
+	if (!map.count) return NOT_FOUND?;
+	uint hash = rehash(key.hash());
+	for (LinkedEntry *e = map.table[index_for(hash, map.table.len)]; e != null; e = e.next)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(key, e.key)) return &e.value;
+	}
+	return NOT_FOUND?;
+}
+
+fn LinkedEntry*? LinkedHashMap.get_entry(&map, Key key)
+{
+	if (!map.count) return NOT_FOUND?;
+	uint hash = rehash(key.hash());
+	for (LinkedEntry *e = map.table[index_for(hash, map.table.len)]; e != null; e = e.next)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(key, e.key)) return e;
+	}
+	return NOT_FOUND?;
+}
+
+<*
+ Get the value or update and
+ @require @assignable_to(#expr, Value)
+*>
+macro Value LinkedHashMap.@get_or_set(&map, Key key, Value #expr)
+{
+	if (!map.count)
+	{
+		Value val = #expr;
+		map.set(key, val);
+		return val;
+	}
+	uint hash = rehash(key.hash());
+	uint index = index_for(hash, map.table.len);
+	for (LinkedEntry *e = map.table[index]; e != null; e = e.next)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(key, e.key)) return e.value;
+	}
+	Value val = #expr;
+	map.add_entry(hash, key, val, index);
+	return val;
+}
+
+fn Value? LinkedHashMap.get(&map, Key key) @operator([]) => *map.get_ref(key) @inline;
+
+fn bool LinkedHashMap.has_key(&map, Key key) => @ok(map.get_ref(key));
+
+fn bool LinkedHashMap.set(&map, Key key, Value value) @operator([]=)
+{
+	// If the map isn't initialized, use the defaults to initialize it.
+	switch (map.allocator.ptr)
+	{
+		case &dummy:
+			map.init(mem);
+		case null:
+			map.tinit();
+		default:
+			break;
+	}
+	uint hash = rehash(key.hash());
+	uint index = index_for(hash, map.table.len);
+	for (LinkedEntry *e = map.table[index]; e != null; e = e.next)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(key, e.key))
+		{
+			e.value = value;
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+	map.add_entry(hash, key, value, index);
+	return false;
+}
+
+fn void? LinkedHashMap.remove(&map, Key key) @maydiscard
+{
+	if (!map.remove_entry_for_key(key)) return NOT_FOUND?;
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashMap.clear(&map)
+{
+	if (!map.count) return;
+	
+	LinkedEntry* entry = map.head;
+	while (entry)
+	{
+		LinkedEntry* next = entry.after;
+		map.free_entry(entry);
+		entry = next;
+	}
+	
+	foreach (LinkedEntry** &bucket : map.table)
+	{
+		*bucket = null;
+	}
+	
+	map.count = 0;
+	map.head = null;
+	map.tail = null;
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashMap.free(&map)
+{
+	if (!map.is_initialized()) return;
+	map.clear();
+	map.free_internal(map.table.ptr);
+	map.table = {};
+}
+
+fn Key[] LinkedHashMap.tkeys(&self)
+{
+	return self.keys(tmem) @inline;
+}
+
+fn Key[] LinkedHashMap.keys(&self, Allocator allocator)
+{
+	if (!self.count) return {};
+	
+	Key[] list = allocator::alloc_array(allocator, Key, self.count);
+	usz index = 0;
+	
+	LinkedEntry* entry = self.head;
+	while (entry)
+	{
+		$if COPY_KEYS:
+			list[index++] = entry.key.copy(allocator);
+		$else
+			list[index++] = entry.key;
+		$endif
+		entry = entry.after;
+	}
+	return list;
+}
+
+macro LinkedHashMap.@each(map; @body(key, value))
+{
+	map.@each_entry(; LinkedEntry* entry)
+	{
+		@body(entry.key, entry.value);
+	};
+}
+
+macro LinkedHashMap.@each_entry(map; @body(entry))
+{
+	LinkedEntry* entry = map.head;
+	while (entry)
+	{
+		@body(entry);
+		entry = entry.after;
+	}
+}
+
+fn Value[] LinkedHashMap.tvalues(&map) => map.values(tmem) @inline;
+
+fn Value[] LinkedHashMap.values(&self, Allocator allocator)
+{
+	if (!self.count) return {};
+	Value[] list = allocator::alloc_array(allocator, Value, self.count);
+	usz index = 0;
+	LinkedEntry* entry = self.head;
+	while (entry)
+	{
+		list[index++] = entry.value;
+		entry = entry.after;
+	}
+	return list;
+}
+
+fn bool LinkedHashMap.has_value(&map, Value v) @if(VALUE_IS_EQUATABLE)
+{
+	if (!map.count) return false;
+	
+	LinkedEntry* entry = map.head;
+	while (entry)
+	{
+		if (equals(v, entry.value)) return true;
+		entry = entry.after;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+fn LinkedHashMapIterator LinkedHashMap.iter(&self) => { .map = self, .current = self.head, .started = false };
+
+fn LinkedHashMapValueIterator LinkedHashMap.value_iter(&self) => { .map = self, .current = self.head, .started = false };
+
+fn LinkedHashMapKeyIterator LinkedHashMap.key_iter(&self) => { .map = self, .current = self.head, .started = false };
+
+fn bool LinkedHashMapIterator.next(&self)
+{
+	if (!self.started)
+	{
+		self.current = self.map.head;
+		self.started = true;
+	}
+	else if (self.current)
+	{
+		self.current = self.current.after;
+	}
+	return self.current != null;
+}
+
+fn LinkedEntry*? LinkedHashMapIterator.get(&self)
+{
+	return self.current ? self.current : NOT_FOUND?;
+}
+
+fn Value*? LinkedHashMapValueIterator.get(&self)
+{
+	return self.current ? &self.current.value : NOT_FOUND?;
+}
+
+fn Key*? LinkedHashMapKeyIterator.get(&self)
+{
+	return self.current ? &self.current.key : NOT_FOUND?;
+}
+
+fn bool LinkedHashMapIterator.has_next(&self)
+{
+	if (!self.started) return self.map.head != null;
+	return self.current && self.current.after != null;
+}
+
+// --- private methods
+
+fn void LinkedHashMap.add_entry(&map, uint hash, Key key, Value value, uint bucket_index) @private
+{
+	$if COPY_KEYS:
+	key = key.copy(map.allocator);
+	$endif
+	
+	LinkedEntry* entry = allocator::new(map.allocator, LinkedEntry, {
+		.hash = hash,
+		.key = key,
+		.value = value,
+		.next = map.table[bucket_index],
+		.before = map.tail,
+		.after = null
+	});
+	
+	// Update bucket chain
+	map.table[bucket_index] = entry;
+	
+	// Update linked list
+	if (map.tail)
+	{
+		map.tail.after = entry;
+		entry.before = map.tail;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		map.head = entry;
+	}
+	map.tail = entry;
+	
+	if (map.count++ >= map.threshold)
+	{
+		map.resize(map.table.len * 2);
+	}
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashMap.resize(&map, uint new_capacity) @private
+{
+	LinkedEntry*[] old_table = map.table;
+	uint old_capacity = old_table.len;
+	
+	if (old_capacity == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
+	{
+		map.threshold = uint.max;
+		return;
+	}
+	
+	LinkedEntry*[] new_table = allocator::new_array(map.allocator, LinkedEntry*, new_capacity);
+	map.table = new_table;
+	map.threshold = (uint)(new_capacity * map.load_factor);
+	
+	// Rehash all entries - linked list order remains unchanged
+	foreach (uint i, LinkedEntry *e : old_table)
+	{
+		if (!e) continue;
+		
+		// Split the bucket chain into two chains based on new bit
+		LinkedEntry* lo_head = null;
+		LinkedEntry* lo_tail = null;
+		LinkedEntry* hi_head = null;
+		LinkedEntry* hi_tail = null;
+		
+		do
+		{
+			LinkedEntry* next = e.next;
+			if ((e.hash & old_capacity) == 0)
+			{
+				if (!lo_tail)
+				{
+					lo_head = e;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					lo_tail.next = e;
+				}
+				lo_tail = e;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				if (!hi_tail)
+				{
+					hi_head = e;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					hi_tail.next = e;
+				}
+				hi_tail = e;
+			}
+			e.next = null;
+			e = next;
+		}
+		while (e);
+		
+		if (lo_tail)
+		{
+			lo_tail.next = null;
+			new_table[i] = lo_head;
+		}
+		if (hi_tail)
+		{
+			hi_tail.next = null;
+			new_table[i + old_capacity] = hi_head;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	map.free_internal(old_table.ptr);
+}
+
+fn usz? LinkedHashMap.to_format(&self, Formatter* f) @dynamic
+{
+	usz len;
+	len += f.print("{ ")!;
+	self.@each_entry(; LinkedEntry* entry)
+	{
+		if (len > 2) len += f.print(", ")!;
+		len += f.printf("%s: %s", entry.key, entry.value)!;
+	};
+	return len + f.print(" }");
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashMap.transfer(&map, LinkedEntry*[] new_table) @private
+{
+	LinkedEntry*[] src = map.table;
+	uint new_capacity = new_table.len;
+	foreach (uint j, LinkedEntry *e : src)
+	{
+		if (!e) continue;
+		do
+		{
+			LinkedEntry* next = e.next;
+			uint i = index_for(e.hash, new_capacity);
+			e.next = new_table[i];
+			new_table[i] = e;
+			e = next;
+		}
+		while (e);
+	}
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashMap.put_all_for_create(&map, LinkedHashMap* other_map) @private
+{
+	if (!other_map.count) return;
+	other_map.@each(; Key key, Value value) {
+		map.set(key, value);
+	};
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashMap.put_for_create(&map, Key key, Value value) @private
+{
+	uint hash = rehash(key.hash());
+	uint i = index_for(hash, map.table.len);
+	for (LinkedEntry *e = map.table[i]; e != null; e = e.next)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(key, e.key))
+		{
+			e.value = value;
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+	map.create_entry(hash, key, value, i);
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashMap.free_internal(&map, void* ptr) @inline @private
+{
+	allocator::free(map.allocator, ptr);
+}
+
+fn bool LinkedHashMap.remove_entry_for_key(&map, Key key) @private
+{
+	if (!map.count) return false;
+	
+	uint hash = rehash(key.hash());
+	uint i = index_for(hash, map.table.len);
+	LinkedEntry* prev = null;
+	LinkedEntry* e = map.table[i];
+	
+	while (e)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(key, e.key))
+		{
+			if (prev)
+			{
+				prev.next = e.next;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				map.table[i] = e.next;
+			}
+			
+			if (e.before)
+			{
+				e.before.after = e.after;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				map.head = e.after;
+			}
+			
+			if (e.after)
+			{
+				e.after.before = e.before;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				map.tail = e.before;
+			}
+			
+			map.count--;
+			map.free_entry(e);
+			return true;
+		}
+		prev = e;
+		e = e.next;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashMap.create_entry(&map, uint hash, Key key, Value value, int bucket_index) @private
+{
+	LinkedEntry *e = map.table[bucket_index];
+	$if COPY_KEYS:
+	key = key.copy(map.allocator);
+	$endif
+	LinkedEntry* entry = allocator::new(map.allocator, LinkedEntry, { .hash = hash, .key = key, .value = value, .next = map.table[bucket_index] });
+	map.table[bucket_index] = entry;
+	map.count++;
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashMap.free_entry(&self, LinkedEntry *entry) @local
+{
+	$if COPY_KEYS:
+	allocator::free(self.allocator, entry.key);
+	$endif
+	self.free_internal(entry);
+}
+
+
+struct LinkedHashMapIterator
+{
+	LinkedHashMap* map;
+	LinkedEntry* current;
+	bool started;
+}
+
+typedef LinkedHashMapValueIterator = inline LinkedHashMapIterator;
+typedef LinkedHashMapKeyIterator = inline LinkedHashMapIterator;
+
+fn usz LinkedHashMapValueIterator.len(self) @operator(len) => self.map.count;
+fn usz LinkedHashMapKeyIterator.len(self) @operator(len) => self.map.count;
+fn usz LinkedHashMapIterator.len(self) @operator(len) => self.map.count;
+
+int dummy @local;

lib/std/collections/linked_hashset.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,723 @@
+<*
+ @require $defined((Value){}.hash()) : `No .hash function found on the value`
+*>
+module std::collections::set {Value};
+import std::math;
+import std::io @norecurse;
+
+const LinkedHashSet LINKEDONHEAP = { .allocator = SET_HEAP_ALLOCATOR };
+
+struct LinkedEntry
+{
+	uint hash;
+	Value value;
+	LinkedEntry* next;	  // For bucket chain
+	LinkedEntry* before;	// Previous in insertion order
+	LinkedEntry* after;	 // Next in insertion order
+}
+
+struct LinkedHashSet (Printable)
+{
+	LinkedEntry*[] table;
+	Allocator allocator;
+	usz count;			  // Number of elements
+	usz threshold;		  // Resize limit
+	float load_factor;
+	LinkedEntry* head;	  // First inserted LinkedEntry
+	LinkedEntry* tail;	  // Last inserted LinkedEntry
+}
+
+fn int LinkedHashSet.len(&self) @operator(len) => (int) self.count;
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashSet* LinkedHashSet.init(&self, Allocator allocator, usz capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	capacity = math::next_power_of_2(capacity);
+	self.allocator = allocator;
+	self.threshold = (usz)(capacity * load_factor);
+	self.load_factor = load_factor;
+	self.table = allocator::new_array(allocator, LinkedEntry*, capacity);
+	
+	self.head = null;
+	self.tail = null;
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashSet* LinkedHashSet.tinit(&self, usz capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	return self.init(tmem, capacity, load_factor) @inline;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+macro LinkedHashSet* LinkedHashSet.init_with_values(&self, Allocator allocator, ..., uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	self.init(allocator, capacity, load_factor);
+	$for var $i = 0; $i < $vacount; $i++:
+		self.add($vaarg[$i]);
+	$endfor
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+macro LinkedHashSet* LinkedHashSet.tinit_with_values(&self, ..., uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	return self.init_with_values(tmem, $vasplat, capacity: capacity, load_factor: load_factor);
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [in] values : "The values for the LinkedHashSet"
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashSet* LinkedHashSet.init_from_values(&self, Allocator allocator, Value[] values, uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	self.init(allocator, capacity, load_factor);
+	foreach (v : values) self.add(v);
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [in] values : "The values for the LinkedHashSet entries"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashSet* LinkedHashSet.tinit_from_values(&self, Value[] values, uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	return self.init_from_values(tmem, values, capacity, load_factor);
+}
+
+<*
+ Has this linked hash set been initialized yet?
+
+ @param [&in] set : "The linked hash set we are testing"
+ @return "Returns true if it has been initialized, false otherwise"
+*>
+fn bool LinkedHashSet.is_initialized(&set)
+{
+	return set.allocator && set.allocator.ptr != &dummy;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @param [&in] other_set : "The set to copy from."
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashSet* LinkedHashSet.init_from_set(&self, Allocator allocator, LinkedHashSet* other_set)
+{
+	self.init(allocator, other_set.table.len, other_set.load_factor);
+	LinkedEntry* entry = other_set.head;
+	while (entry) // Save insertion order
+	{
+		self.put_for_create(entry.value);
+		entry = entry.after;
+	}
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&in] other_set : "The set to copy from."
+ @require !set.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashSet* LinkedHashSet.tinit_from_set(&set, LinkedHashSet* other_set)
+{
+	return set.init_from_set(tmem, other_set) @inline;
+}
+
+<*
+ Check if the set is empty
+
+ @return "true if it is empty"
+ @pure
+*>
+fn bool LinkedHashSet.is_empty(&set) @inline
+{
+	return !set.count;
+}
+
+<*
+ Add all elements in the slice to the set.
+
+ @param [in] list
+ @return "The number of new elements added"
+ @ensure total <= list.len
+*>
+fn usz LinkedHashSet.add_all(&set, Value[] list)
+{
+	usz total;
+	foreach (v : list)
+	{
+		if (set.add(v)) total++;
+	}
+	return total;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&in] other
+ @return "The number of new elements added"
+ @ensure return <= other.count
+*>
+fn usz LinkedHashSet.add_all_from(&set, LinkedHashSet* other)
+{
+	usz total;
+	other.@each(;Value value)
+	{
+		if (set.add(value)) total++;
+	};
+	return total;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param value : "The value to add"
+ @return "true if the value didn't exist in the set"
+*>
+fn bool LinkedHashSet.add(&set, Value value)
+{
+	// If the set isn't initialized, use the defaults to initialize it.
+	switch (set.allocator.ptr)
+	{
+		case &dummy:
+			set.init(mem);
+		case null:
+			set.tinit();
+		default:
+			break;
+	}
+	uint hash = rehash(value.hash());
+	uint index = index_for(hash, set.table.len);
+	for (LinkedEntry *e = set.table[index]; e != null; e = e.next)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(value, e.value)) return false;
+	}
+	set.add_entry(hash, value, index);
+	return true;
+}
+
+<*
+ Iterate over all the values in the set
+*>
+macro LinkedHashSet.@each(set; @body(value))
+{
+	if (!set.count) return;
+    LinkedEntry* entry = set.head;
+	while (entry)
+	{
+		@body(entry.value);
+		entry = entry.after;
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ Check if the set contains the given value.
+
+ @param value : "The value to check"
+ @return "true if it exists in the set"
+*>
+fn bool LinkedHashSet.contains(&set, Value value)
+{
+	if (!set.count) return false;
+	uint hash = rehash(value.hash());
+	for (LinkedEntry *e = set.table[index_for(hash, set.table.len)]; e != null; e = e.next)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(value, e.value)) return true;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+<*
+ Remove a single value from the set.
+
+ @param value : "The value to remove"
+ @return? NOT_FOUND : "If the entry is not found"
+*>
+fn void? LinkedHashSet.remove(&set, Value value) @maydiscard
+{
+	if (!set.remove_entry_for_value(value)) return NOT_FOUND?;
+}
+
+fn usz LinkedHashSet.remove_all(&set, Value[] values)
+{
+	usz total;
+	foreach (v : values)
+	{
+		if (set.remove_entry_for_value(v)) total++;
+	}
+	return total;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&in] other : "Other set"
+*>
+fn usz LinkedHashSet.remove_all_from(&set, LinkedHashSet* other)
+{
+	usz total;
+	other.@each(;Value val)
+    {
+		if (set.remove_entry_for_value(val)) total++;
+    };
+    return total;
+}
+
+<*
+ Free all memory allocated by the hash set.
+*>
+fn void LinkedHashSet.free(&set)
+{
+	if (!set.is_initialized()) return;
+	set.clear();
+	set.free_internal(set.table.ptr);
+	set.table = {};
+}
+
+<*
+ Clear all elements from the set while keeping the underlying storage
+
+ @ensure set.count == 0
+*>
+fn void LinkedHashSet.clear(&set)
+{
+	if (!set.count) return;
+	
+	LinkedEntry* entry = set.head;
+	while (entry)
+	{
+		LinkedEntry* next = entry.after;
+		set.free_entry(entry);
+		entry = next;
+	}
+	
+	foreach (LinkedEntry** &bucket : set.table)
+	{
+		*bucket = null;
+	}
+	
+	set.count = 0;
+	set.head = null;
+	set.tail = null;
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashSet.reserve(&set, usz capacity)
+{
+	if (capacity > set.threshold)
+	{
+		set.resize(math::next_power_of_2(capacity));
+	}
+}
+
+// --- Set Operations ---
+
+<*
+ Returns the union of two sets (A | B)
+
+ @param [&in] other : "The other set to union with"
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "Allocator for the new set"
+ @return "A new set containing the union of both sets"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashSet LinkedHashSet.set_union(&self, Allocator allocator, LinkedHashSet* other)
+{
+	usz new_capacity = math::next_power_of_2(self.count + other.count);
+	LinkedHashSet result;
+	result.init(allocator, new_capacity, self.load_factor);
+	result.add_all_from(self);
+	result.add_all_from(other);
+	return result;
+}
+
+fn LinkedHashSet LinkedHashSet.tset_union(&self, LinkedHashSet* other) => self.set_union(tmem, other) @inline;
+
+<*
+ Returns the intersection of the two sets (A & B)
+
+ @param [&in] other : "The other set to intersect with"
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "Allocator for the new set"
+ @return "A new set containing the intersection of both sets"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashSet LinkedHashSet.intersection(&self, Allocator allocator, LinkedHashSet* other)
+{
+	LinkedHashSet result;
+	result.init(allocator, math::min(self.table.len, other.table.len), self.load_factor);
+	
+	// Iterate through the smaller set for efficiency
+	LinkedHashSet* smaller = self.count <= other.count ? self : other;
+	LinkedHashSet* larger = self.count > other.count ? self : other;
+	
+	smaller.@each(;Value value) 
+    {
+		if (larger.contains(value)) result.add(value);
+	};
+	
+	return result;
+}
+
+fn LinkedHashSet LinkedHashSet.tintersection(&self, LinkedHashSet* other) => self.intersection(tmem, other) @inline;
+
+<*
+ Return this set - other, so (A & ~B)
+
+ @param [&in] other : "The other set to compare with"
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "Allocator for the new set"
+ @return "A new set containing elements in this set but not in the other"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashSet LinkedHashSet.difference(&self, Allocator allocator, LinkedHashSet* other)
+{
+	LinkedHashSet result;
+	result.init(allocator, self.table.len, self.load_factor);
+	self.@each(;Value value)
+	{
+		if (!other.contains(value))
+		{
+			result.add(value);
+		}
+	};
+	return result;
+}
+
+fn LinkedHashSet LinkedHashSet.tdifference(&self, LinkedHashSet* other) => self.difference(tmem, other) @inline;
+
+<*
+ Return (A ^ B)
+
+ @param [&in] other : "The other set to compare with"
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "Allocator for the new set"
+ @return "A new set containing elements in this set or the other, but not both"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashSet LinkedHashSet.symmetric_difference(&self, Allocator allocator, LinkedHashSet* other)
+{
+	LinkedHashSet result;
+	result.init(allocator, self.table.len, self.load_factor);
+	result.add_all_from(self);
+	other.@each(;Value value)
+	{
+		if (!result.add(value))
+		{
+			result.remove(value);
+		}
+	};
+	return result;
+}
+
+fn LinkedHashSet LinkedHashSet.tsymmetric_difference(&self, LinkedHashSet* other) => self.symmetric_difference(tmem, other) @inline;
+
+<*
+ Check if this hash set is a subset of another set.
+
+ @param [&in] other : "The other set to check against"
+ @return "True if all elements of this set are in the other set"
+*>
+fn bool LinkedHashSet.is_subset(&self, LinkedHashSet* other)
+{
+	if (self.count == 0) return true;
+	if (self.count > other.count) return false;
+	
+	self.@each(; Value value) {
+		if (!other.contains(value)) return false;
+	};
+	return true;
+}
+
+// --- private methods
+
+fn void LinkedHashSet.add_entry(&set, uint hash, Value value, uint bucket_index) @private
+{
+	LinkedEntry* entry = allocator::new(set.allocator, LinkedEntry, {
+		.hash = hash,
+		.value = value,
+		.next = set.table[bucket_index],
+		.before = set.tail,
+		.after = null
+	});
+	
+	// Update bucket chain
+	set.table[bucket_index] = entry;
+	
+	// Update linked list
+	if (set.tail)
+	{
+		set.tail.after = entry;
+		entry.before = set.tail;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		set.head = entry;
+	}
+	set.tail = entry;
+	
+	if (set.count++ >= set.threshold)
+	{
+		set.resize(set.table.len * 2);
+	}
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashSet.resize(&set, usz new_capacity) @private
+{
+	LinkedEntry*[] old_table = set.table;
+	usz old_capacity = old_table.len;
+	
+	if (old_capacity == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
+	{
+		set.threshold = uint.max;
+		return;
+	}
+	
+	LinkedEntry*[] new_table = allocator::new_array(set.allocator, LinkedEntry*, new_capacity);
+	set.table = new_table;
+	set.threshold = (uint)(new_capacity * set.load_factor);
+	
+	// Rehash all entries - linked list order remains unchanged
+	foreach (uint i, LinkedEntry *e : old_table)
+	{
+		if (!e) continue;
+		
+		// Split the bucket chain into two chains based on new bit
+		LinkedEntry* lo_head = null;
+		LinkedEntry* lo_tail = null;
+		LinkedEntry* hi_head = null;
+		LinkedEntry* hi_tail = null;
+		
+		do
+		{
+			LinkedEntry* next = e.next;
+			if ((e.hash & old_capacity) == 0)
+			{
+				if (!lo_tail)
+				{
+					lo_head = e;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					lo_tail.next = e;
+				}
+				lo_tail = e;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				if (!hi_tail)
+				{
+					hi_head = e;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					hi_tail.next = e;
+				}
+				hi_tail = e;
+			}
+			e.next = null;
+			e = next;
+		}
+		while (e);
+		
+		if (lo_tail)
+		{
+			lo_tail.next = null;
+			new_table[i] = lo_head;
+		}
+		if (hi_tail)
+		{
+			hi_tail.next = null;
+			new_table[i + old_capacity] = hi_head;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	set.free_internal(old_table.ptr);
+}
+
+fn usz? LinkedHashSet.to_format(&self, Formatter* f) @dynamic
+{
+	usz len;
+	len += f.print("{ ")!;
+	self.@each(; Value value)
+	{
+		if (len > 2) len += f.print(", ")!;
+		len += f.printf("%s", value)!;
+	};
+	return len + f.print(" }");
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashSet.transfer(&set, LinkedEntry*[] new_table) @private
+{
+	LinkedEntry*[] src = set.table;
+	uint new_capacity = new_table.len;
+	foreach (uint j, LinkedEntry *e : src)
+	{
+		if (!e) continue;
+		do
+		{
+			LinkedEntry* next = e.next;
+			uint i = index_for(e.hash, new_capacity);
+			e.next = new_table[i];
+			new_table[i] = e;
+			e = next;
+		}
+		while (e);
+	}
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashSet.put_for_create(&set, Value value) @private
+{
+	uint hash = rehash(value.hash());
+	uint i = index_for(hash, set.table.len);
+	for (LinkedEntry *e = set.table[i]; e != null; e = e.next)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(value, e.value))
+		{
+			// Value already exists, no need to do anything
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+	set.create_entry(hash, value, i);
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashSet.free_internal(&set, void* ptr) @inline @private
+{
+	allocator::free(set.allocator, ptr);
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashSet.create_entry(&set, uint hash, Value value, int bucket_index) @private
+{
+	LinkedEntry* entry = allocator::new(set.allocator, LinkedEntry, { 
+		.hash = hash, 
+		.value = value, 
+		.next = set.table[bucket_index],
+		.before = set.tail,
+		.after = null
+	});
+	
+	set.table[bucket_index] = entry;
+	
+	// Update linked list
+	if (set.tail)
+	{
+		set.tail.after = entry;
+		entry.before = set.tail;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		set.head = entry;
+	}
+	set.tail = entry;
+	
+	set.count++;
+}
+
+fn bool LinkedHashSet.remove_entry_for_value(&set, Value value) @private
+{
+	if (!set.count) return false;
+	
+	uint hash = rehash(value.hash());
+	uint i = index_for(hash, set.table.len);
+	LinkedEntry* prev = null;
+	LinkedEntry* e = set.table[i];
+	
+	while (e)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(value, e.value))
+		{
+			if (prev)
+			{
+				prev.next = e.next;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				set.table[i] = e.next;
+			}
+			
+			if (e.before)
+			{
+				e.before.after = e.after;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				set.head = e.after;
+			}
+			
+			if (e.after)
+			{
+				e.after.before = e.before;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				set.tail = e.before;
+			}
+			
+			set.count--;
+			set.free_entry(e);
+			return true;
+		}
+		prev = e;
+		e = e.next;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashSet.free_entry(&set, LinkedEntry *entry) @private
+{
+	allocator::free(set.allocator, entry);
+}
+
+struct LinkedHashSetIterator
+{
+	LinkedHashSet* set;
+	LinkedEntry* current;
+	bool started;
+}
+
+fn LinkedHashSetIterator LinkedHashSet.iter(&set) => { .set = set, .current = set.head, .started = false };
+
+fn bool LinkedHashSetIterator.next(&self)
+{
+	if (!self.started)
+	{
+		self.current = self.set.head;
+		self.started = true;
+	}
+	else if (self.current)
+	{
+		self.current = self.current.after;
+	}
+	return self.current != null;
+}
+
+fn Value*? LinkedHashSetIterator.get(&self)
+{
+	return self.current ? &self.current.value : NOT_FOUND?;
+}
+
+fn bool LinkedHashSetIterator.has_next(&self)
+{
+	if (!self.started) return self.set.head != null;
+	return self.current && self.current.after != null;
+}
+
+fn usz LinkedHashSetIterator.len(&self) @operator(len) 
+{
+    return self.set.count;
+}
+
+int dummy @local;

lib/std/collections/list.c3

@@ -137,9 +137,10 @@ fn Type? List.pop_first(&self)
 *>
 fn void List.remove_at(&self, usz index)
 {
-	self.set_size(self.size - 1);
-	if (!self.size || index == self.size) return;
-	self.entries[index .. self.size - 1] = self.entries[index + 1 .. self.size];
+	usz new_size = self.size - 1;
+	defer self.set_size(new_size);
+	if (!new_size || index == new_size) return;
+	self.entries[index .. new_size - 1] = self.entries[index + 1 .. new_size];
 }
 
 fn void List.add_all(&self, List* other_list)

lib/std/collections/maybe.c3

@@ -34,3 +34,12 @@ macro Type? Maybe.get(self)
 {
 	return self.has_value ? self.value : NOT_FOUND?;
 }
+
+fn bool Maybe.equals(self, Maybe other) @operator(==) @if(types::is_equatable_type(Type))
+{
+	if (self.has_value)
+	{
+		return other.has_value && equals(self.value, other.value);
+	}
+	return !other.has_value;
+}

lib/std/collections/object.c3

@@ -178,14 +178,15 @@ fn void Object.init_array_if_needed(&self) @private
 fn void Object.set_object(&self, String key, Object* new_object) @private
 {
 	self.init_map_if_needed();
-	ObjectInternalMapEntry*? entry = self.map.get_entry(key);
-	defer
-	{
-		(void)entry.value.free();
-	}
+	Object*? val = self.map.get_entry(key).value;
+	defer (void)val.free();
 	self.map.set(key, new_object);
 }
 
+<*
+ @require self.allocator != null : "This object is not properly initialized, was it really created using 'new'"
+ @require !@typeis(value, void*) ||| value == null : "void pointers cannot be stored in an object"
+*>
 macro Object* Object.object_from_value(&self, value) @private
 {
 	var $Type = $typeof(value);
@@ -201,9 +202,8 @@ macro Object* Object.object_from_value(&self, value) @private
 		$case $Type.typeid == Object*.typeid:
 			return value;
 		$case $Type.typeid == void*.typeid:
-			if (value != null) return TYPE_MISMATCH?;
 			return &NULL_OBJECT;
-		$case $assignable(value, String):
+		$case @assignable_to(value, String):
 			return new_string(value, self.allocator);
 		$default:
 			$error "Unsupported object type.";

lib/std/collections/tuple.c3

@@ -1,16 +1,75 @@
-module std::collections::tuple{Type1, Type2};
+module std::collections::pair{Type1, Type2};
+import std::io;
 
-struct Tuple
+struct Pair (Printable)
 {
 	Type1 first;
 	Type2 second;
 }
 
-module std::collections::triple{Type1, Type2, Type3};
+fn usz? Pair.to_format(&self, Formatter* f) @dynamic
+{
+	return f.printf("{ %s, %s }", self.first, self.second);
+}
 
-struct Triple
+<*
+ @param [&out] a
+ @param [&out] b
+ @require @assignable_to(self.first, $typeof(*a)) : "You cannot assign the first value to a"
+ @require @assignable_to(self.second, $typeof(*b)) : "You cannot assign the second value to b"
+*>
+macro void Pair.unpack(&self, a, b)
+{
+	*a = self.first;
+	*b = self.second;
+}
+
+fn bool Pair.equal(self, Pair other) @operator(==) @if (types::has_equals(Type1) &&& types::has_equals(Type2))
+{
+	return self.first == other.first && self.second == other.second;
+}
+
+
+
+module std::collections::triple{Type1, Type2, Type3};
+import std::io;
+
+struct Triple (Printable)
 {
 	Type1 first;
 	Type2 second;
 	Type3 third;
-}
+}
+
+fn usz? Triple.to_format(&self, Formatter* f) @dynamic
+{
+	return f.printf("{ %s, %s, %s }", self.first, self.second, self.third);
+}
+<*
+ @param [&out] a
+ @param [&out] b
+ @param [&out] c
+ @require @assignable_to(self.first, $typeof(*a)) : "You cannot assign the first value to a"
+ @require @assignable_to(self.second, $typeof(*b)) : "You cannot assign the second value to b"
+ @require @assignable_to(self.third, $typeof(*c)) : "You cannot assign the second value to c"
+*>
+macro void Triple.unpack(&self, a, b, c)
+{
+	*a = self.first;
+	*b = self.second;
+	*c = self.third;
+}
+
+fn bool Triple.equal(self, Triple other) @operator(==) @if (types::has_equals(Type1) &&& types::has_equals(Type2) &&& types::has_equals(Type3))
+{
+	return self.first == other.first && self.second == other.second && self.third == other.third;
+}
+
+
+module std::collections::tuple{Type1, Type2};
+
+struct Tuple @deprecated("Use 'Pair' instead")
+{
+	Type1 first;
+	Type2 second;
+}

lib/std/core/allocators/arena_allocator.c3

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fn void ArenaAllocator.clear(&self)
 <*
  Given some memory, create an arena allocator on the stack for it.
 
- @param [inout] bytes : `The bytes to use`
+ @param [inout] bytes : `The bytes to use, may be empty.`
 
  @return `An arena allocator using the bytes`
 *>
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ fn void*? ArenaAllocator.resize(&self, void *old_pointer, usz size, usz alignmen
 	}
 	// Otherwise just allocate new memory.
 	void* mem = self.acquire(size, NO_ZERO, alignment)!;
-	mem::copy(mem, old_pointer, old_size, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
+	mem::copy(mem, old_pointer, math::min(size, old_size), mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
 	return mem;
 }
 

lib/std/core/allocators/backed_arena_allocator.c3

@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
 module std::core::mem::allocator;
 import std::io, std::math;
 
-struct AllocChunk @local
-{
-	usz size;
-	char[*] data;
-}
+<*
+ The backed arena allocator provides an allocator that will allocate from a pre-allocated chunk of memory
+ provided by it's backing allocator. The allocator supports mark / reset operations, so it can be used
+ as a stack (push-pop) allocator. If the initial memory is used up, it will fall back to regular allocations,
+ that will be safely freed on `reset`.
 
+ While this allocator is similar to the dynamic arena, it supports multiple "save points", which the dynamic arena
+ doesn't.
+*>
 struct BackedArenaAllocator (Allocator)
 {
 	Allocator backing_allocator;
@@ -16,6 +19,12 @@ struct BackedArenaAllocator (Allocator)
 	char[*] data;
 }
 
+struct AllocChunk @local
+{
+	usz size;
+	char[*] data;
+}
+
 const usz PAGE_IS_ALIGNED @local = (usz)isz.max + 1u;
 
 struct ExtraPage @local
@@ -128,7 +137,7 @@ fn void*? BackedArenaAllocator.resize(&self, void* pointer, usz size, usz alignm
 	}
 
 	AllocChunk* data = self.acquire(size, NO_ZERO, alignment)!;
-	mem::copy(data, pointer, chunk.size, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
+	mem::copy(data, pointer, math::min(size, chunk.size), mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
 
 	return data;
 }

lib/std/core/allocators/dynamic_arena.c3

@@ -4,6 +4,17 @@
 module std::core::mem::allocator;
 import std::math;
 
+<*
+ The dynamic arena allocator is an arena allocator that can grow by adding additional arena "pages".
+ It only supports reset, at which point all pages except the first one is released to the backing
+ allocator.
+
+ If you want multiple save points, use the BackedArenaAllocator instead.
+
+ The advantage over the BackedArenaAllocator, is that when allocating beyond the first "page", it will
+ retain the characteristics of an arena allocator (allocating a large piece of memory then handing off
+ memory from that memory), wheras the BackedArenaAllocator will have heap allocator characteristics.
+*>
 struct DynamicArenaAllocator (Allocator)
 {
 	Allocator backing_allocator;
@@ -106,7 +117,7 @@ fn void*? DynamicArenaAllocator.resize(&self, void* old_pointer, usz size, usz a
 		return old_pointer;
 	}
 	void* new_mem = self.acquire(size, NO_ZERO, alignment)!;
-	mem::copy(new_mem, old_pointer, old_size, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
+	mem::copy(new_mem, old_pointer, math::min(old_size, size), mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
 	return new_mem;
 }
 

lib/std/core/allocators/heap_allocator.c3

@@ -5,6 +5,13 @@
 module std::core::mem::allocator;
 import std::math;
 
+<*
+ The SimpleHeapAllocator implements a simple heap allocator on top of an allocator function.
+
+ It uses the given allocator function to allocate memory from some source, but never frees it.
+ This allocator is intended to be used in environments where there isn't any native libc malloc,
+ and it has to be emulated from a memory region, or wrapping linear memory as is the case for plain WASM.
+*>
 struct SimpleHeapAllocator (Allocator)
 {
 	MemoryAllocFn alloc_fn;

lib/std/core/allocators/libc_allocator.c3

@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2021-2024 Christoffer Lerno. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright (c) 2021-2025 Christoffer Lerno. All rights reserved.
 // Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
 // a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
-
 module std::core::mem::allocator @if(env::LIBC);
 import std::io;
 import libc;
 
+<*
+ The LibcAllocator is a wrapper around malloc to conform to the Allocator interface.
+*>
+typedef LibcAllocator (Allocator) = uptr;
 const LibcAllocator LIBC_ALLOCATOR = {};
-typedef LibcAllocator (Allocator, Printable) = uptr;
-
-fn String LibcAllocator.to_string(&self, Allocator allocator) @dynamic => "Libc allocator".copy(allocator);
-fn usz? LibcAllocator.to_format(&self, Formatter *format) @dynamic => format.print("Libc allocator");
 
 module std::core::mem::allocator @if(env::POSIX);
 import std::os;
@@ -123,7 +122,7 @@ fn void*? LibcAllocator.acquire(&self, usz bytes, AllocInitType init_type, usz a
 	if (init_type == ZERO)
 	{
 		void* data = alignment ? @aligned_alloc(fn void*(usz bytes) => libc::calloc(bytes, 1), bytes, alignment)!! : libc::calloc(bytes, 1);
-		return data ?: mem::OUT_OF_MEMORYY?;
+		return data ?: mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
 	}
 	else
 	{

lib/std/core/allocators/on_stack_allocator.c3

@@ -1,5 +1,14 @@
 module std::core::mem::allocator;
+import std::math;
+<*
+ The OnStackAllocator is similar to the ArenaAllocator: it allocates from a chunk of memory
+ given to it.
 
+ The difference is that when it runs out of memory it will go directly to its backing allocator
+ rather than failing.
+
+ It is utilized by the @stack_mem macro as an alternative to the temp allocator.
+*>
 struct OnStackAllocator (Allocator)
 {
 	Allocator backing_allocator;
@@ -8,7 +17,6 @@ struct OnStackAllocator (Allocator)
 	OnStackAllocatorExtraChunk* chunk;
 }
 
-
 struct OnStackAllocatorExtraChunk @local
 {
 	bool is_aligned;
@@ -116,7 +124,7 @@ fn void*? OnStackAllocator.resize(&self, void* old_pointer, usz size, usz alignm
 	OnStackAllocatorHeader* header = old_pointer - OnStackAllocatorHeader.sizeof;
 	usz old_size = header.size;
 	void* mem = self.acquire(size, NO_ZERO, alignment)!;
-	mem::copy(mem, old_pointer, old_size, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
+	mem::copy(mem, old_pointer, math::min(old_size, size), mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
 	return mem;
 }
 

lib/std/core/allocators/temp_allocator.c3

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-module std::core::mem::allocator;
+module std::core::mem::allocator @if(!(env::POSIX || env::WIN32) || !$feature(VMEM_TEMP));
 import std::io, std::math;
-import std::core::sanitizer::asan;
 
 // This implements the temp allocator.
 // The temp allocator is a specialized allocator only intended for use where
@@ -35,6 +34,9 @@ struct TempAllocator (Allocator)
 	TempAllocatorPage* last_page;
 	TempAllocator* derived;
 	bool allocated;
+	usz reserve_size;
+	usz realloc_size;
+	usz min_size;
 	usz used;
 	usz capacity;
 	usz original_capacity;
@@ -47,7 +49,7 @@ struct TempAllocatorChunk @local
 	char[*] data;
 }
 
-const usz PAGE_IS_ALIGNED @private = (usz)isz.max + 1u;
+const usz PAGE_IS_ALIGNED @local = (usz)isz.max + 1u;
 
 struct TempAllocatorPage
 {
@@ -62,15 +64,20 @@ macro usz TempAllocatorPage.pagesize(&self) => self.size & ~PAGE_IS_ALIGNED;
 macro bool TempAllocatorPage.is_aligned(&self) => self.size & PAGE_IS_ALIGNED == PAGE_IS_ALIGNED;
 
 <*
- @require size >= 16
+ @require size >= 64
+ @require realloc_size >= 64
  @require allocator.type != TempAllocator.typeid : "You may not create a temp allocator with a TempAllocator as the backing allocator."
+ @require min_size > TempAllocator.sizeof + 64 : "Min size must meaningfully hold the data + some bytes"
 *>
-fn TempAllocator*? new_temp_allocator(Allocator allocator, usz size)
+fn TempAllocator*? new_temp_allocator(Allocator allocator, usz size, usz reserve = temp_allocator_reserve_size, usz min_size = temp_allocator_min_size, usz realloc_size = temp_allocator_realloc_size)
 {
 	TempAllocator* temp = allocator::alloc_with_padding(allocator, TempAllocator, size)!;
 	temp.last_page = null;
 	temp.backing_allocator = allocator;
 	temp.used = 0;
+	temp.min_size = min_size;
+	temp.realloc_size = realloc_size;
+	temp.reserve_size = reserve;
 	temp.allocated = true;
 	temp.derived = null;
 	temp.original_capacity = temp.capacity = size;
@@ -78,19 +85,18 @@ fn TempAllocator*? new_temp_allocator(Allocator allocator, usz size)
 }
 <*
  @require !self.derived
- @require min_size > TempAllocator.sizeof + 64 : "Min size must meaningfully hold the data + some bytes"
- @require mult > 0 : "The multiple can never be zero"
 *>
-fn TempAllocator*? TempAllocator.derive_allocator(&self, usz min_size, usz buffer, usz mult)
+fn TempAllocator*? TempAllocator.derive_allocator(&self, usz reserve = 0)
 {
+	if (!reserve) reserve = self.reserve_size;
 	usz remaining = self.capacity - self.used;
 	void* mem @noinit;
 	usz size @noinit;
-	if (min_size + buffer > remaining)
+	if (self.min_size + reserve > remaining)
 	{
-		return self.derived = new_temp_allocator(self.backing_allocator, min_size * mult)!;
+		return self.derived = new_temp_allocator(self.backing_allocator, self.realloc_size, self.reserve_size, self.min_size, self.realloc_size)!;
 	}
-	usz start = mem::aligned_offset(self.used + buffer, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
+	usz start = mem::aligned_offset(self.used + reserve, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
 	void* ptr = &self.data[start];
 	TempAllocator* temp = (TempAllocator*)ptr;
 	$if env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER:
@@ -99,6 +105,9 @@ fn TempAllocator*? TempAllocator.derive_allocator(&self, usz min_size, usz buffe
 	temp.last_page = null;
     temp.backing_allocator = self.backing_allocator;
     temp.used = 0;
+    temp.min_size = self.min_size;
+    temp.reserve_size = self.reserve_size;
+    temp.realloc_size = self.realloc_size;
     temp.allocated = false;
     temp.derived = null;
     temp.original_capacity = temp.capacity = self.capacity - start - TempAllocator.sizeof;
@@ -317,3 +326,81 @@ fn void*? TempAllocator.acquire(&self, usz size, AllocInitType init_type, usz al
 	return &page.data[0];
 }
 
+module std::core::mem::allocator @if((env::POSIX || env::WIN32) && $feature(VMEM_TEMP));
+import std::math;
+
+tlocal VmemOptions temp_allocator_default_options = {
+	.shrink_on_reset = env::MEMORY_ENV != NORMAL,
+	.protect_unused_pages = env::COMPILER_OPT_LEVEL <= O1 || env::COMPILER_SAFE_MODE,
+	.scratch_released_data = env::COMPILER_SAFE_MODE
+};
+
+
+fn TempAllocator*? new_temp_allocator(Allocator allocator, usz size, usz reserve = temp_allocator_reserve_size, usz min_size = temp_allocator_min_size, usz realloc_size = temp_allocator_realloc_size)
+{
+	Vmem mem;
+	TempAllocator* t = allocator::new(allocator, TempAllocator);
+	defer catch allocator::free(allocator, t);
+	t.vmem.init(preferred_size: isz.sizeof > 4 ? 4 * mem::GB : 512 * mem::MB,
+	            reserve_page_size: isz.sizeof > 4 ? 256 * mem::KB : 0,
+	            options: temp_allocator_default_options)!;
+	t.allocator = allocator;
+	return t;
+}
+
+struct TempAllocator (Allocator)
+{
+	Vmem vmem;
+	TempAllocator* derived;
+	Allocator allocator;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require size > 0
+ @require !alignment || math::is_power_of_2(alignment)
+ @require alignment <= mem::MAX_MEMORY_ALIGNMENT : `alignment too big`
+*>
+fn void*? TempAllocator.acquire(&self, usz size, AllocInitType init_type, usz alignment) @dynamic
+{
+	return self.vmem.acquire(size, init_type, alignment) @inline;
+}
+
+fn TempAllocator*? TempAllocator.derive_allocator(&self, usz reserve = 0)
+{
+	if (self.derived) return self.derived;
+	return self.derived = new_temp_allocator(self.allocator, 0)!;
+}
+
+<*
+ Reset the entire temp allocator, destroying all children
+*>
+fn void TempAllocator.reset(&self)
+{
+	TempAllocator* child = self.derived;
+	if (!child) return;
+	child.reset();
+	child.vmem.reset(0);
+}
+fn void TempAllocator.free(&self)
+{
+	self.destroy();
+}
+
+fn void TempAllocator.destroy(&self) @local
+{
+	TempAllocator* child = self.derived;
+	if (!child) return;
+	child.destroy();
+	self.vmem.free() @inline;
+	allocator::free(self.allocator, self) @inline;
+}
+
+fn void*? TempAllocator.resize(&self, void* pointer, usz size, usz alignment) @dynamic
+{
+	return self.vmem.resize(pointer, size, alignment) @inline;
+}
+
+fn void TempAllocator.release(&self, void* old_pointer, bool b) @dynamic
+{
+	self.vmem.release(old_pointer, b) @inline;
+}

lib/std/core/allocators/vmem.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+module std::core::mem::allocator @if(env::POSIX || env::WIN32);
+import std::math, std::os::posix, libc, std::bits;
+import std::core::mem;
+import std::core::env;
+
+
+
+// Virtual Memory allocator
+
+faultdef VMEM_RESERVE_FAILED;
+
+struct Vmem (Allocator)
+{
+	VirtualMemory memory;
+	usz allocated;
+	usz pagesize;
+	usz page_pot;
+	usz last_page;
+	usz high_water;
+	VmemOptions options;
+}
+
+bitstruct VmemOptions : int
+{
+	bool shrink_on_reset;         // Release memory on reset
+	bool protect_unused_pages;    // Protect unused pages on reset
+	bool scratch_released_data;   // Overwrite released data with 0xAA
+}
+
+<*
+ Implements the Allocator interface method.
+
+ @require !reserve_page_size || math::is_power_of_2(reserve_page_size)
+ @require reserve_page_size <= preferred_size : "The min reserve_page_size size must be less or equal to the preferred size"
+ @require preferred_size >= 1 * mem::KB : "The preferred size must exceed 1 KB"
+ @return? mem::INVALID_ALLOC_SIZE, mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY, VMEM_RESERVE_FAILED
+*>
+fn void? Vmem.init(&self, usz preferred_size, usz reserve_page_size = 0, VmemOptions options = { true, true, env::COMPILER_SAFE_MODE }, usz min_size = 0)
+{
+	static usz page_size = 0;
+    if (!page_size) page_size = mem::os_pagesize();
+    if (page_size < reserve_page_size) page_size = reserve_page_size;
+    preferred_size = mem::aligned_offset(preferred_size, page_size);
+    if (!min_size) min_size = max(preferred_size / 1024, 1);
+    VirtualMemory? memory = mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+	while (preferred_size >= min_size)
+	{
+		memory = vm::virtual_alloc(preferred_size, PROTECTED);
+		// It worked?
+		if (try memory) break;
+		switch (@catch(memory))
+		{
+			case mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY:
+			case vm::RANGE_OVERFLOW:
+				// Try a smaller size.
+				preferred_size /= 2;
+				continue;
+			default:
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (catch memory) return VMEM_RESERVE_FAILED?;
+	if (page_size > preferred_size) page_size = preferred_size;
+	$if env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER:
+		asan::poison_memory_region(memory.ptr, memory.size);
+	$endif
+	*self = { .memory = memory,
+	          .high_water = 0,
+			  .pagesize = page_size,
+			  .page_pot = page_size.ctz(),
+			  .options  = options,
+	        };
+}
+
+<*
+ Implements the Allocator interface method.
+
+ @require !alignment || math::is_power_of_2(alignment)
+ @require alignment <= mem::MAX_MEMORY_ALIGNMENT : `alignment too big`
+ @require size > 0
+ @return? mem::INVALID_ALLOC_SIZE, mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY
+*>
+fn void*? Vmem.acquire(&self, usz size, AllocInitType init_type, usz alignment) @dynamic
+{
+	alignment = alignment_for_allocation(alignment);
+	usz total_len = self.memory.size;
+	if (size > total_len) return mem::INVALID_ALLOC_SIZE?;
+	void* start_mem = self.memory.ptr;
+	void* unaligned_pointer_to_offset = start_mem + self.allocated + VmemHeader.sizeof;
+	void* mem = mem::aligned_pointer(unaligned_pointer_to_offset, alignment);
+	usz after = (usz)(mem - start_mem) + size;
+	if (after > total_len) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+	if (init_type == ZERO && self.high_water <= self.allocated)
+	{
+		init_type = NO_ZERO;
+	}
+	protect(self, after)!;
+	VmemHeader* header = mem - VmemHeader.sizeof;
+	header.size = size;
+	if (init_type == ZERO) mem::clear(mem, size, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
+	return mem;
+}
+
+fn bool Vmem.owns_pointer(&self, void* ptr) @inline
+{
+	return (uptr)ptr >= (uptr)self.memory.ptr && (uptr)ptr < (uptr)self.memory.ptr + self.memory.size;
+}
+<*
+ Implements the Allocator interface method.
+
+ @require !alignment || math::is_power_of_2(alignment)
+ @require alignment <= mem::MAX_MEMORY_ALIGNMENT : `alignment too big`
+ @require old_pointer != null
+ @require size > 0
+ @return? mem::INVALID_ALLOC_SIZE, mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY
+*>
+fn void*? Vmem.resize(&self, void *old_pointer, usz size, usz alignment) @dynamic
+{
+	if (size > self.memory.size) return mem::INVALID_ALLOC_SIZE?;
+	alignment = alignment_for_allocation(alignment);
+	assert(self.owns_pointer(old_pointer), "Pointer originates from a different allocator: %p, not in %p - %p", old_pointer, self.memory.ptr, self.memory.ptr + self.allocated);
+	VmemHeader* header = old_pointer - VmemHeader.sizeof;
+    usz old_size = header.size;
+    if (old_size == size) return old_pointer;
+    // Do last allocation and alignment match?
+    if (self.memory.ptr + self.allocated == old_pointer + old_size && mem::ptr_is_aligned(old_pointer, alignment))
+    {
+    	if (old_size > size)
+    	{
+    		unprotect(self, self.allocated + size - old_size);
+    	}
+    	else
+    	{
+    		usz allocated = self.allocated + size - old_size;
+    		if (allocated > self.memory.size) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+    		protect(self, allocated)!;
+    	}
+    	header.size = size;
+    	return old_pointer;
+    }
+    if (old_size > size)
+    {
+        $if env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER:
+    	    asan::poison_memory_region(old_pointer + size, old_size - size);
+    	$endif
+    	header.size = size;
+    	return old_pointer;
+    }
+    // Otherwise just allocate new memory.
+    void* mem = self.acquire(size, NO_ZERO, alignment)!;
+    assert(size > old_size);
+    mem::copy(mem, old_pointer, old_size, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
+    return mem;
+}
+
+<*
+ Implements the Allocator interface method.
+
+ @require ptr != null
+*>
+fn void Vmem.release(&self, void* ptr, bool) @dynamic
+{
+	assert(self.owns_pointer(ptr), "Pointer originates from a different allocator %p.", ptr);
+	VmemHeader* header = ptr - VmemHeader.sizeof;
+	// Reclaim memory if it's the last element.
+	if (ptr + header.size == self.memory.ptr + self.allocated)
+	{
+		unprotect(self, self.allocated - header.size - VmemHeader.sizeof);
+	}
+}
+
+fn usz Vmem.mark(&self)
+{
+	return self.allocated;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require mark <= self.allocated : "Invalid mark"
+*>
+fn void Vmem.reset(&self, usz mark)
+{
+	if (mark == self.allocated) return;
+	unprotect(self, mark);
+}
+
+fn void Vmem.free(&self)
+{
+	if (!self.memory.ptr) return;
+	$switch:
+		$case env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER:
+			asan::poison_memory_region(self.memory.ptr, self.memory.size);
+		$case env::COMPILER_SAFE_MODE:
+    	    ((char*)self.memory.ptr)[0:self.allocated] = 0xAA;
+	$endswitch
+	(void)self.memory.destroy();
+	*self = {};
+}
+
+// Internal data
+
+struct VmemHeader @local
+{
+	usz size;
+	char[*] data;
+}
+
+macro void? protect(Vmem* mem, usz after) @local
+{
+	usz shift = mem.page_pot;
+	usz page_after = (after + mem.pagesize - 1) >> shift;
+	usz last_page = mem.last_page;
+	bool over_high_water = mem.high_water < after;
+	if (page_after > last_page)
+	{
+		usz page_start = last_page << shift;
+		usz page_len = (page_after - last_page) << shift;
+		mem.memory.commit(page_start, page_len)!;
+		if (mem.options.protect_unused_pages || over_high_water)
+		{
+			mem.memory.protect(page_start, page_len, READWRITE)!;
+		}
+		mem.last_page = page_after;
+	}
+	$if env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER:
+		asan::unpoison_memory_region(mem.memory.ptr + mem.allocated, after - mem.allocated);
+	$endif
+	mem.allocated = after;
+	if (over_high_water) mem.high_water = after;
+}
+
+macro void unprotect(Vmem* mem, usz after) @local
+{
+	usz shift = mem.page_pot;
+	usz last_page = mem.last_page;
+	usz page_after = mem.last_page = (after + mem.pagesize - 1) >> shift;
+	$if env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER:
+		asan::poison_memory_region(mem.memory.ptr + after, mem.allocated - after);
+	$else
+		if (mem.options.scratch_released_data)
+		{
+			mem::set(mem.memory.ptr + after, 0xAA, mem.allocated - after);
+		}
+	$endif
+	if ((mem.options.shrink_on_reset || mem.options.protect_unused_pages) && page_after < last_page)
+	{
+		usz start = page_after << shift;
+		usz len = (last_page - page_after) << shift;
+		if (mem.options.shrink_on_reset) (void)mem.memory.decommit(start, len, false);
+		if (mem.options.protect_unused_pages) (void)mem.memory.protect(start, len, PROTECTED);
+	}
+	mem.allocated = after;
+}

lib/std/core/ansi.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+module std::core::string::ansi;
+
+enum Ansi : const inline String
+{
+	RESET              = "\e[0m",
+	BOLD               = "\e[1m",
+	DIM                = "\e[2m",
+	ITALIC             = "\e[3m",
+	UNDERLINE          = "\e[4m",
+	BLINK              = "\e[5m",
+	BLINK_FAST         = "\e[6m",
+	INVERT             = "\e[7m",
+	HIDDEN             = "\e[8m",
+	STRIKETHROUGH      = "\e[9m",
+	DOUBLE_UNDER       = "\e[21m",
+	NO_DIM             = "\e[22m",
+	NO_ITALIC          = "\e[23m",
+	NO_UNDERLINE       = "\e[24m",
+	NO_BLINK           = "\e[25m",
+	NO_INVERT          = "\e[27m",
+	NO_HIDDEN          = "\e[28m",
+	NO_STRIKETHROUGH   = "\e[29m",
+	BLACK              = "\e[30m",
+	RED                = "\e[31m",
+	GREEN              = "\e[32m",
+	YELLOW             = "\e[33m",
+	BLUE               = "\e[34m",
+	MAGENTA            = "\e[35m",
+	CYAN               = "\e[36m",
+	WHITE              = "\e[37m",
+	DEFAULT            = "\e[39m",
+	BRIGHT_BLACK       = "\e[90m",
+	BRIGHT_RED         = "\e[91m",
+	BRIGHT_GREEN       = "\e[92m",
+	BRIGHT_YELLOW      = "\e[93m",
+	BRIGHT_BLUE        = "\e[94m",
+	BRIGHT_MAGENTA     = "\e[95m",
+	BRIGHT_CYAN        = "\e[96m",
+	BRIGHT_WHITE       = "\e[97m",
+	BG_BLACK           = "\e[40m",
+	BG_RED             = "\e[41m",
+	BG_GREEN           = "\e[42m",
+	BG_YELLOW          = "\e[43m",
+	BG_BLUE            = "\e[44m",
+	BG_MAGENTA         = "\e[45m",
+	BG_CYAN            = "\e[46m",
+	BG_WHITE           = "\e[47m",
+	BG_DEFAULT         = "\e[49m",
+	BG_BRIGHT_BLACK    = "\e[100m",
+	BG_BRIGHT_RED      = "\e[101m",
+	BG_BRIGHT_GREEN    = "\e[102m",
+	BG_BRIGHT_YELLOW   = "\e[103m",
+	BG_BRIGHT_BLUE     = "\e[104m",
+	BG_BRIGHT_MAGENTA  = "\e[105m",
+	BG_BRIGHT_CYAN     = "\e[106m",
+	BG_BRIGHT_WHITE    = "\e[107m",
+}
+
+<*
+ 8-bit color code
+
+ @return `the formatting char for the given background color`
+*>
+macro String color_8bit(char $index, bool $bg = false) @const
+{
+	int $mode = $bg ? 4 : 3;
+	return @sprintf("\e[%s8;5;%sm", $mode, $index);
+}
+
+<*
+ 24-bit color code
+
+ @return `the string for the given foreground color`
+*>
+macro String color_rgb(char $r, char $g, char $b, bool $bg = false) @const
+{
+	int $mode = $bg ? 4 : 3;
+	return @sprintf("\e[%s8;2;%s;%s;%sm", $mode, $r, $g, $b);
+}
+
+<*
+ 24-bit color code rgb
+
+ @require $rgb <= 0xFF_FF_FF : `Expected a 24 bit RGB value`
+ @return `the string char for the given foreground color`
+*>
+macro String color(uint $rgb, bool $bg = false) @const
+{
+	int $mode = $bg ? 4 : 3;
+	return @sprintf("\e[%s8;2;%s;%s;%sm", $mode, $rgb >> 16, ($rgb & 0xFF00) >> 8, $rgb & 0xFF);
+}
+
+<*
+ 24-bit color code rgb
+
+ @require rgb <= 0xFF_FF_FF : `Expected a 24 bit RGB value`
+ @return `the string char for the given foreground color`
+*>
+fn String make_color(Allocator mem, uint rgb, bool bg = false)
+{
+	return make_color_rgb(mem, (char)(rgb >> 16), (char)((rgb & 0xFF00) >> 8), (char)rgb, bg);
+}
+
+<*
+ 24-bit color code rgb
+
+ @require rgb <= 0xFF_FF_FF : `Expected a 24 bit RGB value`
+ @return `the string char for the given foreground color`
+*>
+fn String make_tcolor(uint rgb, bool bg = false)
+{
+	return make_color_rgb(tmem, (char)(rgb >> 16), (char)((rgb & 0xFF00) >> 8), (char)rgb, bg);
+}
+
+<*
+ 24-bit color code rgb
+
+ @return `the string char for the given foreground color`
+*>
+fn String make_color_rgb(Allocator mem, char r, char g, char b, bool bg = false)
+{
+	return string::format(mem, "\e[%s8;2;%s;%s;%sm", bg ? 4 : 3, r, g, b);
+}
+
+<*
+ 24-bit color code rgb
+
+ @return `the string char for the given foreground color`
+*>
+fn String make_tcolor_rgb(char r, char g, char b, bool bg = false)
+{
+	return string::format(tmem, "\e[%s8;2;%s;%s;%sm", bg ? 4 : 3, r, g, b);
+}

lib/std/core/ascii.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+<*
+ This module contains utils for handling ASCII characters. They only operate on
+ characters corresponding to 0-127.
+*>
+module std::core::ascii;
+
+macro bool @is_lower(c)  => ASCII_LOOKUP[c].lower;      // Is a-z
+macro bool @is_upper(c)  => ASCII_LOOKUP[c].upper;      // Is A-Z
+macro bool @is_digit(c)  => ASCII_LOOKUP[c].digit;      // Is 0-9
+macro bool @is_bdigit(c) => ASCII_LOOKUP[c].bin_digit;  // Is 0-1
+macro bool @is_odigit(c) => ASCII_LOOKUP[c].oct_digit;  // Is 0-7
+macro bool @is_xdigit(c) => ASCII_LOOKUP[c].hex_digit;  // Is 0-9 or a-f or A-F
+macro bool @is_alpha(c)  => ASCII_LOOKUP[c].alpha;      // Is a-z or A-Z
+macro bool @is_print(c)  => ASCII_LOOKUP[c].printable;  // Is a printable character (space or higher and < 127
+macro bool @is_graph(c)  => ASCII_LOOKUP[c].graph;      // Does it show any graphics (printable but not space)
+macro bool @is_space(c)  => ASCII_LOOKUP[c].space;      // Is it a space character: space, tab, linefeed etc
+macro bool @is_alnum(c)  => ASCII_LOOKUP[c].alphanum;   // Is it alpha or digit
+macro bool @is_punct(c)  => ASCII_LOOKUP[c].punct;      // Is it "graph" but not digit or letter
+macro bool @is_blank(c)  => ASCII_LOOKUP[c].blank;      // Is it a blank space: space or tab
+macro bool @is_cntrl(c)  => ASCII_LOOKUP[c].control;    // Is it a control character: before space or 127
+macro char @to_lower(c)  => c + TO_LOWER[c];            // Convert A-Z to a-z if found
+macro char @to_upper(c)  => c - TO_UPPER[c];            // Convert a-z to A-Z if found
+
+fn bool is_lower(char c)  => @is_lower(c);  // Is a-z
+fn bool is_upper(char c)  => @is_upper(c);  // Is A-Z
+fn bool is_digit(char c)  => @is_digit(c);  // Is 0-9
+fn bool is_bdigit(char c) => @is_bdigit(c); // Is 0-1
+fn bool is_odigit(char c) => @is_odigit(c); // Is 0-7
+fn bool is_xdigit(char c) => @is_xdigit(c); // Is 0-9 or a-f or A-F
+fn bool is_alpha(char c)  => @is_alpha(c);  // Is a-z or A-Z
+fn bool is_print(char c)  => @is_print(c);  // Is a printable character (space or higher and < 127
+fn bool is_graph(char c)  => @is_graph(c);  // Does it show any graphics (printable but not space)
+fn bool is_space(char c)  => @is_space(c);  // Is it a space character: space, tab, linefeed etc
+fn bool is_alnum(char c)  => @is_alnum(c);  // Is it alpha or digit
+fn bool is_punct(char c)  => @is_punct(c);  // Is it "graph" but not digit or letter
+fn bool is_blank(char c)  => @is_blank(c);  // Is it a blank space: space or tab
+fn bool is_cntrl(char c)  => @is_cntrl(c);  // Is it a control character: before space or 127
+fn char to_lower(char c)  => @to_lower(c);  // Convert A-Z to a-z if found
+fn char to_upper(char c)  => @to_upper(c);  // Convert a-z to A-Z if found
+
+// The following methods are macro methods for the same functions
+macro bool char.is_lower(char c)  => @is_lower(c);
+macro bool char.is_upper(char c)  => @is_upper(c);
+macro bool char.is_digit(char c)  => @is_digit(c);
+macro bool char.is_bdigit(char c) => @is_bdigit(c);
+macro bool char.is_odigit(char c) => @is_odigit(c);
+macro bool char.is_xdigit(char c) => @is_xdigit(c);
+macro bool char.is_alpha(char c)  => @is_alpha(c);
+macro bool char.is_print(char c)  => @is_print(c);
+macro bool char.is_graph(char c)  => @is_graph(c);
+macro bool char.is_space(char c)  => @is_space(c);
+macro bool char.is_alnum(char c)  => @is_alnum(c);
+macro bool char.is_punct(char c)  => @is_punct(c);
+macro bool char.is_blank(char c)  => @is_blank(c);
+macro bool char.is_cntrl(char c)  => @is_cntrl(c);
+macro char char.to_lower(char c)  => @to_lower(c);
+macro char char.to_upper(char c)  => @to_upper(c);
+
+<*
+ Convert a-f/A-F/0-9 to the appropriate hex value.
+
+ @require c.is_xdigit()
+ @ensure return >= 0 && return <= 15
+*>
+macro char char.from_hex(char c) => HEX_VALUE[c];
+
+<*
+ Bitstruct containing the different properties of a character
+*>
+bitstruct CharType : ushort @private
+{
+	bool lower;
+	bool upper;
+	bool digit;
+	bool bin_digit;
+	bool hex_digit;
+	bool oct_digit;
+	bool alpha;
+	bool alphanum;
+	bool space;
+	bool printable;
+	bool blank;
+	bool punct;
+	bool control;
+	bool graph;
+}
+
+const CharType[256] ASCII_LOOKUP @private = {
+	[0..31]    = { .control },
+	[9..13]    = { .control, .space },
+	['\t']     = { .control, .space, .blank },
+	[' ']      = { .space, .printable, .blank },
+	[33..126]  = { .printable, .graph, .punct },
+	['0'..'9'] = { .printable, .graph, .alphanum, .hex_digit, .digit },
+	['2'..'7'] = { .printable, .graph, .alphanum, .hex_digit, .digit, .oct_digit },
+	['0'..'1'] = { .printable, .graph, .alphanum, .hex_digit, .digit, .oct_digit, .bin_digit },
+	['A'..'Z'] = { .printable, .graph, .alphanum, .alpha, .upper },
+	['A'..'F'] = { .printable, .graph, .alphanum, .alpha, .upper, .hex_digit },
+	['a'..'z'] = { .printable, .graph, .alphanum, .alpha, .lower },
+	['a'..'f'] = { .printable, .graph, .alphanum, .alpha, .lower, .hex_digit },
+	[127]      = { .control },
+};
+
+const char[256] HEX_VALUE = {
+	['0'] =  0, ['1'] =  1, ['2'] =  2, ['3'] =  3, ['4'] =  4,
+	['5'] =  5, ['6'] =  6, ['7'] =  7, ['8'] =  8, ['9'] =  9,
+	['A'] = 10, ['B'] = 11, ['C'] = 12, ['D'] = 13, ['E'] = 14,
+	['F'] = 15, ['a'] = 10, ['b'] = 11, ['c'] = 12, ['d'] = 13,
+	['e'] = 14, ['f'] = 15
+};
+
+const char[256] TO_UPPER @private = { ['a'..'z'] = 'a' - 'A' };
+const char[256] TO_LOWER @private  = { ['A'..'Z'] = 'a' - 'A' };
+

lib/std/core/bitorder.c3

@@ -88,33 +88,33 @@ bitstruct UInt128LE : uint128 @littleendian
 }
 
 <*
- @require is_array_or_slice_of_char(bytes) : "argument must be an array, a pointer to an array or a slice of char"
+ @require @is_array_or_slice_of_char(bytes) : "argument must be an array, a pointer to an array or a slice of char"
  @require is_bitorder($Type) : "type must be a bitorder integer"
 *>
 macro read(bytes, $Type)
 {
 	char[] s;
 	$switch @typekind(bytes):
-	$case POINTER:
-		s = (*bytes)[:$Type.sizeof];
-	$default:
-		s = bytes[:$Type.sizeof];
+		$case POINTER:
+			s = (*bytes)[:$Type.sizeof];
+		$default:
+			s = bytes[:$Type.sizeof];
 	$endswitch
 	return bitcast(*(char[$Type.sizeof]*)s.ptr, $Type).val;
 }
 
 <*
- @require is_arrayptr_or_slice_of_char(bytes) : "argument must be a pointer to an array or a slice of char"
+ @require @is_arrayptr_or_slice_of_char(bytes) : "argument must be a pointer to an array or a slice of char"
  @require is_bitorder($Type) : "type must be a bitorder integer"
 *>
 macro write(x, bytes, $Type)
 {
 	char[] s;
 	$switch @typekind(bytes):
-	$case POINTER:
-		s = (*bytes)[:$Type.sizeof];
-	$default:
-		s = bytes[:$Type.sizeof];
+		$case POINTER:
+			s = (*bytes)[:$Type.sizeof];
+		$default:
+			s = bytes[:$Type.sizeof];
 	$endswitch
 	*($typeof(x)*)s.ptr = bitcast(x, $Type).val;
 }
@@ -122,59 +122,63 @@ macro write(x, bytes, $Type)
 macro is_bitorder($Type)
 {
 	$switch $Type:
-	$case UShortLE:
-	$case ShortLE:
-	$case UIntLE:
-	$case IntLE:
-	$case ULongLE:
-	$case LongLE:
-	$case UInt128LE:
-	$case Int128LE:
-	$case UShortBE:
-	$case ShortBE:
-	$case UIntBE:
-	$case IntBE:
-	$case ULongBE:
-	$case LongBE:
-	$case UInt128BE:
-	$case Int128BE:
-		return true;
-	$default:
-		return false;
+		$case UShortLE:
+		$case ShortLE:
+		$case UIntLE:
+		$case IntLE:
+		$case ULongLE:
+		$case LongLE:
+		$case UInt128LE:
+		$case Int128LE:
+		$case UShortBE:
+		$case ShortBE:
+		$case UIntBE:
+		$case IntBE:
+		$case ULongBE:
+		$case LongBE:
+		$case UInt128BE:
+		$case Int128BE:
+			return true;
+		$default:
+			return false;
 	$endswitch
 }
 
-macro bool is_array_or_slice_of_char(bytes)
+macro bool is_array_or_slice_of_char(bytes) @deprecated("Use @is_array_or_slice_of_char")
 {
-	$switch @typekind(bytes):
-	$case POINTER:
-		var $Inner = $typefrom($typeof(bytes).inner);
-		$if $Inner.kindof == ARRAY:
-			var $Inner2 = $typefrom($Inner.inner);
-			return $Inner2.typeid == char.typeid;
-		$endif
-	$case ARRAY:
-	$case SLICE:
-		var $Inner = $typefrom($typeof(bytes).inner);
-		return $Inner.typeid == char.typeid;
-	$default:
-		return false;
+	return @is_array_or_slice_of_char(bytes);
+}
+
+macro bool @is_array_or_slice_of_char(#bytes) @const
+{
+    var $Type = $typeof(#bytes);
+	$switch $Type.kindof:
+		$case POINTER:
+			typeid $inner = $Type.inner;
+			return $inner.kindof == ARRAY &&& $inner.inner == char.typeid;
+		$case ARRAY:
+		$case SLICE:
+			return $Type.inner == char.typeid;
+		$default:
+			return false;
 	$endswitch
 }
 
-macro bool is_arrayptr_or_slice_of_char(bytes)
+macro bool is_arrayptr_or_slice_of_char(bytes) @deprecated("Use @is_arrayptr_or_slice_of_char")
 {
-	$switch @typekind(bytes):
-	$case POINTER:
-		var $Inner = $typefrom($typeof(bytes).inner);
-		$if $Inner.kindof == ARRAY:
-			var $Inner2 = $typefrom($Inner.inner);
-			return $Inner2.typeid == char.typeid;
-		$endif
-	$case SLICE:
-		var $Inner = $typefrom($typeof(bytes).inner);
-		return $Inner.typeid == char.typeid;
-	$default:
-		return false;
+	return @is_arrayptr_or_slice_of_char(bytes);
+}
+
+macro bool @is_arrayptr_or_slice_of_char(#bytes) @const
+{
+	var $Type = $typeof(#bytes);
+	$switch $Type.kindof:
+		$case POINTER:
+			typeid $inner = $Type.inner;
+			return $inner.kindof == ARRAY &&& $inner.inner == char.typeid;
+		$case SLICE:
+			return $Type.inner == char.typeid;
+		$default:
+			return false;
 	$endswitch
 }

lib/std/core/builtin.c3

@@ -30,21 +30,37 @@ typedef EmptySlot = void*;
 macro @is_empty_macro_slot(#arg) @const @builtin => @typeis(#arg, EmptySlot);
 macro @is_valid_macro_slot(#arg) @const @builtin => !@typeis(#arg, EmptySlot);
 
+<*
+ Returns a random value at compile time.
+
+ @ensure return >= 0.0 && return < 1.0
+ @return "A compile time random"
+*>
+macro @rnd() @const @builtin => $$rnd();
+
 /*
- Use `IteratorResult` when reading the end of an iterator, or accessing a result out of bounds.
+ Use `NO_MORE_ELEMENT` when reading the end of an iterator, or accessing a result out of bounds.
 */
 faultdef NO_MORE_ELEMENT @builtin;
 
 /*
- Use `SearchResult` when trying to return a value from some collection but the element is missing.
+ Use `NOT_FOUND` when trying to return a value from some collection but the element is missing.
 */
 faultdef NOT_FOUND @builtin;
 
 /*
- Use `CastResult` when an attempt at conversion fails.
+ Use `TYPE_MISMATCH` when an attempt at conversion fails.
 */
 faultdef TYPE_MISMATCH @builtin;
 
+/*
+ Use `CAPACITY_EXCEEDED` when trying to add to a bounded list or similar.
+*/
+faultdef CAPACITY_EXCEEDED @builtin;
+/*
+ Use `NOT_IMPLEMENTED` when something is conditionally available.
+*/
+faultdef NOT_IMPLEMENTED @builtin;
 
 alias VoidFn = fn void();
 
@@ -88,58 +104,80 @@ macro anycast(any v, $Type) @builtin
 	return ($Type*)v.ptr;
 }
 
-fn bool print_backtrace(String message, int backtraces_to_ignore) @if(env::NATIVE_STACKTRACE) => @stack_mem(0x1100; Allocator smem)
+macro bool @assignable_to(#foo, $Type) @const @builtin => $defined(*&&($Type){} = #foo);
+
+macro @addr(#val) @builtin
+{
+	$if $defined(&#val):
+		return &#val;
+	$else
+		return &&#val;
+	$endif
+}
+
+macro typeid @typeid(#value) @const @builtin
+{
+	return $typeof(#value).typeid;
+}
+
+macro TypeKind @typekind(#value) @const @builtin
+{
+	return $typeof(#value).kindof;
+}
+
+macro bool @typeis(#value, $Type) @const @builtin
+{
+	return $typeof(#value).typeid == $Type.typeid;
+}
+
+
+fn bool print_backtrace(String message, int backtraces_to_ignore) @if (env::NATIVE_STACKTRACE) => @stack_mem(0x1100; Allocator smem)
 {
-	Allocator t = allocator::current_temp;
-	TempAllocator* new_t = allocator::new_temp_allocator(smem, 0x1000)!!;
-	allocator::current_temp = new_t;
-	defer
-	{
-		allocator::current_temp = t;
-		new_t.free();
-	}
 	void*[256] buffer;
 	void*[] backtraces = backtrace::capture_current(&buffer);
 	backtraces_to_ignore++;
-	BacktraceList? backtrace = backtrace::symbolize_backtrace(tmem, backtraces);
-	if (catch backtrace) return false;
-	if (backtrace.len() <= backtraces_to_ignore) return false;
-	io::eprint("\nERROR: '");
-	io::eprint(message);
-	io::eprintn("'");
-	foreach (i, &trace : backtrace)
+	@stack_mem(2048; Allocator mem)
 	{
-		if (i < backtraces_to_ignore) continue;
-		String inline_suffix = trace.is_inline ? " [inline]" : "";
-		if (trace.is_unknown())
+		BacktraceList? backtrace = backtrace::symbolize_backtrace(mem, backtraces);
+		if (catch backtrace) return false;
+		if (backtrace.len() <= backtraces_to_ignore) return false;
+		io::eprint("\nERROR: '");
+		io::eprint(message);
+		io::eprintn("'");
+		foreach (i, &trace : backtrace)
 		{
-			io::eprintfn("  in ???%s", inline_suffix);
-			continue;
+			if (i < backtraces_to_ignore) continue;
+			String inline_suffix = trace.is_inline ? " [inline]" : "";
+			if (trace.is_unknown())
+			{
+				io::eprintfn("  in ???%s", inline_suffix);
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (trace.has_file())
+			{
+				io::eprintfn("  in %s (%s:%d) [%s]%s", trace.function, trace.file, trace.line, trace.object_file, inline_suffix);
+				continue;
+			}
+			io::eprintfn("  in %s (source unavailable) [%s]%s", trace.function, trace.object_file, inline_suffix);
 		}
-		if (trace.has_file())
-		{
-			io::eprintfn("  in %s (%s:%d) [%s]%s", trace.function, trace.file, trace.line, trace.object_file, inline_suffix);
-			continue;
-		}
-		io::eprintfn("  in %s (source unavailable) [%s]%s", trace.function, trace.object_file, inline_suffix);
-	}
+	};
 	return true;
 
 }
 
 fn void default_panic(String message, String file, String function, uint line) @if(env::NATIVE_STACKTRACE)
 {
-	$if $defined(io::stderr):
-	if (!print_backtrace(message, 2))
-	{
-		io::eprintfn("\nERROR: '%s', in %s (%s:%d)", message, function, file, line);
-	}
+	$if $defined(io::stderr) && env::PANIC_MSG:
+		if (!print_backtrace(message, 2))
+		{
+			io::eprintfn("\nERROR: '%s', in %s (%s:%d)", message, function, file, line);
+		}
 	$endif
 	$$trap();
 
 }
 
-macro void abort(String string = "Unrecoverable error reached", ...) @builtin @noreturn
+macro void abort(String string = "Unrecoverable error reached", ...) @format(0) @builtin @noreturn
 {
 	panicf(string, $$FILE, $$FUNC, $$LINE, $vasplat);
 	$$trap();
@@ -147,20 +185,22 @@ macro void abort(String string = "Unrecoverable error reached", ...) @builtin @n
 
 bool in_panic @local = false;
 
-fn void default_panic(String message, String file, String function, uint line) @if(!env::NATIVE_STACKTRACE)
+fn void default_panic(String message, String file, String function, uint line) @if (!env::NATIVE_STACKTRACE)
 {
-	if (in_panic)
-	{
-		io::eprintn("Panic inside of panic.");
-		return;
-	}
-	in_panic = true;
-	$if $defined(io::stderr):
-	io::eprint("\nERROR: '");
-	io::eprint(message);
-	io::eprintfn("', in %s (%s:%d)", function, file, line);
+	$if $defined(io::stderr) && env::PANIC_MSG:
+		if (in_panic)
+		{
+			io::eprintn("Panic inside of panic.");
+			return;
+		}
+		in_panic = true;
+		$if $defined(io::stderr):
+		io::eprint("\nERROR: '");
+		io::eprint(message);
+		io::eprintfn("', in %s (%s:%d)", function, file, line);
+		$endif
+		in_panic = false;
 	$endif
-	in_panic = false;
 	$$trap();
 }
 
@@ -170,21 +210,23 @@ PanicFn panic = &default_panic;
 
 fn void panicf(String fmt, String file, String function, uint line, args...)
 {
-	if (in_panic)
-	{
-		io::eprint("Panic inside of panic: ");
-		io::eprintn(fmt);
-		return;
-	}
-	in_panic = true;
-	@stack_mem(512; Allocator allocator)
-	{
-		DString s;
-		s.init(allocator);
-		s.appendf(fmt, ...args);
-		in_panic = false;
-		panic(s.str_view(), file, function, line);
-	};
+	$if $defined(io::stderr) && env::PANIC_MSG:
+		if (in_panic)
+		{
+			io::eprint("Panic inside of panic: ");
+			io::eprintn(fmt);
+			return;
+		}
+		in_panic = true;
+		@stack_mem(512; Allocator allocator)
+		{
+			DString s;
+			s.init(allocator);
+			s.appendf(fmt, ...args);
+			in_panic = false;
+			panic(s.str_view(), file, function, line);
+		};
+	$endif
 }
 
 <*
@@ -196,8 +238,9 @@ macro void unreachable(String string = "Unreachable statement reached.", ...) @b
 {
 	$if env::COMPILER_SAFE_MODE:
 	panicf(string, $$FILE, $$FUNC, $$LINE, $vasplat);
-	$endif;
+	$else
 	$$unreachable();
+	$endif
 }
 
 <*
@@ -272,13 +315,12 @@ macro enum_by_name($Type, String enum_name) @builtin
  @param $Type : `The type of the enum`
  @require $Type.kindof == ENUM : `Only enums may be used`
  @require $defined($Type.#value) : `Expected '#value' to match an enum associated value`
- @require $assignable(value, $typeof(($Type){}.#value)) : `Expected the value to match the type of the associated value`
+ @require @assignable_to(value, $typeof(($Type){}.#value)) : `Expected the value to match the type of the associated value`
  @ensure @typeis(return, $Type)
  @return? NOT_FOUND
 *>
-macro @enum_from_value($Type, #value, value) @builtin
+macro @enum_from_value($Type, #value, value) @builtin @deprecated("Use Enum.lookup_field and Enum.lookup")
 {
-	usz elements = $Type.elements;
 	foreach (e : $Type.values)
 	{
 		if (e.#value == value) return e;
@@ -326,7 +368,7 @@ macro bool @unlikely(bool #value, $probability = 1.0) @builtin
 
 <*
  @require values::@is_int(#value) || values::@is_bool(#value)
- @require $assignable(expected, $typeof(#value))
+ @require @assignable_to(expected, $typeof(#value))
  @require $probability >= 0 && $probability <= 1.0
 *>
 macro @expect(#value, expected, $probability = 1.0) @builtin
@@ -376,6 +418,7 @@ macro swizzle2(v, v2, ...) @builtin
 {
 	return $$swizzle2(v, v2, $vasplat);
 }
+
 <*
  Return the excuse in the Optional if it is Empty, otherwise
  return a null fault.
@@ -400,6 +443,67 @@ macro bool @ok(#expr) @builtin
 	return true;
 }
 
+<*
+ Check if an Optional expression evaluates to a fault. If so, return it;
+ else, assign the result to an expression.
+
+ @require $defined(#v = #v) : "#v must be a variable"
+ @require $defined(#expr!) : "Expected an optional expression"
+ @require @assignable_to(#expr!!, $typeof(#v))  : `Type of #expr must be an optional of #v's type`
+*>
+macro void? @try(#v, #expr) @builtin
+{
+	var res = #expr;
+	if (catch err = res) return err?;
+	#v = res;
+}
+
+<*
+ Check if an Optional expression evaluates to a fault. If so, return true if it is the
+ expected fault, the optional if it is unexpected, or false if there was no fault and
+ the assign happened.
+
+ This can be used in like this:
+
+  while (true)
+  {
+    char[] data;
+    // Read until end of file
+    if (@try_catch(data, load_line(), io::EOF)) break;
+    .. use data ..
+  }
+
+ In this example we read until we reach an EOF, which is expected. However, if we encounter some other
+ fault, we rethrow is. Without this macro, the code is instead written like:
+
+  while (true)
+  {
+    char[]? data;
+    data = load_line();
+    if (catch err = data)
+    {
+      if (err = io::EOF) break;
+      return err?
+    }
+    .. use data ..
+  }
+
+ @require $defined(#v = #v) : "#v must be a variable"
+ @require $defined(#expr!) : "Expected an optional expression"
+ @require @assignable_to(#expr!!, $typeof(#v))  : `Type of #expr must be an optional of #v's type`
+ @return "True if it was the expected fault, false if the variable was assigned, otherwise returns an optional."
+*>
+macro bool? @try_catch(#v, #expr, fault expected_fault) @builtin
+{
+	var res = #expr;
+	if (catch err = res)
+	{
+		return err == expected_fault ? true : err?;
+	}
+	#v = res;
+	return false;
+}
+
 <*
  @require $defined(&#value, (char*)&#value) : "This must be a value that can be viewed as a char array"
  *>
@@ -469,8 +573,8 @@ macro uint ichar[<*>].hash(self)   => hash_vec(self);
 macro uint bool[<*>].hash(self)    => hash_vec(self);
 
 macro uint typeid.hash(typeid t) => @generic_hash(((ulong)(uptr)t));
-macro uint String.hash(String c) => (uint)fnv32a::hash(c);
-macro uint char[].hash(char[] c) => (uint)fnv32a::hash(c);
+macro uint String.hash(String c) => (uint)a5hash::hash(c);
+macro uint char[].hash(char[] c) => (uint)a5hash::hash(c);
 macro uint void*.hash(void* ptr) => @generic_hash(((ulong)(uptr)ptr));
 
 <*
@@ -478,7 +582,13 @@ macro uint void*.hash(void* ptr) => @generic_hash(((ulong)(uptr)ptr));
 *>
 macro uint hash_array(array_ptr) @local
 {
-	return (uint)fnv32a::hash(((char*)array_ptr)[:$sizeof(*array_ptr)]);
+	var $len = $sizeof(*array_ptr);
+
+	$if $len > 16:
+		return (uint)komi::hash(((char*)array_ptr)[:$len]);
+	$else
+		return (uint)wyhash2::hash(((char*)array_ptr)[:$len]);
+	$endif
 }
 
 <*
@@ -486,7 +596,13 @@ macro uint hash_array(array_ptr) @local
 *>
 macro uint hash_vec(vec) @local
 {
-	return (uint)fnv32a::hash(((char*)&&vec)[:$sizeof(vec.len * $typeof(vec).inner.sizeof)]);
+	var $len = $sizeof(vec.len * $typeof(vec).inner.sizeof);
+
+	$if $len > 16:
+		return (uint)komi::hash(((char*)&&vec)[:$len]);
+	$else
+		return (uint)wyhash2::hash(((char*)&&vec)[:$len]);
+	$endif
 }
 
 const MAX_FRAMEADDRESS = 128;

lib/std/core/dstring.c3

@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ fn void DString.replace(&self, String needle, String replacement)
 	};
 }
 
-fn DString DString.concat(self, Allocator allocator, DString b)
+fn DString DString.concat(self, Allocator allocator, DString b) @nodiscard
 {
 	DString string;
 	string.init(allocator, self.len() + b.len());
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ fn usz DString.append_char32(&self, Char32 c)
 
 fn DString DString.tcopy(&self) => self.copy(tmem);
 
-fn DString DString.copy(self, Allocator allocator)
+fn DString DString.copy(self, Allocator allocator) @nodiscard
 {
 	if (!self) return new(allocator);
 	StringData* data = self.data();
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ fn DString DString.copy(self, Allocator allocator)
 	return new_string;
 }
 
-fn ZString DString.copy_zstr(self, Allocator allocator)
+fn ZString DString.copy_zstr(self, Allocator allocator) @nodiscard
 {
 	usz str_len = self.len();
 	if (!str_len)
@@ -256,12 +256,12 @@ fn ZString DString.copy_zstr(self, Allocator allocator)
 	return (ZString)zstr;
 }
 
-fn String DString.copy_str(self, Allocator allocator)
+fn String DString.copy_str(self, Allocator allocator) @nodiscard
 {
 	return (String)self.copy_zstr(allocator)[:self.len()];
 }
 
-fn String DString.tcopy_str(self) => self.copy_str(tmem) @inline;
+fn String DString.tcopy_str(self) @nodiscard => self.copy_str(tmem) @inline;
 
 fn bool DString.equals(self, DString other_string)
 {
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ fn usz? DString.appendfn(&self, String format, args...) @maydiscard
 	};
 }
 
-fn DString join(Allocator allocator, String[] s, String joiner)
+fn DString join(Allocator allocator, String[] s, String joiner) @nodiscard
 {
 	if (!s.len) return new(allocator);
 	usz total_size = joiner.len * s.len;
@@ -581,10 +581,10 @@ fn DString join(Allocator allocator, String[] s, String joiner)
 	}
 	DString res = new_with_capacity(allocator, total_size);
 	res.append(s[0]);
-	foreach (String* &str : s[1..])
+	foreach (String str : s[1..])
 	{
 		res.append(joiner);
-		res.append(*str);
+		res.append(str);
 	}
 	return res;
 }

lib/std/core/env.c3

@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ const String COMPILER_BUILD_HASH = $$BUILD_HASH;
 const String COMPILER_BUILD_DATE = $$BUILD_DATE;
 const OsType OS_TYPE = OsType.from_ordinal($$OS_TYPE);
 const ArchType ARCH_TYPE = ArchType.from_ordinal($$ARCH_TYPE);
+const usz MAX_VECTOR_SIZE = $$MAX_VECTOR_SIZE;
 const bool ARCH_32_BIT = $$REGISTER_SIZE == 32;
 const bool ARCH_64_BIT = $$REGISTER_SIZE == 64;
 const bool LIBC = $$COMPILER_LIBC_AVAILABLE;
@@ -136,12 +137,13 @@ const bool BACKTRACE = $$BACKTRACE;
 const usz LLVM_VERSION = $$LLVM_VERSION;
 const bool BENCHMARKING = $$BENCHMARKING;
 const bool TESTING = $$TESTING;
+const bool PANIC_MSG = $$PANIC_MSG;
 const MemoryEnvironment MEMORY_ENV = MemoryEnvironment.from_ordinal($$MEMORY_ENVIRONMENT);
 const bool TRACK_MEMORY = DEBUG_SYMBOLS && (COMPILER_SAFE_MODE || TESTING);
 const bool X86_64 = ARCH_TYPE == X86_64;
 const bool X86 = ARCH_TYPE == X86;
 const bool AARCH64 = ARCH_TYPE == AARCH64;
-const bool NATIVE_STACKTRACE = LINUX || DARWIN || WIN32;
+const bool NATIVE_STACKTRACE = LINUX || DARWIN || OPENBSD || WIN32;
 const bool LINUX = LIBC && OS_TYPE == LINUX;
 const bool DARWIN = LIBC && os_is_darwin();
 const bool WIN32 = LIBC && OS_TYPE == WIN32;
@@ -158,6 +160,7 @@ const bool MEMORY_SANITIZER = $$MEMORY_SANITIZER;
 const bool THREAD_SANITIZER = $$THREAD_SANITIZER;
 const bool ANY_SANITIZER = ADDRESS_SANITIZER || MEMORY_SANITIZER || THREAD_SANITIZER;
 const int LANGUAGE_DEV_VERSION = $$LANGUAGE_DEV_VERSION;
+const bool HAS_NATIVE_ERRNO = env::LINUX || env::ANDROID || env::OPENBSD || env::DARWIN || env::WIN32;
 
 macro bool os_is_darwin() @const
 {
@@ -196,6 +199,7 @@ macro bool os_is_posix() @const
 		return false;
 	$endswitch
 }
-
+const String[] AUTHORS = $$AUTHORS;
+const String[] AUTHOR_EMAILS = $$AUTHOR_EMAILS;
 const BUILTIN_EXPECT_IS_DISABLED = $feature(DISABLE_BUILTIN_EXPECT);
 const BUILTIN_PREFETCH_IS_DISABLED = $feature(DISABLE_BUILTIN_PREFETCH);

lib/std/core/logging.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+module std::core::log;
+import std::io, std::thread, std::time, std::math::random;
+
+const FULL_LOG = env::COMPILER_SAFE_MODE || $feature(FULL_LOG);
+
+typedef LogCategory = inline char;
+typedef LogTag = char[12];
+
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_APPLICATION  = 0;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_SYSTEM       = 1;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_KERNEL       = 2;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_AUDIO        = 3;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_VIDEO        = 4;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_RENDER       = 5;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_INPUT        = 6;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_NETWORK      = 7;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_SOCKET       = 8;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_SECURITY     = 9;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_TEST         = 10;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_ERROR        = 11;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_ASSERT       = 12;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_CRASH        = 13;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_STATS        = 14;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_CUSTOM_START = 100;
+
+tlocal LogCategory default_category = CATEGORY_APPLICATION;
+tlocal LogTag current_tag;
+
+
+enum LogPriority : int
+{
+	VERBOSE,
+	DEBUG,
+	INFO,
+	WARN,
+	ERROR,
+	CRITICAL,
+}
+
+interface Logger
+{
+	fn void log(LogPriority priority, LogCategory category, LogTag tag, String file, String function, int line, String fmt, any[] args);
+}
+
+macro void verbose(String fmt, ..., LogCategory category = default_category) => call_log(VERBOSE, category, fmt, $vasplat);
+macro void debug(String fmt, ..., LogCategory category = default_category) => call_log(DEBUG, category, fmt, $vasplat);
+macro void info(String fmt, ..., LogCategory category = default_category) => call_log(INFO, category, fmt, $vasplat);
+macro void warn(String fmt, ..., LogCategory category = default_category) => call_log(WARN, category, fmt, $vasplat);
+macro void error(String fmt, ..., LogCategory category = default_category) => call_log(ERROR, category, fmt, $vasplat);
+macro void critical(String fmt, ..., LogCategory category = default_category) => call_log(CRITICAL, category, fmt, $vasplat);
+
+macro void @category_scope(LogCategory new_category; @body)
+{
+	LogCategory old = default_category;
+	default_category = new_category;
+	defer default_category = old;
+	@body();
+}
+
+<*
+ @require tag_prefix.len <= 3 : "The prefix may not exceed 3 bytes"
+*>
+macro void @tag_scope(String tag_prefix = ""; @body)
+{
+	LogTag old = current_tag;
+	push_tag(tag_prefix);
+	defer current_tag = old;
+	@body();
+}
+
+<*
+ @require tag_prefix.len <= 3 : "The prefix may not exceed 3 bytes"
+*>
+macro void push_tag(String tag_prefix = "")
+{
+	current_tag = create_tag(tag_prefix);
+}
+
+<*
+ @require tag_prefix.len <= 3 : "The prefix may not exceed 3 bytes"
+*>
+fn LogTag create_tag(String tag_prefix)
+{
+	LogTag tag @noinit;
+	int start = 0;
+	foreach (int i, c : tag_prefix)
+	{
+		if (c == 0) break;
+		tag[start++] = c;
+	}
+	if (start > 0) tag[start++] = '_';
+	for (int i = start; i < tag.len; i++)
+	{
+		tag[i] = (char)rand_in_range('a', 'z');
+	}
+	return tag;
+}
+
+fn void set_priority_for_category(LogCategory category, LogPriority new_priority)
+{
+	@atomic_store(config_priorities[category], new_priority, UNORDERED);
+}
+
+fn LogPriority get_priority_for_category(LogCategory category)
+{
+	return @atomic_load(config_priorities[category], UNORDERED);
+}
+
+fn void set_priority_all(LogPriority new_priority)
+{
+	for (int i = 0; i < config_priorities.len; i++)
+	{
+		@atomic_store(config_priorities[i], new_priority, UNORDERED);
+	}
+}
+fn void set_logger(Logger logger)
+{
+	init();
+	if (!logger_mutex.is_initialized())
+	{
+		current_logger = logger;
+		current_logfn = &logger.log;
+		return;
+	}
+	logger_mutex.@in_lock()
+	{
+		current_logger = logger;
+		current_logfn = &logger.log;
+	};
+}
+
+macro void init()
+{
+	log_init.call(fn () => (void)logger_mutex.init());
+}
+
+fn void call_log(LogPriority prio, LogCategory category, String fmt, args...)
+{
+	LogPriority priority = mem::@atomic_load(config_priorities[category], UNORDERED);
+	if (priority < prio) return;
+	init();
+	bool locked = logger_mutex.is_initialized() && @ok(logger_mutex.lock());
+	Logger logger = current_logger;
+	LogFn logfn = current_logfn;
+	defer if (locked) (void)logger_mutex.unlock();
+	$if FULL_LOG:
+	logfn(logger.ptr, prio, category, current_tag, $$FILE, $$FUNC, $$LINE, fmt, args);
+	$else
+	logfn(logger.ptr, prio, category, current_tag, "", "", 0, fmt, args);
+	$endif
+}
+
+fn String? get_category_name(LogCategory category)
+{
+	String val = category_names[category];
+	return val ?: NOT_FOUND?;
+}
+
+fn void set_category_name(LogCategory category, String name)
+{
+	category_names[category] = name;
+}
+
+struct NullLogger (Logger)
+{
+	void* dummy;
+}
+
+fn void NullLogger.log(&self, LogPriority priority, LogCategory category, LogTag tag, String file, String function, int line, String fmt, any[] args) @dynamic
+{}
+
+struct MultiLogger (Logger)
+{
+	Logger[] loggers;
+}
+
+fn void MultiLogger.log(&self, LogPriority priority, LogCategory category, LogTag tag, String file, String function, int line, String fmt, any[] args) @dynamic
+{
+	foreach (logger : self.loggers)
+	{
+		logger.log(priority, category, tag, file, function, line, fmt, args);
+	}
+}
+
+
+module std::core::log @private;
+import std::io, std::thread, std::time;
+
+struct StderrLogger (Logger) @if(env::LIBC)
+{
+	void* dummy;
+}
+
+fn void StderrLogger.log(&self, LogPriority priority, LogCategory category, LogTag tag, String file, String function, int line, String fmt, any[] args) @dynamic @if(env::LIBC)
+{
+	@stack_mem(256 + 64; Allocator mem)
+	{
+		DString str;
+		str.init(mem, 256);
+		str.appendf(fmt, ...args);
+		TzDateTime time = datetime::now().to_local();
+		io::eprintfn("[%02d:%02d:%02d:%04d] [%s] %s", time.hour, time.min, time.sec, (time.usec / 1000), priority, str);
+	};
+}
+
+alias LogFn = fn void(void*, LogPriority priority, LogCategory category, LogTag tag, String file, String function, int line, String fmt, any[] args);
+LogFn current_logfn = @select(env::LIBC, (LogFn)&StderrLogger.log, (LogFn)&NullLogger.log);
+OnceFlag log_init;
+Mutex logger_mutex;
+Logger current_logger = @select(env::LIBC, &stderr_logger, &null_logger);
+StderrLogger stderr_logger @if (env::LIBC);
+NullLogger null_logger;
+LogPriority[256] config_priorities = { [0..255] = ERROR, [CATEGORY_APPLICATION] = INFO, [CATEGORY_TEST] = VERBOSE, [CATEGORY_ASSERT] = WARN};
+String[256] category_names = {
+	[CATEGORY_APPLICATION] = "APP",
+    [CATEGORY_SYSTEM] = "SYSTEM",
+    [CATEGORY_KERNEL] = "KERNEL",
+    [CATEGORY_AUDIO] = "AUDIO",
+    [CATEGORY_VIDEO] = "VIDEO",
+    [CATEGORY_RENDER] = "RENDER",
+    [CATEGORY_INPUT] = "INPUT",
+    [CATEGORY_NETWORK] = "NETWORD",
+    [CATEGORY_SOCKET] = "SOCKET",
+    [CATEGORY_SECURITY] = "SECURITY",
+    [CATEGORY_TEST] = "TEST",
+    [CATEGORY_ERROR] = "ERROR",
+    [CATEGORY_ASSERT] = "ASSERT",
+    [CATEGORY_CRASH] = "CRASH",
+    [CATEGORY_STATS] = "STATS"
+};

lib/std/core/mem.c3

@@ -3,10 +3,15 @@
 // a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
 module std::core::mem;
 import std::core::mem::allocator @public;
+import std::os::posix, std::os::win32;
 import std::math;
 
 const MAX_MEMORY_ALIGNMENT = 0x1000_0000;
 const DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT = (void*.alignof) * 2;
+const ulong KB = 1024;
+const ulong MB = KB * 1024;
+const ulong GB = MB * 1024;
+const ulong TB = GB * 1024;
 
 faultdef OUT_OF_MEMORY, INVALID_ALLOC_SIZE;
 
@@ -15,13 +20,31 @@ macro bool @constant_is_power_of_2($x) @const @private
 	return $x != 0 && ($x & ($x - 1)) == 0;
 }
 
+fn usz os_pagesize()
+{
+	$switch:
+		$case env::POSIX:
+			static usz pagesize;
+			if (pagesize) return pagesize;
+			return pagesize = posix::getpagesize();
+		$case env::WIN32:
+			static usz pagesize;
+			if (pagesize) return pagesize;
+		    Win32_SYSTEM_INFO info;
+            win32::getSystemInfo(&info);
+			return pagesize = info.dwPageSize;
+		$default:
+			return 4096;
+	$endswitch
+}
+
 <*
  Load a vector from memory according to a mask assuming default alignment.
 
  @param ptr : "The pointer address to load from."
  @param mask : "The mask for the load"
  @param passthru : "The value to use for non masked values"
- @require $assignable(&&passthru, $typeof(ptr)) : "Pointer and passthru must match"
+ @require @assignable_to(&&passthru, $typeof(ptr)) : "Pointer and passthru must match"
  @require @typekind(passthru) == VECTOR : "Expected passthru to be a vector"
  @require passthru.len == mask.len : "Mask and passthru must have the same length"
 
@@ -40,7 +63,7 @@ macro masked_load(ptr, bool[<*>] mask, passthru)
  @param passthru : "The value to use for non masked values"
  @param $alignment : "The alignment to assume for the pointer"
 
- @require $assignable(&&passthru, $typeof(ptr)) : "Pointer and passthru must match"
+ @require @assignable_to(&&passthru, $typeof(ptr)) : "Pointer and passthru must match"
  @require @typekind(passthru) == VECTOR : "Expected passthru to be a vector"
  @require passthru.len == mask.len : "Mask and passthru must have the same length"
  @require @constant_is_power_of_2($alignment) : "The alignment must be a power of two"
@@ -61,7 +84,7 @@ macro @masked_load_aligned(ptr, bool[<*>] mask, passthru, usz $alignment)
 
  @require @typekind(ptrvec) == VECTOR : "Expected ptrvec to be a vector"
  @require @typekind(passthru) == VECTOR : "Expected passthru to be a vector"
- @require $assignable(&&passthru[0], $typeof(ptrvec[0])) : "Pointer and passthru must match"
+ @require @assignable_to(&&passthru[0], $typeof(ptrvec[0])) : "Pointer and passthru must match"
  @require passthru.len == mask.len : "Mask and passthru must have the same length"
  @require mask.len == ptrvec.len : "Mask and ptrvec must have the same length"
 
@@ -83,7 +106,7 @@ macro gather(ptrvec, bool[<*>] mask, passthru)
 
  @require @typekind(ptrvec) == VECTOR : "Expected ptrvec to be a vector"
  @require @typekind(passthru) == VECTOR : "Expected passthru to be a vector"
- @require $assignable(&&passthru[0], $typeof(ptrvec[0])) : "Pointer and passthru must match"
+ @require @assignable_to(&&passthru[0], $typeof(ptrvec[0])) : "Pointer and passthru must match"
  @require passthru.len == mask.len : "Mask and passthru must have the same length"
  @require mask.len == ptrvec.len : "Mask and ptrvec must have the same length"
  @require @constant_is_power_of_2($alignment) : "The alignment must be a power of two"
@@ -103,7 +126,7 @@ macro @gather_aligned(ptrvec, bool[<*>] mask, passthru, usz $alignment)
  @param value : "The value to store masked"
  @param mask : "The mask for the store"
 
- @require $assignable(&&value, $typeof(ptr)) : "Pointer and value must match"
+ @require @assignable_to(&&value, $typeof(ptr)) : "Pointer and value must match"
  @require @typekind(value) == VECTOR : "Expected value to be a vector"
  @require value.len == mask.len : "Mask and value must have the same length"
 *>
@@ -118,7 +141,7 @@ macro masked_store(ptr, value, bool[<*>] mask)
  @param mask : "The mask for the store"
  @param $alignment : "The alignment of the pointer"
 
- @require $assignable(&&value, $typeof(ptr)) : "Pointer and value must match"
+ @require @assignable_to(&&value, $typeof(ptr)) : "Pointer and value must match"
  @require @typekind(value) == VECTOR : "Expected value to be a vector"
  @require value.len == mask.len : "Mask and value must have the same length"
  @require @constant_is_power_of_2($alignment) : "The alignment must be a power of two"
@@ -135,7 +158,7 @@ macro @masked_store_aligned(ptr, value, bool[<*>] mask, usz $alignment)
  @param mask : "The mask for the store"
  @require @typekind(ptrvec) == VECTOR : "Expected ptrvec to be a vector"
  @require @typekind(value) == VECTOR : "Expected value to be a vector"
- @require $assignable(&&value[0], $typeof(ptrvec[0])) : "Pointer and value must match"
+ @require @assignable_to(&&value[0], $typeof(ptrvec[0])) : "Pointer and value must match"
  @require value.len == mask.len : "Mask and value must have the same length"
  @require mask.len == ptrvec.len : "Mask and ptrvec must have the same length"
 
@@ -153,7 +176,7 @@ macro scatter(ptrvec, value, bool[<*>] mask)
 
  @require @typekind(ptrvec) == VECTOR : "Expected ptrvec to be a vector"
  @require @typekind(value) == VECTOR : "Expected value to be a vector"
- @require $assignable(&&value[0], $typeof(ptrvec[0])) : "Pointer and value must match"
+ @require @assignable_to(&&value[0], $typeof(ptrvec[0])) : "Pointer and value must match"
  @require value.len == mask.len : "Mask and value must have the same length"
  @require mask.len == ptrvec.len : "Mask and ptrvec must have the same length"
  @require @constant_is_power_of_2($alignment) : "The alignment must be a power of two"
@@ -282,7 +305,7 @@ macro compare_exchange_volatile(ptr, compare, value, AtomicOrdering $success = S
 *>
 fn usz aligned_offset(usz offset, usz alignment)
 {
-	return alignment * ((offset + alignment - 1) / alignment);
+	return (offset + alignment - 1) & ~(alignment - 1);
 }
 
 macro void* aligned_pointer(void* ptr, usz alignment)
@@ -298,6 +321,11 @@ fn bool ptr_is_aligned(void* ptr, usz alignment) @inline
 	return (uptr)ptr & ((uptr)alignment - 1) == 0;
 }
 
+fn bool ptr_is_page_aligned(void* ptr) @inline
+{
+	return (uptr)ptr & ((uptr)os_pagesize() - 1) == 0;
+}
+
 macro void zero_volatile(char[] data)
 {
 	$$memset(data.ptr, (char)0, data.len, true, (usz)1);
@@ -576,11 +604,20 @@ fn void temp_pop(PoolState old_state)
 	allocator::pop_pool(old_state) @inline;
 }
 
-macro void @pool_init(Allocator allocator, usz pool_size, usz buffer_size; @body) @builtin
+<*
+ @require pool_size >= 64
+ @require realloc_size >= 64
+ @require allocator.type != TempAllocator.typeid : "You may not create a temp allocator with a TempAllocator as the backing allocator."
+ @require min_size > TempAllocator.sizeof + 64 : "Min size must meaningfully hold the data + some bytes"
+*>
+macro void @pool_init(Allocator allocator, usz pool_size,
+	usz reserve_size = allocator::temp_allocator_reserve_size,
+	usz min_size = allocator::temp_allocator_min_size,
+	usz realloc_size = allocator::temp_allocator_realloc_size; @body) @builtin
 {
 	Allocator current = allocator::current_temp;
 	TempAllocator* top = allocator::top_temp;
-	allocator::create_temp_allocator(allocator, pool_size, buffer_size);
+	allocator::create_temp_allocator(allocator, pool_size, reserve_size, min_size, realloc_size);
 	defer
 	{
 		allocator::destroy_temp_allocators();
@@ -589,9 +626,19 @@ macro void @pool_init(Allocator allocator, usz pool_size, usz buffer_size; @body
 	}
 	@body();
 }
-macro void @pool(;@body) @builtin
+
+<*
+ Create a new temporary allocator.
+
+ The `reserve` parameter allows you to determine how many bytes should be reserved for
+ allocations on the current temporary allocator, if allocations are made inside of the pool scope.
+ It is made available for optimization, and can usually be ignored.
+
+ @param reserve : "The amount of bytes to reserve for out-of-order allocations, 0 gives the default."
+*>
+macro void @pool(usz reserve = 0; @body) @builtin
 {
-	PoolState state = allocator::push_pool() @inline;
+	PoolState state = allocator::push_pool(reserve) @inline;
 	defer
 	{
 		allocator::pop_pool(state) @inline;
@@ -681,7 +728,7 @@ fn void* tmalloc(usz size, usz alignment = 0) @builtin @inline @nodiscard
 
 <*
  @require $vacount < 2 : "Too many arguments."
- @require $vacount == 0 ||| $assignable($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
+ @require $vacount == 0 ||| @assignable_to($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
  @require $Type.alignof <= DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT : "Types with alignment exceeding the default must use 'alloc_aligned' instead"
 *>
 macro new($Type, ...) @nodiscard
@@ -697,7 +744,7 @@ macro new($Type, ...) @nodiscard
 
 <*
  @require $vacount < 2 : "Too many arguments."
- @require $vacount == 0 ||| $assignable($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
+ @require $vacount == 0 ||| @assignable_to($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
  @require $Type.alignof <= DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT : "Types with alignment exceeding the default must use 'alloc_aligned' instead"
 *>
 macro new_with_padding($Type, usz padding, ...) @nodiscard
@@ -715,7 +762,7 @@ macro new_with_padding($Type, usz padding, ...) @nodiscard
  Allocate using an aligned allocation. This is necessary for types with a default memory alignment
  exceeding DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT. IMPORTANT! It must be freed using free_aligned.
  @require $vacount < 2 : "Too many arguments."
- @require $vacount == 0 ||| $assignable($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
+ @require $vacount == 0 ||| @assignable_to($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
 *>
 macro new_aligned($Type, ...) @nodiscard
 {
@@ -755,7 +802,7 @@ macro alloc_aligned($Type) @nodiscard
 
 <*
  @require $vacount < 2 : "Too many arguments."
- @require $vacount == 0 ||| $assignable($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
+ @require $vacount == 0 ||| @assignable_to($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
 *>
 macro tnew($Type, ...) @nodiscard
 {
@@ -770,7 +817,7 @@ macro tnew($Type, ...) @nodiscard
 
 <*
  @require $vacount < 2 : "Too many arguments."
- @require $vacount == 0 ||| $assignable($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
+ @require $vacount == 0 ||| @assignable_to($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
 *>
 macro temp_with_padding($Type, usz padding, ...) @nodiscard
 {
@@ -884,6 +931,18 @@ fn void* trealloc(void* ptr, usz size, usz alignment = mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMEN
 	return tmem.resize(ptr, size, alignment)!!;
 }
 
+<*
+ Takes the address of a possibly unaligned variable or member,
+ and offers safe access to that member, by constructing an UnalignedRef.
+
+ @require $defined(&#arg) : "It must be possible to take the address of the argument."
+ @return "An 'UnalignedRef' with the proper type and alignment, with a pointer to argument"
+*>
+macro @unaligned_addr(#arg) @builtin
+{
+	return (UnalignedRef{$typeof(#arg), $alignof(#arg)})&#arg;
+}
+
 module std::core::mem @if(env::NO_LIBC);
 
 fn CInt __memcmp(void* s1, void* s2, usz n) @weak @export("memcmp")
@@ -921,3 +980,39 @@ fn void* __memcpy(void* dst, void* src, usz n) @weak @export("memcpy")
 	}
 	return dst;
 }
+
+
+module std::core::mem::volatile { Type };
+
+typedef Volatile @structlike = Type;
+
+macro Type Volatile.get(&self)
+{
+	return @volatile_load(*(Type*)self);
+}
+
+macro Type Volatile.set(&self, Type val)
+{
+	return @volatile_store(*(Type*)self, val);
+}
+
+<*
+ @require mem::@constant_is_power_of_2(ALIGNMENT) : "The alignment must be a power of 2"
+*>
+module std::core::mem::alignment { Type, ALIGNMENT };
+import std::core::mem @public;
+
+<*
+ An UnalignedRef offers correctly aligned access to addresses that may be unaligned or overaligned.
+*>
+typedef UnalignedRef = Type*;
+
+macro Type UnalignedRef.get(self)
+{
+	return @unaligned_load(*(Type*)self, ALIGNMENT);
+}
+
+macro Type UnalignedRef.set(&self, Type val)
+{
+	return @unaligned_store(*(Type*)self, val, ALIGNMENT);
+}

lib/std/core/mem_allocator.c3

@@ -1,6 +1,19 @@
 module std::core::mem::allocator;
 import std::math;
 
+// C3 has several different allocators available:
+//
+// Name                     Arena  Uses buffer  OOM Fallback?     Mark?   Reset?
+// ArenaAllocator             Yes          Yes             No       Yes      Yes
+// BackedArenaAllocator       Yes           No            Yes       Yes      Yes
+// DynamicArenaAllocator      Yes           No            Yes        No      Yes
+// HeapAllocator               No           No             No        No       No   *Note: Not for normal use
+// LibcAllocator               No           No             No        No       No   *Note: Wraps malloc
+// OnStackAllocator           Yes          Yes            Yes        No       No   *Note: Used by @stack_mem
+// TempAllocator              Yes           No            Yes        No*      No*  *Note: Mark/reset using @pool
+// TrackingAllocator           No           No            N/A        No       No   *Note: Wraps other heap allocator
+// Vmem                       Yes           No             No       Yes      Yes   *Note: Can be set to huge sizes
+
 const DEFAULT_SIZE_PREFIX = usz.sizeof;
 const DEFAULT_SIZE_PREFIX_ALIGNMENT = usz.alignof;
 
@@ -20,13 +33,18 @@ enum AllocInitType
 interface Allocator
 {
 	<*
+	 Acquire memory from the allocator, with the given alignment and initialization type.
+
 	 @require !alignment || math::is_power_of_2(alignment)
 	 @require alignment <= mem::MAX_MEMORY_ALIGNMENT : `alignment too big`
-	 @require size > 0
+	 @require size > 0 : "The size must be 1 or more"
 	 @return? mem::INVALID_ALLOC_SIZE, mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY
 	*>
 	fn void*? acquire(usz size, AllocInitType init_type, usz alignment = 0);
+
 	<*
+	 Resize acquired memory from the allocator, with the given new size and alignment.
+
 	 @require !alignment || math::is_power_of_2(alignment)
 	 @require alignment <= mem::MAX_MEMORY_ALIGNMENT : `alignment too big`
 	 @require ptr != null
@@ -34,8 +52,11 @@ interface Allocator
 	 @return? mem::INVALID_ALLOC_SIZE, mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY
 	*>
 	fn void*? resize(void* ptr, usz new_size, usz alignment = 0);
+
 	<*
-	 @require ptr != null
+	 Release memory acquired using `acquire` or `resize`.
+
+	 @require ptr != null : "Empty pointers should never be released"
 	*>
 	fn void release(void* ptr, bool aligned);
 }
@@ -44,7 +65,7 @@ alias MemoryAllocFn = fn char[]?(usz);
 
 
 
-fn usz alignment_for_allocation(usz alignment) @inline @private
+fn usz alignment_for_allocation(usz alignment) @inline
 {
 	return alignment < mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT ? mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT : alignment;
 }
@@ -146,7 +167,7 @@ macro void free_aligned(Allocator allocator, void* ptr)
 <*
  @require $Type.alignof <= mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT : "Types with alignment exceeding the default must use 'new_aligned' instead"
  @require $vacount < 2 : "Too many arguments."
- @require $vacount == 0 ||| $assignable($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
+ @require $vacount == 0 ||| @assignable_to($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
 *>
 macro new(Allocator allocator, $Type, ...) @nodiscard
 {
@@ -162,7 +183,7 @@ macro new(Allocator allocator, $Type, ...) @nodiscard
 <*
  @require $Type.alignof <= mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT : "Types with alignment exceeding the default must use 'new_aligned' instead"
  @require $vacount < 2 : "Too many arguments."
- @require $vacount == 0 ||| $assignable($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
+ @require $vacount == 0 ||| @assignable_to($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
 *>
 macro new_try(Allocator allocator, $Type, ...) @nodiscard
 {
@@ -179,7 +200,7 @@ macro new_try(Allocator allocator, $Type, ...) @nodiscard
  Allocate using an aligned allocation. This is necessary for types with a default memory alignment
  exceeding DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT. IMPORTANT! It must be freed using free_aligned.
  @require $vacount < 2 : "Too many arguments."
- @require $vacount == 0 ||| $assignable($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
+ @require $vacount == 0 ||| @assignable_to($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
 *>
 macro new_aligned(Allocator allocator, $Type, ...) @nodiscard
 {
@@ -387,13 +408,13 @@ tlocal TempAllocator* top_temp;
 tlocal bool auto_create_temp = false;
 
 usz temp_allocator_min_size = temp_allocator_default_min_size();
-usz temp_allocator_buffer_size = temp_allocator_default_buffer_size();
-usz temp_allocator_new_mult = 4;
+usz temp_allocator_reserve_size = temp_allocator_default_reserve_size();
+usz temp_allocator_realloc_size = temp_allocator_default_min_size() * 4;
 
-fn PoolState push_pool()
+fn PoolState push_pool(usz reserve = 0)
 {
 	Allocator old = top_temp ? current_temp : create_temp_allocator_on_demand();
-	current_temp = ((TempAllocator*)old).derive_allocator(temp_allocator_min_size, temp_allocator_buffer_size, temp_allocator_new_mult)!!;
+	current_temp = ((TempAllocator*)old).derive_allocator(reserve)!!;
 	return (PoolState)old.ptr;
 }
 
@@ -433,7 +454,7 @@ macro usz temp_allocator_default_min_size() @local
 	$endswitch
 }
 
-macro usz temp_allocator_default_buffer_size() @local
+macro usz temp_allocator_default_reserve_size() @local
 {
 	$switch env::MEMORY_ENV:
 		$case NORMAL: return 1024;
@@ -443,7 +464,7 @@ macro usz temp_allocator_default_buffer_size() @local
 	$endswitch
 }
 
-macro Allocator heap() => thread_allocator;
+macro Allocator heap() @deprecated("Use 'mem' instead.") => thread_allocator;
 
 <*
  @require !top_temp : "This should never be called when temp already exists"
@@ -455,17 +476,18 @@ fn Allocator create_temp_allocator_on_demand() @private
 	    auto_create_temp = true;
 	    abort("Use '@pool_init()' to enable the temp allocator on a new thread. A temp allocator is only implicitly created on the main thread.");
 	}
-	return create_temp_allocator(temp_base_allocator, temp_allocator_size());
+	return create_temp_allocator(temp_base_allocator, temp_allocator_size(), temp_allocator_reserve_size, temp_allocator_min_size, temp_allocator_realloc_size);
 }
+
 <*
  @require !top_temp : "This should never be called when temp already exists"
 *>
-fn Allocator create_temp_allocator(Allocator allocator, usz size, usz buffer = temp_allocator_default_buffer_size()) @private
+fn Allocator create_temp_allocator(Allocator allocator, usz size, usz reserve, usz min_size, usz realloc_size) @private
 {
-	return current_temp = top_temp = allocator::new_temp_allocator(allocator, size)!!;
+	return current_temp = top_temp = allocator::new_temp_allocator(allocator, size, reserve, min_size, realloc_size)!!;
 }
 
-macro Allocator temp()
+macro Allocator temp() @deprecated("Use 'tmem' instead")
 {
 	return current_temp;
 }

lib/std/core/mem_mempool.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+module std::core::mem::mempool;
+import std::core::mem, std::core::mem::allocator, std::math;
+
+const INITIAL_CAPACITY = 0;
+
+struct FixedBlockPoolNode
+{
+	void* buffer;
+	FixedBlockPoolNode *next;
+	usz capacity;
+}
+
+struct FixedBlockPoolEntry
+{
+	void *previous;
+}
+
+<*
+ Fixed blocks pool pre-allocating blocks backed by an Allocator which are then reserved for the user,
+ blocks deallocated by the user are later re-used by future blocks allocations
+
+ `grow_capacity` can be changed in order to affect how many blocks will be allocated by next pool allocation,
+ it has to be greater than 0
+ `allocated` number of allocated blocks
+ `used` number of used blocks by the user
+*>
+struct FixedBlockPool
+{
+	Allocator allocator;
+	FixedBlockPoolNode head;
+	FixedBlockPoolNode *tail;
+	void *next_free;
+	void *freelist;
+	usz block_size;
+	usz grow_capacity;
+	usz allocated;
+	usz page_size;
+	usz alignment;
+	usz used;
+	bool initialized;
+}
+
+<*
+ Initialize an block pool
+
+ @param [in] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @param block_size : "The block size to use"
+ @param capacity : "The amount of blocks to be pre-allocated"
+ @param alignment : "The alignment of the buffer"
+ @require !alignment || math::is_power_of_2(alignment)
+ @require !self.initialized : "The block pool must not be initialized"
+ @require block_size > 0 : "Block size must be non zero"
+ @require calculate_actual_capacity(capacity, block_size) * block_size >= block_size
+    : "Total memory would overflow"
+*>
+macro FixedBlockPool* FixedBlockPool.init(&self, Allocator allocator, usz block_size, usz capacity = INITIAL_CAPACITY, usz alignment = 0)
+{
+	self.allocator = allocator;
+	self.tail = &self.head;
+	self.head.next = null;
+	self.block_size = math::max(block_size, FixedBlockPoolEntry.sizeof);
+	capacity = calculate_actual_capacity(capacity, self.block_size);
+	self.alignment = allocator::alignment_for_allocation(alignment);
+	self.page_size = capacity * self.block_size;
+    assert(self.page_size >= self.block_size, "Total memory would overflow %d %d", block_size, capacity);
+	self.head.buffer = self.allocate_page();
+	self.head.capacity = capacity;
+	self.next_free = self.head.buffer;
+	self.freelist = null;
+	self.grow_capacity = capacity;
+	self.initialized = true;
+	self.allocated = capacity;
+	self.used = 0;
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ Initialize an block pool
+
+ @param [in] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @param $Type : "The type used for setting the block size"
+ @param capacity : "The amount of blocks to be pre-allocated"
+ @require !self.initialized : "The block pool must not be initialized"
+*>
+macro FixedBlockPool* FixedBlockPool.init_for_type(&self, Allocator allocator, $Type, usz capacity = INITIAL_CAPACITY)
+{
+	return self.init(allocator, $Type.sizeof, capacity, $Type.alignof);
+}
+
+<*
+ Initialize an block pool using Temporary allocator
+
+ @param $Type : "The type used for setting the block size"
+ @param capacity : "The amount of blocks to be pre-allocated"
+ @require !self.initialized : "The block pool must not be initialized"
+*>
+macro FixedBlockPool* FixedBlockPool.tinit_for_type(&self, $Type, usz capacity = INITIAL_CAPACITY) => self.init_for_type(tmem, $Type, capacity);
+
+<*
+ Initialize an block pool using Temporary allocator
+
+ @param block_size : "The block size to use"
+ @param capacity : "The amount of blocks to be pre-allocated"
+ @require !self.initialized : "The block pool must not be initialized"
+*>
+macro FixedBlockPool* FixedBlockPool.tinit(&self, usz block_size, usz capacity = INITIAL_CAPACITY) => self.init(tmem, block_size, capacity);
+
+<*
+ Free up the entire block pool
+
+ @require self.initialized : "The block pool must be initialized"
+*>
+fn void FixedBlockPool.free(&self)
+{
+	self.free_page(self.head.buffer);
+	FixedBlockPoolNode* iter = self.head.next;
+
+	while (iter)
+	{
+		self.free_page(iter.buffer);
+		FixedBlockPoolNode* current = iter;
+		iter = iter.next;
+		allocator::free(self.allocator, current);
+	}
+	self.initialized = false;
+	self.allocated = 0;
+	self.used = 0;
+}
+
+<*
+ Allocate an block on the block pool, re-uses previously deallocated blocks
+
+ @require self.initialized : "The block pool must be initialized"
+*>
+fn void* FixedBlockPool.alloc(&self)
+{
+	defer self.used++;
+
+	if (self.freelist)
+	{
+		FixedBlockPoolEntry* entry = self.freelist;
+		self.freelist = entry.previous;
+		mem::clear(entry, self.block_size);
+		return entry;
+	}
+
+	void* end = self.tail.buffer + (self.tail.capacity * self.block_size);
+	if (self.next_free >= end) self.new_node();
+	void* ptr = self.next_free;
+	self.next_free += self.block_size;
+
+	return ptr;
+}
+
+<*
+ Deallocate a block from the block pool
+
+ @require self.initialized : "The block pool must be initialized"
+ @require self.check_ptr(ptr) : "The pointer should be part of the pool"
+*>
+fn void FixedBlockPool.dealloc(&self, void* ptr)
+{
+	$if env::COMPILER_SAFE_MODE && !env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER:
+		if (self.block_size > FixedBlockPoolEntry.sizeof)
+		{
+			mem::set(ptr + FixedBlockPoolEntry.sizeof, 0xAA, self.block_size);
+		}
+	$else
+		// POINT FOR IMPROVEMENT, something like:
+		// asan::poison_memory_region(&ptr, self.block_size);
+	$endif
+
+	FixedBlockPoolEntry* entry = ptr;
+	entry.previous = self.freelist;
+	self.freelist = entry;
+	self.used--;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require self.initialized : "The block pool must be initialized"
+*>
+fn bool FixedBlockPool.check_ptr(&self, void *ptr) @local
+{
+	FixedBlockPoolNode* iter = &self.head;
+
+	while (iter)
+	{
+		void* end = iter.buffer + (iter.capacity * self.block_size);
+		if (ptr >= iter.buffer && ptr < end) return true;
+		iter = iter.next;
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require self.grow_capacity > 0 : "How many blocks will it store"
+*>
+fn void FixedBlockPool.new_node(&self) @local
+{
+	FixedBlockPoolNode* node = allocator::new(self.allocator, FixedBlockPoolNode);
+	node.buffer = self.allocate_page();
+	node.capacity = self.grow_capacity;
+	self.tail.next = node;
+	self.tail = node;
+	self.next_free = node.buffer;
+	self.allocated += node.capacity;
+}
+
+macro void* FixedBlockPool.allocate_page(&self) @private
+{
+	return self.alignment > mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT
+	       ? allocator::calloc_aligned(self.allocator, self.page_size, self.alignment)!!
+           : allocator::calloc(self.allocator, self.page_size);
+}
+macro void FixedBlockPool.free_page(&self, void* page) @private
+{
+	if (self.alignment > mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT)
+	{
+		allocator::free_aligned(self.allocator, page);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		allocator::free(self.allocator, page);
+	}
+}
+
+macro usz calculate_actual_capacity(usz capacity, usz block_size) @private
+{
+	// Assume some overhead
+	if (capacity) return capacity;
+	capacity = (mem::os_pagesize() - 128) / block_size;
+	return capacity ?: 1;
+}

lib/std/core/os/mem_vm.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+<*
+ The VM module holds code for working with virtual memory on supported platforms (currently Win32 and Posix)
+*>
+module std::core::mem::vm;
+import std::io, std::os::win32, std::os::posix, libc;
+
+<*
+ VirtualMemory is an abstraction for working with an allocated virtual memory area. It will invoke vm:: functions
+ but will perform more checks and track its size (required to unmap the memory on Posix)
+*>
+struct VirtualMemory
+{
+	void* ptr;
+	usz size;
+	VirtualMemoryAccess default_access;
+}
+
+faultdef RANGE_OVERFLOW, UNKNOWN_ERROR, ACCESS_DENIED, UNMAPPED_ACCESS, UNALIGNED_ADDRESS, RELEASE_FAILED, UPDATE_FAILED, INVALID_ARGS;
+
+enum VirtualMemoryAccess
+{
+	PROTECTED,
+	READ,
+	WRITE,
+	READWRITE,
+	EXEC,
+	EXECREAD,
+	EXECWRITE,
+	ANY
+}
+
+fn usz aligned_alloc_size(usz size)
+{
+	$if env::WIN32:
+		return size > 0 ? mem::aligned_offset(size, win32::allocation_granularity()) : win32::allocation_granularity();
+	$else
+		return size > 0 ? mem::aligned_offset(size, mem::os_pagesize()) : mem::os_pagesize();
+	$endif
+}
+
+<*
+ Allocate virtual memory, size is rounded up to platform granularity (Win32) / page size (Posix).
+
+ @param size : "The size of the memory to allocate, will be rounded up"
+ @param access : "The initial access permissions."
+ @return? mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY, RANGE_OVERFLOW, UNKNOWN_ERROR, ACCESS_DENIED, INVALID_ARGS
+ @return "Pointer to the allocated memory, page aligned"
+*>
+fn void*? alloc(usz size, VirtualMemoryAccess access)
+{
+	$switch:
+		$case env::POSIX:
+			void* ptr = posix::mmap(null, aligned_alloc_size(size), access.to_posix(), posix::MAP_PRIVATE | posix::MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
+			if (ptr != posix::MAP_FAILED) return ptr;
+			switch (libc::errno())
+			{
+				case errno::ENOMEM:    return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+				case errno::EOVERFLOW: return RANGE_OVERFLOW?;
+				case errno::EPERM:     return ACCESS_DENIED?;
+				case errno::EINVAL:    return INVALID_ARGS?;
+				default:               return UNKNOWN_ERROR?;
+			}
+		$case env::WIN32:
+			void* ptr = win32::virtualAlloc(null, aligned_alloc_size(size), MEM_RESERVE, access.to_win32());
+			if (ptr) return ptr;
+			switch (win32::getLastError())
+			{
+				case win32::ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY:
+				case win32::ERROR_COMMITMENT_LIMIT:  return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+				default:                             return UNKNOWN_ERROR?;
+			}
+		$default:
+			unsupported("Virtual alloc only available on Win32 and Posix");
+	$endswitch
+}
+
+<*
+ Release memory allocated with "alloc".
+
+ @param [&inout] ptr : "Pointer to page to release, should be allocated using vm::alloc"
+ @param size : "The size of the allocated pointer"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(ptr) : "The pointer should be page aligned"
+*>
+fn void? release(void* ptr, usz size)
+{
+	$switch:
+		$case env::POSIX:
+			if (posix::munmap(ptr, aligned_alloc_size(size)))
+			{
+				switch (libc::errno())
+				{
+					case errno::EINVAL: return INVALID_ARGS?;    // Not a valid mapping or size
+					case errno::ENOMEM: return UNMAPPED_ACCESS?; // Address not mapped
+					default:            return RELEASE_FAILED?;
+				}
+			}
+		$case env::WIN32:
+			if (win32::virtualFree(ptr, 0, MEM_RELEASE)) return;
+			switch (win32::getLastError())
+			{
+				case win32::ERROR_INVALID_ADDRESS:   return INVALID_ARGS?;
+				case win32::ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY: return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+				default:                             return RELEASE_FAILED?;
+			}
+		$default:
+			unsupported("Virtual free only available on Win32 and Posix");
+	$endswitch
+}
+
+<*
+ Change the access protection of a region in memory. The region must be page aligned.
+
+ @param [&inout] ptr : "Pointer to page to update, must be page aligned"
+ @param len : "To what len to update, must be page aligned"
+ @param access : "The new access"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(ptr) : "The pointer should be page aligned"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(ptr + len) : "The length must be page aligned"
+ @return? ACCESS_DENIED, UNALIGNED_ADDRESS, RANGE_OVERFLOW, UPDATE_FAILED, UNMAPPED_ACCESS, INVALID_ARGS
+*>
+fn void? protect(void* ptr, usz len, VirtualMemoryAccess access)
+{
+	$switch:
+		$case env::POSIX:
+			if (!posix::mprotect(ptr, len, access.to_posix())) return;
+			switch (libc::errno())
+			{
+				case errno::EACCES:    return ACCESS_DENIED?;
+				case errno::EINVAL:    return UNALIGNED_ADDRESS?;
+				case errno::EOVERFLOW: return RANGE_OVERFLOW?;
+				case errno::ENOMEM:    return UNMAPPED_ACCESS?;
+				default:               return UPDATE_FAILED?;
+			}
+		$case env::WIN32:
+			Win32_Protect old;
+			if (win32::virtualProtect(ptr, len, access.to_win32(), &old)) return;
+			switch (win32::getLastError())
+			{
+				case win32::ERROR_INVALID_ADDRESS:   return UNALIGNED_ADDRESS?;
+				case win32::ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED:     return ACCESS_DENIED?;
+				case win32::ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER: return INVALID_ARGS?;
+				default:                             return UPDATE_FAILED?;
+			}
+		$default:
+			unsupported("'virtual_protect' is only available on Win32 and Posix.");
+	$endswitch
+}
+
+<*
+ Makes a region of memory available that was previously retrieved using 'alloc'. This is necessary on Win32,
+ but optional on Posix.
+
+ @param [&inout] ptr : "Pointer to page to update, must be page aligned"
+ @param len : "To what len to commit, must be page aligned"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(ptr) : "The pointer should be page aligned"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(ptr + len) : "The length must be page aligned"
+ @return? UNKNOWN_ERROR, mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY, ACCESS_DENIED, UNALIGNED_ADDRESS, RANGE_OVERFLOW, UPDATE_FAILED, UNMAPPED_ACCESS, INVALID_ARGS
+*>
+fn void? commit(void* ptr, usz len, VirtualMemoryAccess access = READWRITE)
+{
+	$switch:
+		$case env::POSIX:
+			return protect(ptr, len, READWRITE) @inline;
+		$case env::WIN32:
+			void* result = win32::virtualAlloc(ptr, len, MEM_COMMIT, access.to_win32());
+			if (result) return;
+			switch (win32::getLastError())
+			{
+				case win32::ERROR_INVALID_ADDRESS:   return UNALIGNED_ADDRESS?;
+				case win32::ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED:     return ACCESS_DENIED?;
+				case win32::ERROR_COMMITMENT_LIMIT:
+				case win32::ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY: return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+				case win32::ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER: return INVALID_ARGS?;
+				default:                             return UNKNOWN_ERROR?;
+			}
+		$default:
+			unsupported("'virtual_commit' is only available on Win32 and Posix.");
+	$endswitch
+}
+
+<*
+ Notifies that the memory in the region can be released back to the OS. On Win32 this decommits the region,
+ whereas on Posix it tells the system that it may be reused using madvise. The "block" parameter is only
+ respected on Posix, and protects the region from read/write/exec. On Win32 this always happens.
+
+ @param [&inout] ptr : "Pointer to page to update, must be page aligned"
+ @param len : "To what len to commit, must be page aligned"
+ @param block : "Set the released memory to protected"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(ptr) : "The pointer should be page aligned"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(ptr + len) : "The length must be page aligned"
+ @return? ACCESS_DENIED, UNALIGNED_ADDRESS, RANGE_OVERFLOW, UPDATE_FAILED, UNMAPPED_ACCESS, INVALID_ARGS
+*>
+fn void? decommit(void* ptr, usz len, bool block = true)
+{
+	$switch:
+		$case env::POSIX:
+			if (posix::madvise(ptr, len, posix::MADV_DONTNEED))
+			{
+				switch (libc::errno())
+				{
+					case errno::EINVAL: return UNALIGNED_ADDRESS?;
+					case errno::ENOMEM: return UNMAPPED_ACCESS?;
+					default:            return UPDATE_FAILED?;
+				}
+			}
+			if (block) (void)protect(ptr, len, PROTECTED) @inline;
+		$case env::WIN32:
+			if (!win32::virtualFree(ptr, len, MEM_DECOMMIT))
+			{
+				switch (win32::getLastError())
+				{
+					case win32::ERROR_INVALID_ADDRESS:   return UNALIGNED_ADDRESS?;
+					case win32::ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER: return INVALID_ARGS?;
+					case win32::ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED:     return ACCESS_DENIED?;
+					default:                             return UPDATE_FAILED?;
+				}
+			}
+		$default:
+			unsupported("'virtual_decommit' is only available on Win32 and Posix.");
+	$endswitch
+}
+
+<*
+ Map a portion of an already-opened file into memory.
+
+ @param fd : "File descriptor"
+ @param size : "Number of bytes to map, will be rounded up to page size"
+ @param offset : "Byte offset in file, must be page size aligned"
+ @param access : "The initial access permissions"
+ @param shared : "if True then MAP_SHARED else MAP_PRIVATE"
+ @return? mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY, RANGE_OVERFLOW, UNKNOWN_ERROR, ACCESS_DENIED, INVALID_ARGS, io::NO_PERMISSION, io::FILE_NOT_VALID, io::WOULD_BLOCK, io::FILE_NOT_FOUND
+ @return "Pointer to the mapped region"
+*>
+fn void*? mmap_file(Fd fd, usz size, usz offset = 0, VirtualMemoryAccess access = READ, bool shared = false) @if (env::POSIX)
+{
+	CInt flags = shared ? posix::MAP_SHARED : posix::MAP_PRIVATE;
+	void* ptr = posix::mmap(null, aligned_alloc_size(size), access.to_posix(), flags, fd, offset);
+	if (ptr != posix::MAP_FAILED) return ptr;
+	switch (libc::errno())
+	{
+		case errno::ENOMEM:    return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+		case errno::EOVERFLOW: return RANGE_OVERFLOW?;
+		case errno::EPERM:     return ACCESS_DENIED?;
+		case errno::EINVAL:    return INVALID_ARGS?;
+		case errno::EACCES:    return io::NO_PERMISSION?;
+		case errno::EBADF:     return io::FILE_NOT_VALID?;
+		case errno::EAGAIN:    return io::WOULD_BLOCK?;
+		case errno::ENXIO:     return io::FILE_NOT_FOUND?;
+		default:               return UNKNOWN_ERROR?;
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ Create a VirtualMemory using
+
+ @param size : "The size of the memory to allocate."
+ @require size > 0 : "The size must be non-zero"
+ @return? mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY, RANGE_OVERFLOW, UNKNOWN_ERROR, ACCESS_DENIED, INVALID_ARGS
+*>
+fn VirtualMemory? virtual_alloc(usz size, VirtualMemoryAccess access = PROTECTED)
+{
+	size = aligned_alloc_size(size);
+	void* ptr = alloc(size, access)!;
+	return { ptr, size, access };
+}
+
+<*
+ Commits memory, using vm::commit
+
+ @param offset : "Starting from what offset to commit"
+ @param len : "To what len to commit"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(self.ptr + offset) : "The offset should be page aligned"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(self.ptr + offset + len) : "The length must be page aligned"
+ @require offset < self.size : "Offset out of range"
+ @require offset + len <= self.size : "Length out of range"
+ @return? UPDATE_FAILED, ACCESS_DENIED, UNALIGNED_ADDRESS, RANGE_OVERFLOW, UNKNOWN_ERROR
+*>
+macro void? VirtualMemory.commit(self, usz offset, usz len)
+{
+	return commit(self.ptr + offset, len, self.default_access);
+}
+
+<*
+ Changes protection of a part of memory using vm::protect
+
+ @param offset : "Starting from what offset to update"
+ @param len : "To what len to update"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(self.ptr + offset) : "The offset should be page aligned"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(self.ptr + offset + len) : "The length must be page aligned"
+ @require offset < self.size : "Offset out of range"
+ @require offset + len < self.size : "Length out of range"
+ @return? UPDATE_FAILED, ACCESS_DENIED, UNALIGNED_ADDRESS, RANGE_OVERFLOW, UNKNOWN_ERROR
+*>
+macro void? VirtualMemory.protect(self, usz offset, usz len, VirtualMemoryAccess access)
+{
+	return protect(self.ptr + offset, len, access);
+}
+<*
+ Decommits a part of memory using vm::decommit
+
+ @param offset : "Starting from what offset to decommit"
+ @param len : "To what len to decommit"
+ @param block : "Should the memory be blocked from access after decommit"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(self.ptr + offset) : "The offset should be page aligned"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(self.ptr + offset + len) : "The length must be page aligned"
+ @require offset < self.size : "Offset out of range"
+ @require offset + len < self.size : "Length out of range"
+ @return? UPDATE_FAILED
+*>
+fn void? VirtualMemory.decommit(self, usz offset, usz len, bool block = true)
+{
+	return decommit(self.ptr + offset, len, block);
+}
+
+<*
+ Releases the memory region
+
+ @require self.ptr != null : "Virtual memory must be initialized to call destroy"
+*>
+fn void? VirtualMemory.destroy(&self)
+{
+	return release(self.ptr, self.size);
+}
+
+fn CInt VirtualMemoryAccess.to_posix(self) @if(env::POSIX) @private
+{
+	switch (self)
+	{
+		case PROTECTED: return posix::PROT_NONE;
+		case READ: return posix::PROT_READ;
+		case WRITE: return posix::PROT_WRITE;
+		case EXEC: return posix::PROT_EXEC;
+		case READWRITE: return posix::PROT_READ | posix::PROT_WRITE;
+		case EXECREAD: return posix::PROT_READ | posix::PROT_EXEC;
+		case EXECWRITE: return posix::PROT_WRITE | posix::PROT_EXEC;
+		case ANY: return posix::PROT_WRITE | posix::PROT_READ | posix::PROT_EXEC;
+	}
+}
+
+fn Win32_Protect VirtualMemoryAccess.to_win32(self) @if(env::WIN32) @private
+{
+	switch (self)
+	{
+		case PROTECTED: return PAGE_NOACCESS;
+		case READ: return PAGE_READONLY;
+		case WRITE: return PAGE_READWRITE;
+		case EXEC: return PAGE_EXECUTE;
+		case READWRITE: return PAGE_READWRITE;
+		case EXECWRITE: return PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE;
+		case EXECREAD: return PAGE_EXECUTE_READ;
+		case ANY: return PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE;
+	}
+}
+

lib/std/core/private/cpu_detect.c3

@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ uint128 x86_features;
 
 fn void add_feature_if_bit(X86Feature feature, uint register, int bit)
 {
-	if (register & 1U << bit) x86_features |= 1u128 << feature.ordinal;
+	if (register & 1U << bit) x86_features |= 1ULL << feature.ordinal;
 }
 
 fn void x86_initialize_cpu_features()

lib/std/core/refcount.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+<*
+ Ref provides a general *external* ref counted wrapper for a pointer. For convenience, a ref count of 0
+ means the reference is still valid.
+
+ When the rc drops to -1, it will first run the dealloc function on the underlying pointer (if it exists),
+ then free the pointer and the atomic variable assuming that they are allocated using the Allocator in the Ref.
+
+ @require !$defined(Type.dealloc) ||| $defined(Type.dealloc(&&(Type){})) : "'dealloc' must only take a pointer to the underlying type"
+ @require !$defined(Type.dealloc) ||| @typeis((Type){}.dealloc(), void) : "'dealloc' must return 'void'"
+*>
+module std::core::mem::ref { Type };
+import std::thread, std::atomic;
+
+const OVERALIGNED @private = Type.alignof > mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT;
+
+alias DeallocFn = fn void(void*);
+
+fn Ref wrap(Type* ptr, Allocator allocator = mem)
+{
+	return { .refcount = allocator::new(allocator, Atomic{int}), .ptr = ptr, .allocator = allocator };
+}
+<*
+ @require $vacount < 2 : "Too many arguments."
+ @require $vacount == 0 ||| @assignable_to($vaexpr[0], Type) : "The first argument must be an initializer for the type"
+*>
+macro Ref new(..., Allocator allocator = mem)
+{
+
+	$switch:
+		$case OVERALIGNED && !$vacount:
+			Type* ptr = allocator::calloc_aligned(allocator, Type.sizeof, Type.alignof)!!;
+		$case OVERALIGNED:
+			Type* ptr = allocator::malloc_aligned(allocator, Type.sizeof, Type.alignof)!!;
+			*ptr = $vaexpr[0];
+		$case !$vacount:
+			Type* ptr = allocator::calloc(allocator, Type.sizeof);
+		$default:
+			Type* ptr = allocator::malloc(allocator, Type.sizeof);
+			*ptr = $vaexpr[0];
+	$endswitch
+	return { .refcount = allocator::new(allocator, Atomic{int}),
+	         .ptr = ptr,
+	         .allocator = allocator };
+}
+
+struct Ref
+{
+	Atomic{int}* refcount;
+	Type* ptr;
+	Allocator allocator;
+}
+
+fn Ref* Ref.retain(&self)
+{
+	assert(self.refcount != null, "Reference already released");
+	assert(self.refcount.load(RELAXED) >= 0, "Retaining zombie");
+	self.refcount.add(1, RELAXED);
+	return self;
+}
+
+fn void Ref.release(&self)
+{
+	assert(self.refcount != null, "Reference already released");
+    assert(self.refcount.load(RELAXED) >= 0, "Overrelease of refcount");
+	if (self.refcount.sub(1, RELAXED) == 0)
+	{
+		thread::fence(ACQUIRE);
+		$if $defined(Type.dealloc):
+			self.ptr.dealloc();
+		$endif
+		$if OVERALIGNED:
+			allocator::free_aligned(self.allocator, self.ptr);
+		$else
+			allocator::free(self.allocator, self.ptr);
+		$endif
+		allocator::free(self.allocator, self.refcount);
+		*self = {};
+	}
+}
+
+module std::core::mem::rc;
+import std::thread, std::atomic;
+
+<*
+ A RefCounted struct should be an inline base of a struct.
+ If a `dealloc` is defined, then it will be called rather than `free`
+
+ For convenience, a ref count of 0 is still valid, and the struct is
+ only freed when when ref count drops to -1.
+
+ The macros rc::retain and rc::release must be used on the full pointer,
+ not on the RefCounted substruct.
+
+ So `Foo* f = ...; RefCounted* rc = f; rc::release(rc);` will not do the right thing.
+*>
+struct RefCounted
+{
+	Atomic{int} refcount;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require @assignable_to(refcounted, RefCounted*) : "Expected a ref counted value"
+*>
+macro retain(refcounted)
+{
+	if (refcounted)
+	{
+		assert(refcounted.refcount.load(RELAXED) >= 0, "Retaining zombie");
+    	refcounted.refcount.add(1, RELAXED);
+	}
+	return refcounted;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require @assignable_to(refcounted, RefCounted*) : "Expected a ref counted value"
+ @require !$defined(refcounted.dealloc()) ||| @typeis(refcounted.dealloc(), void)
+   : "Expected refcounted type to have a valid dealloc"
+*>
+macro void release(refcounted)
+{
+	if (!refcounted) return;
+	assert(refcounted.refcount.load(RELAXED) >= 0, "Overrelease of refcount");
+	if (refcounted.refcount.sub(1, RELAXED) == 0)
+	{
+		thread::fence(ACQUIRE);
+		$if $defined(refcounted.dealloc):
+			refcounted.dealloc();
+		$else
+			free(refcounted);
+		$endif
+	}
+}

lib/std/core/runtime.c3

@@ -24,11 +24,17 @@ struct SliceRaw
 
 macro @enum_lookup($Type, #value, value)
 {
-	var $elements = $Type.elements;
-	$for var $i = 0; $i < $elements; $i++:
-		var $val = $Type.from_ordinal($i);
+	$foreach $val : $Type.values:
 		if ($val.#value == value) return $val;
-	$endfor
+	$endforeach
+	return NOT_FOUND?;
+}
+
+macro @enum_lookup_new($Type, $name, value)
+{
+	$foreach $val : $Type.values:
+		if ($val.$eval($name) == value) return $val;
+	$endforeach
 	return NOT_FOUND?;
 }
 

lib/std/core/runtime_benchmark.c3

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 module std::core::runtime;
-import libc, std::time, std::io, std::sort;
+import libc, std::time, std::io, std::sort, std::math, std::collections::map;
 
-alias BenchmarkFn = fn void();
+alias BenchmarkFn = fn void ();
+
+HashMap { String, uint } bench_fn_iters @local;
 
 struct BenchmarkUnit
 {
@@ -17,6 +19,7 @@ fn BenchmarkUnit[] benchmark_collection_create(Allocator allocator)
 	foreach (i, benchmark : fns)
 	{
 		benchmarks[i] = { names[i], fns[i] };
+		if (!bench_fn_iters.has_key(names[i])) bench_fn_iters[names[i]] = benchmark_max_iterations;
 	}
 	return benchmarks;
 }
@@ -36,6 +39,30 @@ fn void set_benchmark_max_iterations(uint value) @builtin
 {
     assert(value > 0);
     benchmark_max_iterations = value;
+	foreach (k : bench_fn_iters.key_iter()) bench_fn_iters[k] = value;
+}
+
+fn void set_benchmark_func_iterations(String func, uint value) @builtin
+{
+	assert(value > 0);
+	bench_fn_iters[func] = value;
+}
+
+
+Clock benchmark_clock @local;
+NanoDuration benchmark_nano_seconds @local;
+DString benchmark_log @local;
+bool benchmark_warming @local;
+uint this_iteration @local;
+
+macro @start_benchmark() => benchmark_clock = std::time::clock::now();
+macro @end_benchmark() => benchmark_nano_seconds = benchmark_clock.mark();
+macro @log_benchmark(msg, args...) => @pool()
+{
+	if (benchmark_warming) return;
+
+	benchmark_log.appendf("%s [%d]:  ", $$FUNC, this_iteration);
+	benchmark_log.appendfn(msg, ...args);
 }
 
 fn bool run_benchmarks(BenchmarkUnit[] benchmarks)
@@ -61,33 +88,58 @@ fn bool run_benchmarks(BenchmarkUnit[] benchmarks)
 	long sys_clock_started;
 	long sys_clock_finished;
 	long sys_clocks;
-	Clock clock;
 
-	foreach(unit : benchmarks)
+	foreach (unit : benchmarks)
 	{
 		defer name.clear();
 		name.appendf("Benchmarking %s ", unit.name);
 		name.append_repeat('.', max_name - unit.name.len + 2);
 		io::printf("%s ", name.str_view());
 
+		benchmark_warming = true;
 		for (uint i = 0; i < benchmark_warmup_iterations; i++)
 		{
 			unit.func() @inline;
 		}
+		benchmark_warming = false;
 
-		clock = std::time::clock::now();
+		NanoDuration running_timer;
 		sys_clock_started = $$sysclock();
+		benchmark_nano_seconds = {};
 
-		for (uint i = 0; i < benchmark_max_iterations; i++)
+		uint current_benchmark_iterations = bench_fn_iters[unit.name] ?? benchmark_max_iterations;
+		char[] perc_str = { [0..19] = ' ', [20] = 0 };
+		int perc = 0;
+
+		for (this_iteration = 0; this_iteration < current_benchmark_iterations; ++this_iteration)
 		{
+			perc_str[0..(uint)math::floor((this_iteration / (float)current_benchmark_iterations) * 20)] = '#';
+			perc = (uint)math::ceil(100 * (this_iteration / (float)current_benchmark_iterations));
+
+			io::printf("\r%s [%s] %d / %d (%d%%)", name.str_view(), (ZString)perc_str, this_iteration, current_benchmark_iterations, perc);
+			io::stdout().flush()!!;
+
+			@start_benchmark();   // can be overridden by calls inside the unit's func
+
 			unit.func() @inline;
+
+			if (!benchmark_nano_seconds) @end_benchmark();
+			running_timer += benchmark_nano_seconds;
 		}
 
 		sys_clock_finished = $$sysclock();
-		NanoDuration nano_seconds = clock.mark();
 		sys_clocks = sys_clock_finished - sys_clock_started;
 
-		io::printfn("[COMPLETE] %.2f ns, %.2f CPU's clocks", (float)nano_seconds / benchmark_max_iterations, (float)sys_clocks / benchmark_max_iterations);
+		float clock_cycles = (float)sys_clocks / current_benchmark_iterations;
+		float measurement = (float)running_timer / current_benchmark_iterations;
+		String[] units = { "nanoseconds", "microseconds", "milliseconds", "seconds" };
+
+		float adjusted_measurement = measurement;
+		while (adjusted_measurement > 1_000) adjusted_measurement /= 1_000;
+
+		io::printf("\r%s ", name.str_view());
+		io::printfn("[COMPLETE] %.2f %s, %.2f CPU clocks, %d iterations",
+			adjusted_measurement, units[math::min(3, (int)math::floor(math::log(measurement, 1_000)))], clock_cycles, current_benchmark_iterations);
 	}
 
 	io::printfn("\n%d benchmark%s run.\n", benchmarks.len, benchmarks.len > 1 ? "s" : "");
@@ -96,5 +148,12 @@ fn bool run_benchmarks(BenchmarkUnit[] benchmarks)
 
 fn bool default_benchmark_runner(String[] args) => @pool()
 {
+	benchmark_log.init(mem);
+	defer
+	{
+		if (benchmark_log.len()) io::printfn("\n---------- BENCHMARK LOG ----------\n%s\n", benchmark_log.str_view());
+		benchmark_log.free();
+	}
+
 	return run_benchmarks(benchmark_collection_create(tmem));
 }

lib/std/core/runtime_test.c3

@@ -171,6 +171,11 @@ fn bool run_tests(String[] args, TestUnit[] tests) @private
 	usz max_name;
 	bool sort_tests = true;
 	bool check_leaks = true;
+	if (!tests.len)
+	{
+		io::printn("There are no test units to run.");
+		return true;   // no tests == technically a pass
+	}
 	foreach (&unit : tests)
 	{
 		if (max_name < unit.name.len) max_name = unit.name.len;
@@ -305,7 +310,7 @@ fn bool run_tests(String[] args, TestUnit[] tests) @private
 		}
 		mem.free();
 	}
-	io::printfn("\n%d test%s run.\n", test_count-tests_skipped, test_count > 1 ? "s" : "");
+	io::printfn("\n%d test%s run.\n", test_count-tests_skipped, test_count != 1 ? "s" : "");
 
 	int n_failed = test_count - tests_passed - tests_skipped;
 	io::printf("Test Result: %s%s%s: ",

lib/std/core/string.c3

@@ -1,46 +1,89 @@
 module std::core::string;
-import std::ascii;
 import std::io;
+import std::core::mem::allocator;
+
 
 typedef String @if(!$defined(String)) = inline char[];
+<*
+ ZString is a pointer to a zero terminated array of chars.
+
+ Use ZString when you need to interop with C zero terminated strings.
+*>
 typedef ZString = inline char*;
+
+<*
+ WString is a pointer to a zero terminated array of Char16.
+
+ Depending on the platform, this may or may not correspond to wchar_t.
+ For Windows, wchar_t is generally 16 bits, on MacOS it is 32 bits.
+ However, for both MacOS and Linux, regular C strings (ZString)
+ will be UTF-8 encoded, so there is no need to use the wchar_t versions
+ of functions outside of encoding functions.
+*>
 typedef WString = inline Char16*;
 
+<*
+ Char32 is a UTF32 codepoint
+*>
 alias Char32 = uint;
+
+<*
+ Char16 is a UTF16 "character"
+*>
 alias Char16 = ushort;
 
+<*
+ Common faults used with strings
+*>
 faultdef INVALID_UTF8, INVALID_UTF16, CONVERSION_FAILED,
          EMPTY_STRING, NEGATIVE_VALUE, MALFORMED_INTEGER,
          INTEGER_OVERFLOW, MALFORMED_FLOAT, FLOAT_OUT_OF_RANGE;
 
-const uint SURROGATE_OFFSET @private = 0x10000;
-const uint SURROGATE_GENERIC_MASK @private = 0xF800;
-const uint SURROGATE_MASK @private = 0xFC00;
-const uint SURROGATE_CODEPOINT_MASK @private = 0x03FF;
-const uint SURROGATE_BITS @private = 10;
-const uint SURROGATE_LOW_VALUE @private = 0xDC00;
-const uint SURROGATE_HIGH_VALUE @private = 0xD800;
 
+<*
+ Create a pointer to an UTF32 encoded string at compile time.
+
+ @param $string : "The string to encode"
+*>
 macro Char32* @wstring32(String $string) @builtin
 {
 	return (Char32*)&&$$wstr32($string);
 }
 
+<*
+ Create a slice of an UTF32 encoded string at compile time.
+
+ @param $string : "The string to encode"
+*>
 macro Char32[] @char32(String $string) @builtin
 {
 	return $$wstr32($string)[..^2];
 }
 
+<*
+ Create a WString (an UTF16 encoded string) at compile time.
+
+ @param $string : "The string to encode"
+*>
 macro WString @wstring(String $string) @builtin
 {
 	return (WString)&&$$wstr16($string);
 }
 
+<*
+ Create a slice of an UTF32 encoded string at compile time.
+
+ @param $string : "The string to encode"
+*>
 macro Char16[] @char16(String $string) @builtin
 {
 	return $$wstr16($string)[..^2];
 }
 
+macro String @sprintf(String $format, ...) @builtin @const
+{
+	return $$sprintf($format, $vasplat);
+}
 <*
  Return a temporary ZString created using the formatting function.
 
@@ -66,6 +109,19 @@ fn String format(Allocator allocator, String fmt, args...) @format(1) => @pool()
 	return str.copy_str(allocator);
 }
 
+<*
+ Return a new String created using the formatting function.
+
+ @param [inout] buffer : `The buffer to use`
+ @param [in] fmt : `The formatting string`
+*>
+fn String bformat(char[] buffer, String fmt, args...) @format(1)
+{
+	DString str = dstring::new_with_capacity(allocator::wrap(buffer), fmt.len + args.len * 8);
+	str.appendf(fmt, ...args);
+	return str.str_view();
+}
+
 <*
  Return a temporary String created using the formatting function.
 
@@ -117,6 +173,39 @@ fn String join(Allocator allocator, String[] s, String joiner)
 	};
 }
 
+<*
+ Replace all instances of one substring with a different string.
+
+ @param [in] self
+ @param [in] needle : `The string to be replaced`
+ @param [in] new_str : `The replacement string`
+ @param [&inout] allocator : `The allocator to use for the String`
+ @return "The new string with the elements replaced"
+*>
+fn String String.replace(self, Allocator allocator, String needle, String new_str) @nodiscard
+{
+	@pool()
+	{
+		String[] split = self.tsplit(needle);
+		return dstring::join(tmem, split, new_str).copy_str(mem);
+	};
+}
+
+<*
+ Replace all instances of one substring with a different string, allocating the new string on the temp allocator.
+
+ @param [in] self
+ @param [in] needle : `The string to be replaced`
+ @param [in] new_str : `The replacement string`
+ @return "The new string with the elements replaced"
+*>
+fn String String.treplace(self, String needle, String new_str)
+{
+	String[] split = self.tsplit(needle);
+	return dstring::join(tmem, split, new_str).str_view();
+}
+
+
 <*
  Remove characters from the front and end of a string.
 
@@ -231,7 +320,7 @@ fn String String.strip_end(self, String suffix)
  @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use for the String[]"
 
  @require delimiter.len > 0 : "The delimiter must be at least 1 character long"
- @ensure return.len > 0
+ @ensure return.len > 0 || skip_empty
 *>
 fn String[] String.split(self, Allocator allocator, String delimiter, usz max = 0, bool skip_empty = false)
 {
@@ -290,7 +379,7 @@ faultdef BUFFER_EXCEEDED;
  @param [inout] buffer
  @param max : "Max number of elements, 0 means no limit, defaults to 0"
  @require delimiter.len > 0 : "The delimiter must be at least 1 character long"
- @ensure return.len > 0
+ @ensure return.len > 0 || skip_empty
  @return? BUFFER_EXCEEDED : `If there are more elements than would fit the buffer`
 *>
 fn String[]? String.split_to_buffer(s, String delimiter, String[] buffer, usz max = 0, bool skip_empty = false)
@@ -338,6 +427,38 @@ fn bool String.contains(s, String substr)
 	return @ok(s.index_of(substr));
 }
 
+<*
+ Check how many non-overlapping instances of a substring there is.
+
+ If the substring has zero length, the number of matches is zero.
+
+ @param [in] self : "The string to search"
+ @param [in] substr : "The string to look for."
+ @pure
+ @return "The number of times matched"
+*>
+fn usz String.count(self, String substr)
+{
+	usz count = 0;
+	usz needed = substr.len;
+	if (needed == 0) return 0;
+    char first = substr[0];
+    while OUTER: (self.len >= needed)
+    {
+    	foreach (i, c: self[..^needed])
+    	{
+    		if (c == first && self[i : needed] == substr)
+    		{
+    		    count++;
+    		    self = self[i + needed..];
+    		    continue OUTER;
+    		}
+    	}
+    	break;
+    }
+    return count;
+}
+
 <*
  Find the index of the first incidence of a string.
 
@@ -471,6 +592,20 @@ fn usz? String.rindex_of(self, String substr)
 	return NOT_FOUND?;
 }
 
+fn bool ZString.eq(self, ZString other) @operator(==)
+{
+	char* a = self;
+	char* b = other;
+	if (a == b) return true;
+	if (!a || !b) return false;
+	for (;; a++, b++)
+	{
+		char c = *a;
+		if (c != *b) return false;
+		if (!c) return true;
+	}
+}
+
 fn String ZString.str_view(self)
 {
 	return (String)(self[:self.len()]);
@@ -489,12 +624,17 @@ fn usz ZString.char_len(str)
 
 fn usz ZString.len(self)
 {
-	usz len = 0;
-	char* ptr = (char*)self;
-	while (char c = ptr++[0]) len++;
+	usz len;
+	for (char* ptr = (char*)self; *ptr; ptr++) len++;
 	return len;
 }
 
+fn usz WString.len(self)
+{
+	usz len;
+	for (Char16* ptr = (Char16*)self; *ptr; ptr++) len++;
+	return len;
+}
 
 fn ZString String.zstr_copy(self, Allocator allocator)
 {
@@ -637,6 +777,92 @@ fn String String.to_upper_copy(self, Allocator allocator)
 	return copy;
 }
 
+fn String String.capitalize_copy(self, Allocator allocator)
+{
+	String s = self.copy(allocator);
+	if (s.len > 0 && s[0].is_lower())
+	{
+		s[0] &= (char)~0x20;
+	}
+	return s;
+}
+
+<*
+ Convert a string from `snake_case` to PascalCase.
+
+ @param [in] self
+ @return `"FooBar" from "foo_bar" the resulting pointer may safely be cast to ZString.`
+*>
+fn String String.snake_to_pascal_copy(self, Allocator allocator)
+{
+	Splitter splitter = self.tokenize("_");
+	char[] new_string = allocator::alloc_array(allocator, char, self.len + 1);
+	usz index = 0;
+	while (try s = splitter.next())
+	{
+		assert(s.len > 0);
+		char c = s[0];
+		if (c.is_lower()) c = c.to_upper();
+		new_string[index++] = c;
+		s = s[1..];
+		new_string[index:s.len] = s[..];
+		index += s.len;
+	}
+	new_string[index] = 0;
+	return (String)new_string[:index];
+}
+
+<*
+ Movifies the current string from `snake_case` to PascalCase.
+
+ @param [inout] self
+*>
+fn void String.convert_snake_to_pascal(&self)
+{
+	Splitter splitter = self.tokenize("_");
+	String new_string = *self;
+	usz index = 0;
+	while (try s = splitter.next())
+	{
+		assert(s.len > 0);
+		char c = s[0];
+		if (c.is_lower()) c = c.to_upper();
+		new_string[index++] = c;
+		s = s[1..];
+		new_string[index:s.len] = s[..];
+		index += s.len;
+	}
+	*self = new_string[:index];
+}
+
+<*
+ Convert a string from `PascalCase` to `snake_case`.
+
+ @param [in] self
+ @return `"foo_bar" from "FooBar" the resulting pointer may safely be cast to ZString.`
+*>
+fn String String.pascal_to_snake_copy(self, Allocator allocator) => @pool()
+{
+	DString d;
+	d.init(tmem, (usz)(self.len * 1.5));
+	usz index = 0;
+	foreach (i, c : self)
+	{
+		if (c.is_upper())
+		{
+			if (i > 0 && ((self[i - 1].is_lower() || self[i - 1].is_digit()) || (i < self.len - 1 && self[i + 1].is_lower())))
+            {
+                d.append_char('_');
+            }
+			d.append_char(c.to_lower());
+			continue;
+		}
+		d.append_char(c);
+	}
+	return d.copy_str(allocator);
+}
+
+
 fn StringIterator String.iterator(self)
 {
 	return { self, 0 };
@@ -692,16 +918,63 @@ fn usz String.utf8_codepoints(s)
 	return len;
 }
 
+<*
+ Determine whether the current string actually points to a ZString-like string.
+
+ This is done by looking at the byte one step after the end of the string. If this
+ is zero, it is considered zero terminated.
+
+ This function can safely be used with data pointing to null. However, it will not
+ work correctly if the pointer is invalid, for example it is already freed.
+*>
+fn bool String.is_zstr(self) @deprecated("Unsafe, use copy instead")
+{
+	return self.ptr && *(self.ptr + self.len) == 0;
+}
 
 <*
- @require (base <= 10 && base > 1) || base == 16 : "Unsupported base"
+ Return a pointer to the string *iff* it is a pointer
+ to a zero terminated string, otherwise return a temp allocated zstring copy.
+
+ This function is suitable if you are converting strings to ZString on the temp
+ allocator, but suspect that the String might actually already point to zero
+ terminated data.
+
+ The function looks one step beyond the end of the slice to determine this,
+ which means that if that data is then modified after this call, this function
+ might behave incorrectly.
+
+ For this reason, try to ensure that the resulting ZString is immediately used.
+
+ @ensure return[self.len] == 0
+*>
+fn ZString String.quick_zstr(self) @deprecated("Unsafe, use zstr_tcopy instead")
+{
+	return self.zstr_tcopy();
+}
+
+
+<*
+ Convert a number to a given base. If the base is not given, then
+ it will be inferred from the number if the string starts with 0x 0o or 0b and the
+ base is given as 10.
+
+ Furthermore it will skip any spaces before and after the number.
+
+ @param $Type : "The type to convert to"
+ @param base : "The base to convert to"
+ @require base > 0 && base <= 16 : "Unsupported base"
+ @return? MALFORMED_INTEGER : "When the value has some illegal character"
+ @return? INTEGER_OVERFLOW : "If the value does not fit in the given type"
+ @return? EMPTY_STRING : "If the string was empty"
+ @return? NEGATIVE_VALUE : "If the type was unsigned, and the value had a - prefix"
 *>
 macro String.to_integer(self, $Type, int base = 10)
 {
 	usz len = self.len;
 	usz index = 0;
 	char* ptr = self.ptr;
-	while (index < len && ascii::is_blank_m(ptr[index])) index++;
+	while (index < len && ptr[index].is_blank()) index++;
 	if (len == index) return EMPTY_STRING?;
 	bool is_negative;
 	switch (self[index])
@@ -746,7 +1019,7 @@ macro String.to_integer(self, $Type, int base = 10)
 		char c = self[index++];
 		switch
 		{
-			case base_used != 16 || c < 'A':  c -= '0';
+			case base_used < 10 || c < 'A':   c -= '0';
 			case c <= 'F':                    c -= 'A' - 10;
 			case c < 'a' || c > 'f':          return MALFORMED_INTEGER?;
 			default:                          c -= 'a' - 10;
@@ -784,22 +1057,91 @@ fn char? String.to_uchar(self, int base = 10) => self.to_integer(char, base);
 fn double? String.to_double(self) => self.to_real(double);
 fn float? String.to_float(self) => self.to_real(float);
 
-fn Splitter String.splitter(self, String split)
-{
-	return { .string = self, .split = split };
-}
 
+<*
+ Create a Splitter to track tokenizing of a string. Tokenize will turn "foo:bar::baz" into
+ "foo", "bar" and "baz", if you want the empty string to be present, use `tokenize_all`
+ instead.
+
+ @param [in] split : "The string to use for splitting"
+ @return "A Splitter to track the state"
+*>
 fn Splitter String.tokenize(self, String split)
 {
-	return { .string = self, .split = split, .tokenize = true };
+	return { .string = self, .split = split, .type = TOKENIZE };
 }
 
+<*
+ Create a Splitter to track tokenizing of a string. Tokenize will turn "foo:bar::baz" into
+ "foo", "bar" and "baz", if you want the empty string to be present, use `tokenize_all`
+ instead.
+
+ @param [in] split : "The string to use for splitting"
+ @param skip_last : "Set to true to not include the last empty token if present (default: false)"
+ @return "A Splitter to track the state"
+*>
+fn Splitter String.tokenize_all(self, String split, bool skip_last = false)
+{
+	return {
+		.string = self,
+		.split = split,
+		.type = skip_last ? TOKENIZE_ALL_SKIP_LAST : TOKENIZE_ALL
+	};
+}
+
+fn Splitter String.splitter(self, String split) @deprecated("Use tokenize_all instead")
+{
+	return self.tokenize_all(split, skip_last: true);
+}
+
+<*
+ This macro will create a string description of a struct.
+
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @param x : "The struct to create a description of"
+*>
+macro String from_struct(Allocator allocator, x)
+{
+	DString s;
+	@stack_mem(512; Allocator mem)
+	{
+		s.init(allocator: mem);
+		io::fprint(&s, x)!!;
+		return s.copy_str(allocator);
+	};
+}
+
+<*
+ This macro will create a temporary string description of a struct.
+
+ @param x : "The struct to create a description of"
+*>
+macro String tfrom_struct(x) => from_struct(tmem, x);
+
+const uint SURROGATE_OFFSET @private = 0x10000;
+const uint SURROGATE_GENERIC_MASK @private = 0xF800;
+const uint SURROGATE_MASK @private = 0xFC00;
+const uint SURROGATE_CODEPOINT_MASK @private = 0x03FF;
+const uint SURROGATE_BITS @private = 10;
+const uint SURROGATE_LOW_VALUE @private = 0xDC00;
+const uint SURROGATE_HIGH_VALUE @private = 0xD800;
+
+enum SplitterType
+{
+	TOKENIZE,
+	TOKENIZE_ALL,
+	TOKENIZE_ALL_SKIP_LAST
+}
+
+<*
+ Splitter is handles tokenizing strings.
+*>
 struct Splitter
 {
 	String string;
 	String split;
 	usz current;
-	bool tokenize;
+	SplitterType type;
 	int last_index;
 }
 
@@ -814,29 +1156,22 @@ fn String? Splitter.next(&self)
 	{
 		usz len = self.string.len;
 		usz current = self.current;
-		if (current >= len) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+		if (current > len) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+		if (current == len)
+		{
+			if (self.type != TOKENIZE_ALL) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+			self.current++;
+			return self.string[current - 1:0];
+		}
 		String remaining = self.string[current..];
 		usz? next = remaining.index_of(self.split);
 		if (try next)
 		{
 			self.current = current + next + self.split.len;
-			if (!next && self.tokenize) continue;
+			if (!next && self.type == TOKENIZE) continue;
 			return remaining[:next];
 		}
 		self.current = len;
 		return remaining;
 	}
 }
-
-macro String from_struct(Allocator allocator, x)
-{
-	DString s;
-	@stack_mem(512; Allocator mem)
-	{
-		s.init(allocator: mem);
-		io::fprint(&s, x)!!;
-		return s.copy_str(allocator);
-	};
-}
-
-macro String tfrom_struct(x) => from_struct(tmem, x);

lib/std/core/string_escape.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2024 Christoffer Lerno. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+
+<*
+ This module provides functionality for escaping and unescaping strings
+ with standard C-style escape sequences, similar to what's used in JSON
+ and other string literals.
+*>
+module std::core::string;
+import std::io;
+
+faultdef INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE, UNTERMINATED_STRING, INVALID_HEX_ESCAPE, INVALID_UNICODE_ESCAPE;
+
+<*
+ Escape a string by adding quotes and converting special characters to escape sequences.
+
+ @param allocator : "The allocator to use for the result"
+ @param s : "The string to escape"
+ @param strip_quotes : "Do not include beginning and end quotes, defaults to false"
+ @return "The escaped string with surrounding quotes, can safely be cast to ZString"
+*>
+fn String String.escape(String s, Allocator allocator, bool strip_quotes = true)
+{
+    // Conservative allocation: most strings need minimal escaping
+    usz initial_capacity = s.len + s.len / 5 + 2; // ~1.2x + quotes
+    DString result = dstring::new_with_capacity(allocator, initial_capacity);
+
+    if (!strip_quotes) result.append_char('"');
+
+    foreach (char c : s)
+    {
+        switch (c)
+        {
+            case '"':  result.append(`\"`);
+            case '\\': result.append(`\\`);
+            case '\b': result.append(`\b`);
+            case '\f': result.append(`\f`);
+            case '\n': result.append(`\n`);
+            case '\r': result.append(`\r`);
+            case '\t': result.append(`\t`);
+            case '\v': result.append(`\v`);
+            case '\0': result.append(`\0`);
+            default:
+                if (c >= 32 && c <= 126)
+                {
+                    // Printable ASCII
+                    result.append_char(c);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // Non-printable, use hex escape
+                    result.appendf("\\x%02x", (uint)c);
+                }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!strip_quotes) result.append_char('"');
+    return result.copy_str(allocator);
+}
+
+<*
+ Escape a string using the temp allocator.
+
+ @param s : "The string to escape"
+ @param strip_quotes : "Do not include beginning and end quotes, defaults to false"
+ @return "The escaped string with surrounding quotes"
+*>
+fn String String.tescape(String s, bool strip_quotes = false) => s.escape(tmem, strip_quotes);
+
+<*
+ Calculate the length needed for an escaped string (including quotes).
+
+ @param s : "The string to check"
+ @return "The length needed for the escaped version"
+*>
+fn usz escape_len(String s)
+{
+    usz len = 2; // For quotes
+    foreach (char c : s)
+    {
+        switch (c)
+        {
+            case '"':
+            case '\\':
+            case '\b':
+            case '\f':
+            case '\n':
+            case '\r':
+            case '\t':
+            case '\v':
+            case '\0':
+                len += 2; // \X
+            default:
+                if (c >= 32 && c <= 126)
+                {
+                    len += 1;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    len += 4; // \xHH
+                }
+        }
+    }
+    return len;
+}
+
+<*
+ Unescape a quoted string by parsing escape sequences.
+
+ @param allocator : "The allocator to use for the result"
+ @param s : "The quoted string to unescape"
+ @param allow_unquoted : "Set to true to unescape strings not surrounded by quotes, defaults to false"
+ @return "The unescaped string without quotes, safe to convert to ZString"
+ @return? UNTERMINATED_STRING, INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE, INVALID_HEX_ESCAPE, INVALID_UNICODE_ESCAPE
+*>
+fn String? String.unescape(String s, Allocator allocator, bool allow_unquoted = false)
+{
+	if (s.len >= 2 && s[0] == '"' && s[^1] == '"')
+	{
+		// Remove quotes.
+		s = s[1:^2];
+	}
+	else if (!allow_unquoted) return UNTERMINATED_STRING?;
+
+    // Handle empty string case
+    if (!s.len)
+    {
+        return "".copy(allocator);
+    }
+
+    DString result = dstring::new_with_capacity(allocator, s.len);
+
+	usz len = s.len;
+	for (usz i = 0; i < len; i++)
+	{
+		char c = s[i];
+        if (c != '\\')
+        {
+            result.append_char(c);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Handle escape sequence
+        if (i + 1 >= len) return INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE?;
+
+        char escape_char = s[++i];
+        switch (escape_char)
+        {
+            case '"':  result.append_char('"');
+            case '\\': result.append_char('\\');
+            case '/':  result.append_char('/');
+            case 'b':  result.append_char('\b');
+            case 'f':  result.append_char('\f');
+            case 'n':  result.append_char('\n');
+            case 'r':  result.append_char('\r');
+            case 't':  result.append_char('\t');
+            case 'v':  result.append_char('\v');
+            case '0':  result.append_char('\0');
+            case 'x':
+                // Hex escape \xHH
+                if (i + 2 >= len) return INVALID_HEX_ESCAPE?;
+                char h1 = s[++i];
+                char h2 = s[++i];
+                if (!h1.is_xdigit() || !h2.is_xdigit()) return INVALID_HEX_ESCAPE?;
+                uint val = h1 > '9' ? (h1 | 32) - 'a' + 10 : h1 - '0';
+                val = val << 4;
+                val += h2 > '9' ? (h2 | 32) - 'a' + 10 : h2 - '0';
+                result.append_char((char)val);
+            case 'u':
+                // Unicode escape \uHHHH
+                if (i + 4 >= len) return INVALID_UNICODE_ESCAPE?;
+                uint val;
+                for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++)
+                {
+                    char hex_char = s[++i];
+                    if (!hex_char.is_xdigit()) return INVALID_UNICODE_ESCAPE?;
+                    val = val << 4 + (hex_char > '9' ? (hex_char | 32) - 'a' + 10 : hex_char - '0');
+                }
+                result.append_char32(val);
+            case 'U':
+                // Unicode escape \UHHHHHHHH
+                if (i + 8 >= len) return INVALID_UNICODE_ESCAPE?;
+                uint val;
+                for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++)
+                {
+                    char hex_char = s[++i];
+                    if (!hex_char.is_xdigit()) return INVALID_UNICODE_ESCAPE?;
+                    val = val << 4 + (hex_char > '9' ? (hex_char | 32) - 'a' + 10 : hex_char - '0');
+                }
+                result.append_char32(val);
+            default:
+                return INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result.copy_str(allocator);
+}
+
+<*
+ Unescape a quoted string using the temp allocator.
+
+ @param s : "The quoted string to unescape"
+ @param allow_unquoted : "Set to true to unescape strings not surrounded by quotes, defaults to false"
+ @return "The unescaped string without quotes"
+ @return? UNTERMINATED_STRING, INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE, INVALID_HEX_ESCAPE, INVALID_UNICODE_ESCAPE
+*>
+fn String? String.tunescape(String s, bool allow_unquoted = false) => s.unescape(tmem, allow_unquoted);
+
+<*
+ Check if a character needs to be escaped in a string literal.
+
+ @param c : "The character to check"
+ @return "True if the character needs escaping"
+*>
+fn bool needs_escape(char c)
+{
+    switch (c)
+    {
+        case '"':
+        case '\\':
+        case '\b':
+        case '\f':
+        case '\n':
+        case '\r':
+        case '\t':
+        case '\v':
+        case '\0':
+            return true;
+        default:
+            return c < 32 || c > 126;
+    }
+}

lib/std/core/string_to_real.c3

@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ macro String.to_real(chars, $Type) @private
 		$error "Unexpected type";
 	$endswitch
 
-	while (chars.len && chars[0] == ' ') chars = chars[1..];
+	chars = chars.trim();
 	if (!chars.len) return MALFORMED_FLOAT?;
 
 	if (chars.len != 1)
@@ -476,6 +476,9 @@ macro String.to_real(chars, $Type) @private
 				chars = chars[1..];
 		}
 	}
+	chars = chars.trim();
+	if (!chars.len) return MALFORMED_FLOAT?;
+
 	if (chars == "infinity" || chars == "INFINITY") return sign * $Type.inf;
 	if (chars == "NAN" || chars == "nan") return $Type.nan;
 

lib/std/core/types.c3

@@ -96,13 +96,18 @@ macro bool is_subtype_of($Type, $OtherType)
 }
 macro bool is_numerical($Type)
 {
-	var $kind = $Type.kindof;
-	$if $kind == TypeKind.DISTINCT:
-		return is_numerical($typefrom($Type.inner));
-	$else
-		return $kind == TypeKind.SIGNED_INT || $kind == TypeKind.UNSIGNED_INT || $kind == TypeKind.FLOAT
-			|| $kind == TypeKind.VECTOR;
-	$endif
+	$switch $Type.kindof:
+		$case DISTINCT:
+		$case CONST_ENUM:
+			return is_numerical($Type.inner);
+		$case SIGNED_INT:
+		$case UNSIGNED_INT:
+		$case FLOAT:
+		$case VECTOR:
+			return true;
+		$default:
+			return false;
+	$endswitch
 }
 
 fn bool TypeKind.is_int(kind) @inline
@@ -135,7 +140,7 @@ macro bool is_signed($Type) @const
 		$case FLOAT:
 			return true;
 		$case VECTOR:
-			return is_signed($typefrom($Type.inner));
+			return is_signed($Type.inner);
 		$default:
 			return false;
 	$endswitch
@@ -150,7 +155,7 @@ macro bool is_unsigned($Type) @const
 		$case UNSIGNED_INT:
 			return true;
 		$case VECTOR:
-			return is_unsigned($typefrom($Type.inner));
+			return is_unsigned($Type.inner);
 		$default:
 			return false;
 	$endswitch
@@ -158,8 +163,8 @@ macro bool is_unsigned($Type) @const
 
 macro typeid flat_type($Type) @const
 {
-	$if $Type.kindof == DISTINCT:
-		return flat_type($typefrom($Type.inner));
+	$if $Type.kindof == DISTINCT || $Type.kindof == CONST_ENUM:
+		return flat_type($Type.inner);
 	$else
 		return $Type.typeid;
 	$endif
@@ -167,8 +172,8 @@ macro typeid flat_type($Type) @const
 
 macro TypeKind flat_kind($Type) @const
 {
-	$if $Type.kindof == DISTINCT:
-		return flat_type($typefrom($Type.inner));
+	$if $Type.kindof == DISTINCT || $Type.kindof == CONST_ENUM:
+		return flat_type($Type.inner);
 	$else
 		return $Type.kindof;
 	$endif
@@ -184,6 +189,21 @@ macro bool is_ref_indexable($Type) @const
 	return $defined(&($Type){}[0]);
 }
 
+macro bool is_flat_intlike($Type) @const
+{
+	$switch $Type.kindof:
+		$case SIGNED_INT:
+		$case UNSIGNED_INT:
+			return true;
+		$case VECTOR:
+		$case DISTINCT:
+		$case CONST_ENUM:
+			return is_flat_intlike($Type.inner);
+		$default:
+			return false;
+	$endswitch
+}
+
 macro bool is_intlike($Type) @const
 {
 	$switch $Type.kindof:
@@ -204,7 +224,7 @@ macro bool is_underlying_int($Type) @const
 		$case UNSIGNED_INT:
 			return true;
 		$case DISTINCT:
-			return is_underlying_int($typefrom($Type.inner));
+			return is_underlying_int($Type.inner);
 		$default:
 			return false;
 	$endswitch
@@ -231,8 +251,8 @@ macro bool is_vector($Type) @const
 
 macro typeid inner_type($Type) @const
 {
-	$if $Type.kindof == TypeKind.DISTINCT:
-		return inner_type($typefrom($Type.inner));
+	$if $Type.kindof == DISTINCT || $Type.kindof == CONST_ENUM:
+		return inner_type($Type.inner);
 	$else
 		return $Type.typeid;
 	$endif
@@ -272,6 +292,7 @@ macro bool may_load_atomic($Type) @const
 	$case FLOAT:
 		return true;
 	$case DISTINCT:
+	$case ENUM:
 		return may_load_atomic($Type.inner);
 	$default:
 		return false;
@@ -286,6 +307,7 @@ macro lower_to_atomic_compatible_type($Type) @const
 		$case UNSIGNED_INT:
 	        return $Type.typeid;
 		$case DISTINCT:
+		$case CONST_ENUM:
 			return lower_to_atomic_compatible_type($Type.inner);
 		$case FLOAT:
 			$switch $Type:
@@ -317,6 +339,8 @@ macro bool is_same_vector_type($Type1, $Type2) @const
 	$endif
 }
 
+macro bool has_equals($Type) @const => $defined(($Type){} == ($Type){});
+
 macro bool is_equatable_type($Type) @const
 {
 	$if $defined($Type.less) || $defined($Type.compare_to) || $defined($Type.equals):
@@ -359,6 +383,7 @@ enum TypeKind : char
 	FAULT,
 	ANY,
 	ENUM,
+	CONST_ENUM,
 	STRUCT,
 	UNION,
 	BITSTRUCT,

lib/std/core/values.c3

@@ -1,22 +1,27 @@
 module std::core::values;
+import std::core::types;
+
 
-macro typeid @typeid(#value) @const @builtin => $typeof(#value).typeid;
-macro TypeKind @typekind(#value) @const @builtin => $typeof(#value).kindof;
-macro bool @typeis(#value, $Type) @const @builtin => $typeof(#value).typeid == $Type.typeid;
 <*
  Return true if two values have the same type before any conversions.
 *>
 macro bool @is_same_type(#value1, #value2) @const => $typeof(#value1).typeid == $typeof(#value2).typeid;
 macro bool @is_bool(#value) @const => types::is_bool($typeof(#value));
 macro bool @is_int(#value) @const => types::is_int($typeof(#value));
+macro bool @is_flat_intlike(#value) @const => types::is_flat_intlike($typeof(#value));
 macro bool @is_floatlike(#value) @const => types::is_floatlike($typeof(#value));
 macro bool @is_float(#value) @const => types::is_float($typeof(#value));
 macro bool @is_promotable_to_floatlike(#value) @const => types::is_promotable_to_floatlike($typeof(#value));
 macro bool @is_promotable_to_float(#value) @const => types::is_promotable_to_float($typeof(#value));
 macro bool @is_vector(#value) @const => types::is_vector($typeof(#value));
 macro bool @is_same_vector_type(#value1, #value2) @const => types::is_same_vector_type($typeof(#value1), $typeof(#value2));
-macro bool @assign_to(#value1, #value2) @const => $assignable(#value1, $typeof(#value2));
+macro bool @assign_to(#value1, #value2) @const => @assignable_to(#value1, $typeof(#value2));
 macro bool @is_lvalue(#value) => $defined(#value = #value);
+macro bool @is_const(#foo) @const @builtin
+{
+	var $v;
+	return $defined($v = #foo);
+}
 
 macro promote_int(x)
 {

lib/std/crypto/ed25519.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,736 @@
+/*
+ Ed25519 Digital Signature Algorithm
+*/
+
+module std::crypto::ed25519;
+import std::hash::sha512;
+
+alias Ed25519PrivateKey = char[32];
+alias Ed25519PublicKey = char[Ed25519PrivateKey.len];
+alias Ed25519Signature = char[2 * Ed25519PublicKey.len];
+
+<*
+ Generate a public key from a private key.
+
+ @param [in] private_key : "32 bytes of cryptographically secure random data"
+ @require private_key.len == Ed25519PrivateKey.len
+*>
+fn Ed25519PublicKey public_keygen(char[] private_key)
+{
+	return pack(&&unproject(&&(BASE * expand_private_key(private_key)[:FBaseInt.len])));
+}
+
+<*
+ Sign a message.
+
+ @param [in] message
+ @param [in] private_key
+ @param [in] public_key
+ @require private_key.len == Ed25519PrivateKey.len
+ @require public_key.len == Ed25519PublicKey.len
+*>
+fn Ed25519Signature sign(char[] message, char[] private_key, char[] public_key)
+{
+	Ed25519Signature r @noinit;
+
+	char[*] exp = expand_private_key(private_key);
+
+	Sha512 sha @noinit;
+	sha.init();
+
+	sha.update(exp[FBaseInt.len..]);
+	sha.update(message);
+
+	FBaseInt k = from_bytes(&&sha.final());
+
+	r[:F25519Int.len] = pack(&&unproject(&&(BASE * k[..])))[..];
+
+	sha.init();
+
+	sha.update(r[:F25519Int.len]);
+	sha.update(public_key);
+	sha.update(message);
+
+	FBaseInt z = from_bytes(&&sha.final());
+	FBaseInt e = from_bytes(exp[:FBaseInt.len]);
+
+	r[F25519Int.len..] = (z * e + k)[..];
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+<*
+ Verify the signature of a message.
+
+ @param [in] message
+ @param [in] signature
+ @param [in] public_key
+ @require signature.len == Ed25519Signature.len
+ @require public_key.len == Ed25519PublicKey.len
+*>
+fn bool verify(char[] message, char[] signature, char[] public_key)
+{
+	char ok = 1;
+
+	F25519Int lhs = pack(&&unproject(&&(BASE * signature[F25519Int.len..])));
+
+	Unpacking unp_p = unpack_on_curve((F25519Int*)public_key);
+	Projection p = project(&unp_p.point);
+	ok &= unp_p.on_curve;
+
+	Sha512 sha @noinit;
+	sha.init();
+
+	sha.update(signature[:F25519Int.len]);
+	sha.update(public_key);
+	sha.update(message);
+
+	FBaseInt z = from_bytes(&&sha.final());
+
+	p = p * z[..];
+
+	Unpacking unp_q = unpack_on_curve((F25519Int*)signature[:F25519Int.len]);
+	Projection q = project(&unp_q.point);
+	ok &= unp_q.on_curve;
+
+	p = p + q;
+
+	F25519Int rhs = pack(&&unproject(&p));
+
+	return (bool)(ok & eq(&lhs, &rhs));
+}
+
+// Base point for Ed25519. Generate a subgroup of order 2^252+0x14def9dea2f79cd65812631a5cf5d3ed
+const Projection BASE @private =
+{
+	x"1ad5258f602d56c9 b2a7259560c72c69 5cdcd6fd31e2a4c0 fe536ecdd3366921",
+	x"5866666666666666 6666666666666666 6666666666666666 6666666666666666",
+	x"a3ddb7a5b38ade6d f5525177809ff020 7de3ab648e4eea66 65768bd70f5f8767",
+	ONE
+};
+
+<*
+ Compute the pruned SHA-512 hash of a private key.
+
+ @param [in] private_key
+ @require private_key.len == Ed25519PrivateKey.len
+*>
+fn char[sha512::HASH_SIZE] expand_private_key(char[] private_key) @local
+{
+	char[*] r = sha512::hash(private_key);
+
+	r[0] &= 0b11111000;
+	r[FBaseInt.len - 1] &= 0b01111111;
+	r[FBaseInt.len - 1] |= 0b01000000;
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ Operations on the twisted Edwards curve -x^2+y^2=1-121665/121666*x^2*y^2 over the prime field F_(2^255-19) (edwards25519)
+ The set of F_(2^255-19)-rational curve points is a group of order 2^3*(2^252+0x14def9dea2f79cd65812631a5cf5d3ed)
+*/
+
+module std::crypto::ed25519 @private;
+
+// Affine coordinates.
+struct Point
+{
+	F25519Int x;
+	F25519Int y;
+}
+
+// Projective coordinates.
+struct Projection
+{
+	F25519Int x;
+	F25519Int y;
+	F25519Int t;
+	F25519Int z;
+}
+
+// Neutral.
+const Projection NEUTRAL =
+{
+	ZERO,
+	ONE,
+	ZERO,
+	ONE
+};
+
+<*
+ Convert affine to projective coordinates.
+
+ @param [&in] p
+*>
+fn Projection project(Point* p) => { p.x, p.y, p.x * p.y, ONE };
+
+<*
+ Convert projective to affine coordinates.
+
+ @param [&in] p
+*>
+fn Point unproject(Projection* p)
+{
+	Point r @noinit;
+
+	F25519Int inv = p.z.inv();
+	r.x = p.x * inv;
+	r.y = p.y * inv;
+
+	r.x.normalize();
+	r.y.normalize();
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+// d parameter for edwards25519 : -121665/121666
+const F25519Int D = x"a3785913ca4deb75 abd841414d0a7000 98e879777940c78c 73fe6f2bee6c0352";
+
+// 2*d
+const F25519Int DD = x"59f1b226949bd6eb 56b183829a14e000 30d1f3eef2808e19 e7fcdf56dcd90624";
+
+<*
+ Compress a point.
+
+ @param [&in] p
+*>
+fn F25519Int pack(Point* p)
+{
+	Point r = *p;
+
+	r.x.normalize();
+	r.y.normalize();
+
+	r.y[^1] |= (r.x[0] & 1) << 7;
+
+	return r.y;
+}
+
+struct Unpacking
+{
+	Point point;
+	char on_curve; // Non-zero if true.
+}
+
+<*
+ Uncompress a point. Check if it is on the curve.
+
+ @param [&in] encoding
+*>
+fn Unpacking unpack_on_curve(F25519Int* encoding)
+{
+	Point p @noinit;
+
+	char parity = (*encoding)[^1] >> 7;
+
+	p.y = *encoding;
+	p.y[^1] &= 0b01111111;
+
+	F25519Int y2 = p.y * p.y;
+	F25519Int x2 = (D * y2 + ONE).inv() * (y2 - ONE);
+
+	F25519Int x = x2.sqrt();
+
+	p.x = f25519_select(&x, &&-x, (x[0] ^ parity) & 1);
+
+	F25519Int _x2 = p.x * p.x;
+
+	x2.normalize();
+	_x2.normalize();
+
+	return {p, eq(&x2, &_x2)};
+}
+
+macro Projection Projection.@add(&s, Projection #p) @operator(+) => s.add(@addr(#p));
+<*
+ Addition.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+*>
+fn Projection Projection.add(&s, Projection* p) @operator(+)
+{
+	Projection r @noinit;
+
+	F25519Int a = (s.y - s.x) * (p.y - p.x);
+	F25519Int b = (s.y + s.x) * (p.y + p.x);
+	F25519Int c = s.t * DD * p.t;
+	F25519Int d = (s.z * p.z).mul_s(2);
+	F25519Int e = b - a;
+	F25519Int f = d - c;
+	F25519Int g = d + c;
+	F25519Int h = b + a;
+
+	r.x = e * f;
+	r.y = g * h;
+	r.t = e * h;
+	r.z = f * g;
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+<*
+ Double a point.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+*>
+fn Projection Projection.twice(&s)
+{
+	Projection r @noinit;
+
+	F25519Int a = s.x * s.x;
+	F25519Int b = s.y * s.y;
+	F25519Int c = (s.z * s.z).mul_s(2);
+	F25519Int d = s.x + s.y;
+	F25519Int e = d * d - a - b;
+	F25519Int g = b - a;
+	F25519Int f = g - c;
+	F25519Int h = -b - a;
+
+	r.x = e * f;
+	r.y = g * h;
+	r.t = e * h;
+	r.z = f * g;
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+<*
+ Variable base scalar multiplication.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+ @param [in] n
+*>
+fn Projection Projection.mul(&s, char[] n) @operator(*)
+{
+	Projection r = NEUTRAL;
+
+	for (isz i = n.len << 3 - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+	{
+		r = r.twice();
+
+		Projection t = r + s;
+
+		char bit = n[i >> 3] >> (i & 7) & 1;
+		r.x = f25519_select(&r.x, &t.x, bit);
+		r.y = f25519_select(&r.y, &t.y, bit);
+		r.z = f25519_select(&r.z, &t.z, bit);
+		r.t = f25519_select(&r.t, &t.t, bit);
+	}
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ Modular arithmetic over the prime field F_(2^255-19)
+*/
+
+module std::crypto::ed25519 @private;
+
+typedef F25519Int = inline char[32];
+
+const F25519Int ZERO = {};
+const F25519Int ONE = {[0] = 1};
+
+<*
+ Reduce an element with carry to at most 2^255+18 (32 bytes)
+
+ @param [&inout] s
+*>
+fn void F25519Int.reduce_carry(&s, uint carry)
+{
+	// Reduce using 2^255 = 19 mod p
+	(*s)[^1] &= 0b01111111;
+
+	carry *= 19;
+
+	foreach (i, &v : s)
+	{
+		carry += *v;
+		*v = (char)carry;
+		carry >>= 8;
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ Reduce an element to at most 2^255-19
+
+ @param [&inout] s
+*>
+fn void F25519Int.normalize(&s)
+{
+	s.reduce_carry((*s)[^1] >> 7);
+
+	// Substract p
+	F25519Int sub @noinit;
+	ushort c = 19;
+	foreach (i, v : (*s)[:^1])
+	{
+		c += v;
+		sub[i] = (char)c;
+		c >>= 8;
+	}
+	c += (*s)[^1] - 0b10000000;
+	sub[^1] = (char)c;
+
+	*s = f25519_select(&sub, s, (char)(c >> 15));
+}
+
+<*
+ Constant-time equality comparison. Return is non-zero if true.
+
+ @param [&in] a
+ @param [&in] b
+*>
+fn char eq(F25519Int* a, F25519Int* b)
+{
+	char e;
+	foreach (i, v : a) e |= v ^ (*b)[i];
+
+	e |= (e >> 4);
+	e |= (e >> 2);
+	e |= (e >> 1);
+
+	return e ^ 1;
+}
+
+<*
+ Constant-time conditonal selection. Result is undefined if condition is neither 0 nor 1.
+
+ @param [&in] zero : "selected if condition is 0"
+ @param [&in] one : "selected if condition is 1"
+*>
+fn F25519Int f25519_select(F25519Int* zero, F25519Int* one, char condition)
+{
+	F25519Int r @noinit;
+
+	foreach (i, z : zero) r[i] = z ^ (-condition & ((*one)[i] ^ z));
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+macro F25519Int F25519Int.@add(&s, F25519Int #n) @operator(+) => s.add(@addr(#n));
+
+<*
+ Addition.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+ @param [&in] n
+*>
+fn F25519Int F25519Int.add(&s, F25519Int* n) @operator(+)
+{
+	F25519Int r @noinit;
+
+	ushort c;
+	foreach (i, v : s)
+	{
+		c >>= 8;
+		c += v + (*n)[i];
+		r[i] = (char)c;
+	}
+
+	r.reduce_carry(c >> 7);
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+macro F25519Int F25519Int.@sub(&s, F25519Int #n) @operator(-) => s.sub(@addr(#n));
+
+<*
+ Substraction.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+ @param [&in] n
+*>
+fn F25519Int F25519Int.sub(&s, F25519Int* n) @operator(-)
+{
+	// Compute s+2*p-n instead of s-n to avoid underflow.
+	F25519Int r @noinit;
+
+	uint c = (char)~(2 * 19 - 1);
+	foreach (i, v : (*s)[:^1])
+	{
+		c += 0b11111111_00000000 + v - (*n)[i];
+		r[i] = (char)c;
+		c >>= 8;
+	}
+	c += (*s)[^1] - (*n)[^1];
+	r[^1] = (char)c;
+
+	r.reduce_carry(c >> 7);
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+<*
+ Negation.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+*>
+fn F25519Int F25519Int.neg(&s) @operator(-)
+{
+	// Compute 2*p-s instead of -s to avoid underflow.
+	F25519Int r @noinit;
+
+	uint c = (char)~(2 * 19 - 1);
+	foreach (i, v : (*s)[:^1])
+	{
+		c += 0b11111111_00000000 - v;
+		r[i] = (char)c;
+		c >>= 8;
+	}
+	c -= (*s)[^1];
+	r[^1] = (char)c;
+
+	r.reduce_carry(c >> 7);
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+macro F25519Int F25519Int.@mul(&s, F25519Int #n) @operator(*) => s.mul(@addr(#n));
+
+<*
+ Multiplication.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+ @param [&in] n
+*>
+fn F25519Int F25519Int.mul(&s, F25519Int* n) @operator(*)
+{
+	F25519Int r @noinit;
+
+	uint c;
+	for (usz i = 0; i < F25519Int.len; i++)
+	{
+		c >>= 8;
+		for (usz j; j <= i; j++) c += (*s)[j] * (*n)[i - j];
+		// Reduce using 2^256 = 2*19 mod p
+		for (usz j = i + 1; j < F25519Int.len; j++) c += (*s)[j] * (*n)[^j - i] * 2 * 19;
+		r[i] = (char)c;
+	}
+
+	r.reduce_carry(c >> 7);
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+<*
+ Multiplication by a small element.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+*>
+fn F25519Int F25519Int.mul_s(&s, uint n)
+{
+	F25519Int r @noinit;
+
+	uint c;
+	foreach (i, v : s)
+	{
+		c >>= 8;
+		c += v * n;
+		r[i] = (char)c;
+	}
+
+	r.reduce_carry(c >> 7);
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+<*
+ Inverse an element.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+*>
+fn F25519Int F25519Int.inv(&s)
+{
+	//Compute s^(p-2)
+	F25519Int r = *s;
+
+	for (usz i; i < 255 - 1 - 5; i++) r = r * r * s;
+
+	r *= r;
+	r = r * r * s;
+	r *= r;
+	r = r * r * s;
+	r = r * r * s;
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+<*
+ Raise an element to the power of 2^252-3
+
+ @param [&in] s
+*>
+fn F25519Int F25519Int.pow_2523(&s) @local
+{
+	F25519Int r = *s;
+
+	for (usz i; i < 252 - 1 - 2; i++) r = r * r * s;
+
+	r *= r;
+	r = r * r * s;
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+<*
+ Compute the square root of an element.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+*>
+fn F25519Int F25519Int.sqrt(&s)
+{
+	F25519Int twice = s.mul_s(2);
+	F25519Int pow = twice.pow_2523();
+
+	return (twice * pow * pow - ONE) * s * pow;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ Modular arithmetic over the prime field F_(2^252+0x14def9dea2f79cd65812631a5cf5d3ed)
+*/
+
+module std::crypto::ed25519 @private;
+import std::math;
+
+typedef FBaseInt = inline char[32];
+
+// Order of the field : 2^252+0x14def9dea2f79cd65812631a5cf5d3ed
+const FBaseInt ORDER = x"edd3f55c1a631258 d69cf7a2def9de14 0000000000000000 0000000000000010";
+
+<*
+ Interpret bytes as a normalized element.
+
+ @param [in] bytes
+*>
+fn FBaseInt from_bytes(char[] bytes)
+{
+	FBaseInt r;
+
+	usz bitc = min(252 - 1, bytes.len << 3);
+	usz bytec = bitc >> 3;
+	usz mod = bitc & 7;
+	usz rem = bytes.len << 3 - bitc;
+
+	r[:bytec] = bytes[^bytec..];
+
+	if (mod)
+	{
+		r <<= mod;
+		r[0] |= bytes[^bytec + 1] >> (8 - mod);
+	}
+
+	for (isz i = rem - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+	{
+		r <<= 1;
+		r[0] |= bytes[i >> 3] >> (i & 7) & 1;
+		r = r.sub_l(&ORDER);
+	}
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+<*
+ Constant-time conditonal selection. Result is undefined if condition is neither 0 nor 1.
+
+ @param [&in] zero : "selected if condition is 0"
+ @param [&in] one : "selected if condition is 1"
+*>
+fn FBaseInt fbase_select(FBaseInt* zero, FBaseInt* one, char condition)
+{
+	FBaseInt r @noinit;
+
+	foreach (i, z : zero) r[i] = z ^ (-condition & ((*one)[i] ^ z));
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+macro FBaseInt FBaseInt.@add(&s, FBaseInt #n) @operator(+) => s.add(@addr(#n));
+
+<*
+ Addition.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+ @param [&in] n
+*>
+fn FBaseInt FBaseInt.add(&s, FBaseInt* n) @operator(+)
+{
+	FBaseInt r @noinit;
+
+	ushort c;
+	foreach (i, v : s)
+	{
+		c += v + (*n)[i];
+		r[i] = (char)c;
+		c >>= 8;
+	}
+
+	return r.sub_l(&ORDER);
+}
+
+<*
+ Substraction if RHS is less than LHS else identity.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+ @param [&in] n
+*>
+fn FBaseInt FBaseInt.sub_l(&s, FBaseInt* n)
+{
+	FBaseInt sub @noinit;
+	ushort c;
+	foreach (i, v : s)
+	{
+		c = v - (*n)[i] - c;
+		sub[i] = (char)c;
+		c = (c >> 8) & 1;
+	}
+
+	return fbase_select(&sub, s, (char)c);
+}
+
+<*
+ Left shift.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+*>
+fn FBaseInt FBaseInt.shl(&s, usz n) @operator(<<)
+{
+	FBaseInt r @noinit;
+
+	ushort c;
+	foreach (i, v : s)
+	{
+		c |= v << n;
+		r[i] = (char)c;
+		c >>= 8;
+	}
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+macro FBaseInt FBaseInt.@mul(&s, FBaseInt #n) @operator(*) => s.mul(@addr(#n));
+<*
+ Multiplication.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+ @param [&in] n
+*>
+fn FBaseInt FBaseInt.mul(&s, FBaseInt* n) @operator(*)
+{
+	FBaseInt r;
+
+	for (isz i = 252; i >= 0; i--)
+	{
+		r = (r << 1).sub_l(&ORDER);
+		r = fbase_select(&r, &&(r + s), (*n)[i >> 3] >> (i & 7) & 1);
+	}
+
+	return r;
+}

lib/std/encoding/json.c3

@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@
 // a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
 module std::encoding::json;
 import std::io;
-import std::ascii;
 import std::collections::object;
 
-faultdef UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER, INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE, DUPLICATE_MEMBERS, INVALID_NUMBER;
+faultdef UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER, INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE, INVALID_NUMBER, MAX_DEPTH_REACHED;
+
+int max_depth = 128;
 
 fn Object*? parse_string(Allocator allocator, String s)
 {
@@ -25,7 +26,15 @@ fn Object*? parse(Allocator allocator, InStream s)
 		JsonContext context = { .last_string = dstring::new_with_capacity(smem, 64), .stream = s, .allocator = allocator };
 		@pool()
 		{
-			return parse_any(&context);
+			Object* o = parse_any(&context)!;
+			defer catch o.free();
+			while (char c = read_next(&context)!, c != 0)
+			{
+				if (c.is_space()) continue;
+				return UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER?;
+			}
+			if (!@catch(context.stream.read_byte())) return UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER?;
+			return o;
 		};
 	};
 }
@@ -63,11 +72,14 @@ struct JsonContext @local
 	DString last_string;
 	double last_number;
 	char current;
-	bitstruct : char {
+	int depth;
+	bitstruct : char
+	{
 		bool skip_comments;
 		bool reached_end;
 		bool pushed_back;
 	}
+
 }
 
 
@@ -106,10 +118,16 @@ fn JsonTokenType? lex_number(JsonContext *context, char c) @local
 			t.append(c);
 			c = read_next(context)!;
 		}
+		bool leading_zero = c == '0';
 		while (c.is_digit())
 		{
 			t.append(c);
 			c = read_next(context)!;
+			if (leading_zero)
+			{
+				if (c.is_digit()) return INVALID_NUMBER?;
+				leading_zero = false;
+			}
 		}
 		if (c == '.')
 		{
@@ -149,6 +167,8 @@ fn Object*? parse_map(JsonContext* context) @local
 	Object* map = object::new_obj(context.allocator);
 	defer catch map.free();
 	JsonTokenType token = advance(context)!;
+	defer context.depth--;
+	if (++context.depth >= max_depth) return json::MAX_DEPTH_REACHED?;
 
 	@stack_mem(256; Allocator mem)
 	{
@@ -157,7 +177,6 @@ fn Object*? parse_map(JsonContext* context) @local
 		{
 			if (token != JsonTokenType.STRING) return UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER?;
 			DString string = context.last_string;
-			if (map.has_key(string.str_view())) return DUPLICATE_MEMBERS?;
 			// Copy the key to our temp holder, since our
 			// last_string may be used in parse_any
 			temp_key.clear();
@@ -181,6 +200,8 @@ fn Object*? parse_array(JsonContext* context) @local
 {
 	Object* list = object::new_obj(context.allocator);
 	defer catch list.free();
+	defer context.depth--;
+	if (++context.depth >= max_depth) return json::MAX_DEPTH_REACHED?;
 	JsonTokenType token = advance(context)!;
 	while (token != JsonTokenType.RBRACKET)
 	{
@@ -249,7 +270,7 @@ fn JsonTokenType? advance(JsonContext* context) @local
 			case '\v':
 				continue;
 			case '/':
-				if (!context.skip_comments) break;
+				if (!context.skip_comments) break WS;
 				c = read_next(context)!;
 				if (c != '*')
 				{

lib/std/hash/a5hash.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2025 Zack Puhl <github@xmit.xyz>. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+//
+// An implementation of Aleksey Vaneev's a5hash, version 5.16, in C3:
+//   https://github.com/avaneev/komihash
+//
+// The license for komihash from the above repository at the time of writing is as follows:
+//
+// >> MIT License
+// >>
+// >> Copyright (c) 2025 Aleksey Vaneev
+// >>
+// >> Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+// >> of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+// >> in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+// >> to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+// >> copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+// >> furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+// >>
+// >> The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+// >> copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+// >>
+// >> THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+// >> IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+// >> FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+// >> AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+// >> LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+// >> OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+// >> SOFTWARE.
+//
+//
+module std::hash::a5hash;
+
+
+macro @a5mul(#u, #v, #lo, #hi) @local
+{
+	uint128 imd = (uint128)#u * (uint128)#v;
+	#lo = (ulong)imd;
+	#hi = (ulong)(imd >> 64);
+}
+
+
+fn ulong hash(char[] data, ulong seed = 0)
+{
+	ulong seed1 = 0x243F_6A88_85A3_08D3 ^ data.len;
+	ulong seed2 = 0x4528_21E6_38D0_1377 ^ data.len;
+	ulong val10 = 0xAAAA_AAAA_AAAA_AAAA;
+	ulong val01 = 0x5555_5555_5555_5555;
+	ulong a, b;
+
+	@a5mul(seed2 ^ (seed & val10), seed1 ^ (seed & val01), seed1, seed2);
+
+	val10 ^= seed2;
+
+	if (@likely(data.len > 3))
+	{
+		if (data.len > 16)
+		{
+			val01 ^= seed1;
+
+			for (; data.len > 16; data = data[16..])
+			{
+				@a5mul(
+					@unaligned_load(((ulong*)data.ptr)[0], 1) ^ seed1,
+					@unaligned_load(((ulong*)data.ptr)[1], 1) ^ seed2,
+					seed1, seed2
+				);
+
+				seed1 += val01;
+				seed2 += val10;
+			}
+
+			a = @unaligned_load(*(ulong*)(data.ptr + (uptr)data.len - 16), 1);
+			b = @unaligned_load(*(ulong*)(data.ptr + (uptr)data.len - 8), 1);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			a = ((ulong)@unaligned_load(*(uint*)&data[0], 1) << 32)
+				| @unaligned_load(*(uint*)&data[^4], 1);
+
+			b = ((ulong)@unaligned_load(*(uint*)&data[(data.len >> 3) * 4], 1) << 32)
+				| @unaligned_load(*(uint*)(data.ptr + data.len - 4 - (data.len >> 3) * 4), 1);
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		a = data.len ? (data[0] | (data.len > 1 ? ((ulong)data[1] << 8) : 0) | (data.len > 2 ? ((ulong)data[2] << 16) : 0)) : 0;
+		b = 0;
+	}
+
+	@a5mul(a ^ seed1, b ^ seed2, seed1, seed2);
+	@a5mul(val01 ^ seed1, seed2, a, b);
+
+	return a ^ b;
+}

lib/std/hash/komi.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2025 Zack Puhl <github@xmit.xyz>. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+//
+// An implementation of Aleksey Vaneev's komihash, version 5.27, in C3:
+//   https://github.com/avaneev/komihash
+//
+// The license for komihash from the above repository at the time of writing is as follows:
+//
+// >> MIT License
+// >>
+// >> Copyright (c) 2021-2025 Aleksey Vaneev
+// >>
+// >> Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+// >> of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+// >> in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+// >> to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+// >> copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+// >> furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+// >>
+// >> The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+// >> copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+// >>
+// >> THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+// >> IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+// >> FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+// >> AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+// >> LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+// >> OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+// >> SOFTWARE.
+//
+//
+module std::hash::komi;
+
+
+macro @komimul(#u, #v, #lo, #hi) @local
+{
+	uint128 imd = (uint128)#u * (uint128)#v;
+	#lo = (ulong)imd;
+	#hi += (ulong)(imd >> 64);
+}
+
+
+fn ulong hash(char[] data, ulong seed = 0)
+{
+	ulong seed1 = 0x243F_6A88_85A3_08D3 ^ (seed & 0x5555_5555_5555_5555);
+	ulong seed5 = 0x4528_21E6_38D0_1377 ^ (seed & 0xAAAA_AAAA_AAAA_AAAA);
+	ulong r1h, r2h;
+
+	// HASHROUND
+	@komimul(seed1, seed5, seed1, seed5);
+	seed1 ^= seed5;
+
+	if (@likely(data.len < 16))
+	{
+		r1h = seed1;
+		r2h = seed5;
+
+		if (@likely(data.len >= 8))
+		{
+			r1h ^= @unaligned_load(*(ulong*)data.ptr, 1);
+
+			r2h ^= (data.len < 12)
+				? ((data[data.len - 3] | ((ulong)data[data.len - 2] << 8) | ((ulong)data[data.len - 1] << 16) | ((ulong)1 << 24)) >> ((data.len * 8) ^ 88))
+				: (((@unaligned_load(*(uint*)&data[^4], 1) | ((ulong)1 << 32)) >> (128 - data.len * 8)) << 32 | @unaligned_load(*(uint*)&data[8], 1));
+		}
+		else if (data.len != 0)
+		{
+			r1h ^= (data.len < 4)
+				? (((ulong)1 << (data.len * 8)) ^ data[0] ^ (data.len > 1 ? (ulong)data[1] << 8 : 0) ^ (data.len > 2 ? (ulong)data[2] << 16 : 0))
+				: (((@unaligned_load(*(uint*)&data[^4], 1) | ((ulong)1 << 32)) >> (64 - data.len * 8)) << 32 | @unaligned_load(*(uint*)&data[0], 1));
+		}
+	}
+	else if (data.len < 32)
+	{
+		// HASH16
+		@komimul(
+			@unaligned_load(*(ulong*)&data[0], 1) ^ seed1,
+			@unaligned_load(*(ulong*)&data[8], 1) ^ seed5,
+			seed1, seed5
+		);
+		seed1 ^= seed5;
+
+		if (data.len < 24)
+		{
+			r1h = (((@unaligned_load(*(ulong*)&data[^8], 1) >> 8) | ((ulong)1 << 56)) >> (((int)(data.len * 8) ^ 184))) ^ seed1;
+			r2h = seed5;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			r1h = @unaligned_load(*(ulong*)&data[16], 1) ^ seed1;
+			r2h = (((@unaligned_load(*(ulong*)&data[^8], 1) >> 8) | ((ulong)1 << 56)) >> (((int)(data.len * 8) ^ 248))) ^ seed5;
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		if (data.len >= 64)
+		{
+			ulong[8] seeds = {
+				seed1, 0x1319_8A2E_0370_7344 ^ seed1, 0xA409_3822_299F_31D0 ^ seed1, 0x082E_FA98_EC4E_6C89 ^ seed1,
+				seed5, 0xBE54_66CF_34E9_0C6C ^ seed5, 0xC0AC_29B7_C97C_50DD ^ seed5, 0x3F84_D5B5_B547_0917 ^ seed5,
+			};
+
+			// HASHLOOP64
+			for (; data.len >= 64; data = data[64:^64])
+			{
+				$for var $x = 0; $x < 4; ++$x :
+					@komimul(
+						@unaligned_load(*(ulong*)&data[0 + ($x * 8)], 1) ^ seeds[$x],
+						@unaligned_load(*(ulong*)&data[32 + ($x * 8)], 1) ^ seeds[4 + $x],
+						seeds[$x], seeds[4 + $x]
+					);
+				$endfor
+
+				seeds[3] ^= seeds[6];
+				seeds[0] ^= seeds[7];
+				seeds[2] ^= seeds[5];
+				seeds[1] ^= seeds[4];
+			}
+
+			seed1 = seeds[0] ^ seeds[1] ^ seeds[2] ^ seeds[3];
+			seed5 = seeds[4] ^ seeds[5] ^ seeds[6] ^ seeds[7];
+		}
+
+		for (; data.len >= 16; data = data[16:^16])
+		{
+			@komimul(
+				@unaligned_load(*(ulong*)&data[0], 1) ^ seed1,
+				@unaligned_load(*(ulong*)&data[8], 1) ^ seed5,
+				seed1, seed5
+			);
+			seed1 ^= seed5;
+		}
+
+		if (data.len < 8)
+		{
+			// NOTE: This is translated from the original code. It grabs the last ulong off the buffer even though the
+			//        data slice is less than 8 bytes. This is possible because this branch only occurs in a loop where
+			//        the original data slice length is >= 32.
+			r1h = (((@unaligned_load(*(ulong*)(data.ptr + data.len - 8), 1) >> 8) | ((ulong)1 << 56)) >> ((data.len * 8) ^ 0x38)) ^ seed1;
+			r2h = seed5;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			r1h = @unaligned_load(*(ulong*)data.ptr, 1) ^ seed1;
+			r2h = (((@unaligned_load(*(ulong*)&data[^8], 1) >> 8) | ((ulong)1 << 56)) >> ((data.len * 8) ^ 0x78)) ^ seed5;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// HASHFIN
+	@komimul(r1h, r2h, seed1, seed5);
+	seed1 ^= seed5;
+	@komimul(seed1, seed5, seed1, seed5);
+	seed1 ^= seed5;
+	return seed1;
+}

lib/std/hash/metro128.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2025 Zack Puhl <github@xmit.xyz>. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+//
+// MetroHash64 and MetroHash128 are different enough to warrant their own
+//   modules, and there would be no reason to create a generic module just
+//   for the two. If you inspect the differences, the only shared portion
+//   of the entire process is the `update` method.
+//
+module std::hash::metro128;
+
+
+const ulong[4] K @local = {
+	0xc83a91e1,
+	0x8648dbdb,
+	0x7bdec03b,
+	0x2f5870a5,
+};
+
+
+struct MetroHash128
+{
+	union
+	{
+		ulong[4] state;
+		uint128 result;
+	}
+	union
+	{
+		ulong[4] stomach_64;
+		char[32] stomach;
+	}
+	ulong bytes;
+}
+
+
+fn uint128 hash(char[] data, ulong seed = 0)
+{
+	MetroHash128 m;
+	m.init(seed);
+	m.update(data);
+	return m.final();
+}
+
+
+fn void MetroHash128.init(&self, ulong seed = 0)
+{
+	self.state = {
+		(seed - K[0]) * K[3],
+		(seed + K[1]) * K[2],
+		(seed + K[0]) * K[2],
+		(seed - K[1]) * K[3],
+	};
+}
+
+
+fn void MetroHash128.update(&self, char[] data)
+{
+	if (self.bytes % 32)   // partial buffer
+	{
+		ulong to_fill = min(data.len, (32 - (self.bytes % 32)));
+
+		self.stomach[(self.bytes % 32):to_fill] = data[:to_fill];
+
+		data = data[to_fill..];
+		self.bytes += to_fill;
+
+		if (self.bytes % 32) return;   // still awaiting more input, or final
+
+		self.state[0] += self.stomach_64[0] * K[0]; self.state[0] = self.state[0].rotr(29) + self.state[2];
+		self.state[1] += self.stomach_64[1] * K[1]; self.state[1] = self.state[1].rotr(29) + self.state[3];
+		self.state[2] += self.stomach_64[2] * K[2]; self.state[2] = self.state[2].rotr(29) + self.state[0];
+		self.state[3] += self.stomach_64[3] * K[3]; self.state[3] = self.state[3].rotr(29) + self.state[1];
+	}
+
+	self.bytes += data.len;
+
+	for (; data.len >= 32; data = data[32:^32])
+	{
+		self.state[0] += @unaligned_load(((ulong*)data.ptr)[0], 1) * K[0]; self.state[0] = self.state[0].rotr(29) + self.state[2];
+		self.state[1] += @unaligned_load(((ulong*)data.ptr)[1], 1) * K[1]; self.state[1] = self.state[1].rotr(29) + self.state[3];
+		self.state[2] += @unaligned_load(((ulong*)data.ptr)[2], 1) * K[2]; self.state[2] = self.state[2].rotr(29) + self.state[0];
+		self.state[3] += @unaligned_load(((ulong*)data.ptr)[3], 1) * K[3]; self.state[3] = self.state[3].rotr(29) + self.state[1];
+	}
+
+	// Gobble up the leftover bytes. Nom nom.
+	if (data.len > 0) self.stomach[:data.len] = data[..];
+}
+
+
+fn uint128 MetroHash128.final(&self)
+{
+	if (self.bytes >= 32)
+	{
+		self.state[2] ^= (((self.state[0] + self.state[3]) * K[0]) + self.state[1]).rotr(21) * K[1];
+		self.state[3] ^= (((self.state[1] + self.state[2]) * K[1]) + self.state[0]).rotr(21) * K[0];
+		self.state[0] ^= (((self.state[0] + self.state[2]) * K[0]) + self.state[3]).rotr(21) * K[1];
+		self.state[1] ^= (((self.state[1] + self.state[3]) * K[1]) + self.state[2]).rotr(21) * K[0];
+	}
+
+	char[] final_data = self.stomach[:(self.bytes % 32)];
+
+	if (final_data.len >= 16)
+	{
+		self.state[0] += ((ulong*)final_data.ptr)[0] * K[2]; self.state[0] = self.state[0].rotr(33) * K[3];
+		self.state[1] += ((ulong*)final_data.ptr)[1] * K[2]; self.state[1] = self.state[1].rotr(33) * K[3];
+		self.state[0] ^= ((self.state[0] * K[2]) + self.state[1]).rotr(45) * K[1];
+		self.state[1] ^= ((self.state[1] * K[3]) + self.state[0]).rotr(45) * K[0];
+
+		final_data = final_data[16:^16];
+	}
+
+	if (final_data.len >= 8)
+	{
+		self.state[0] += @unaligned_load(((ulong*)final_data.ptr)[0], 1) * K[2]; self.state[0] = self.state[0].rotr(33) * K[3];
+		self.state[0] ^= ((self.state[0] * K[2]) + self.state[1]).rotr(27) * K[1];
+
+		final_data = final_data[8:^8];
+	}
+
+	if (final_data.len >= 4)
+	{
+		self.state[1] += @unaligned_load(((uint*)final_data.ptr)[0], 1) * K[2]; self.state[1] = self.state[1].rotr(33) * K[3];
+		self.state[1] ^= ((self.state[1] * K[3]) + self.state[0]).rotr(46) * K[0];
+
+		final_data = final_data[4:^4];
+	}
+
+	if (final_data.len >= 2)
+	{
+		self.state[0] += @unaligned_load(((ushort*)final_data.ptr)[0], 1) * K[2]; self.state[0] = self.state[0].rotr(33) * K[3];
+		self.state[0] ^= ((self.state[0] * K[2]) + self.state[1]).rotr(22) * K[1];
+
+		final_data = final_data[2:^2];
+	}
+
+	if (final_data.len >= 1)
+	{
+		self.state[1] += ((char*)final_data.ptr)[0] * K[2]; self.state[1] = self.state[1].rotr(33) * K[3];
+		self.state[1] ^= ((self.state[1] * K[3]) + self.state[0]).rotr(58) * K[0];
+	}
+
+	self.state[0] += ((self.state[0] * K[0]) + self.state[1]).rotr(13);
+	self.state[1] += ((self.state[1] * K[1]) + self.state[0]).rotr(37);
+	self.state[0] += ((self.state[0] * K[2]) + self.state[1]).rotr(13);
+	self.state[1] += ((self.state[1] * K[3]) + self.state[0]).rotr(37);
+
+	return self.result;
+}

lib/std/hash/metro64.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2025 Zack Puhl <github@xmit.xyz>. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+//
+// MetroHash64 and MetroHash128 are different enough to warrant their own
+//   modules, and there would be no reason to create a generic module just
+//   for the two. If you inspect the differences, the only shared portion
+//   of the entire process is the `update` method.
+//
+module std::hash::metro64;
+
+
+const ulong[4] K @local = {
+	0xd6d018f5,
+	0xa2aa033b,
+	0x62992fc1,
+	0x30bc5b29,
+};
+
+
+struct MetroHash64
+{
+	union
+	{
+		ulong[4] state;
+		ulong result;
+	}
+	union
+	{
+		ulong[4] stomach_64;
+		char[32] stomach;
+	}
+	ulong bytes;
+	ulong vseed;
+}
+
+
+fn ulong hash(char[] data, ulong seed = 0)
+{
+	MetroHash64 m;
+	m.init(seed);
+	m.update(data);
+	return m.final();
+}
+
+
+fn void MetroHash64.init(&self, ulong seed = 0)
+{
+	self.vseed = (seed + K[2]) * K[0];
+
+	self.state[0] = self.vseed;
+	self.state[1] = self.vseed;
+	self.state[2] = self.vseed;
+	self.state[3] = self.vseed;
+}
+
+
+fn void MetroHash64.update(&self, char[] data)
+{
+	if (self.bytes % 32)   // partial buffer
+	{
+		ulong to_fill = min(data.len, (32 - (self.bytes % 32)));
+
+		self.stomach[(self.bytes % 32):to_fill] = data[:to_fill];
+
+		data = data[to_fill..];
+		self.bytes += to_fill;
+
+		if (self.bytes % 32) return;   // still awaiting more input, or final
+
+		self.state[0] += self.stomach_64[0] * K[0]; self.state[0] = self.state[0].rotr(29) + self.state[2];
+		self.state[1] += self.stomach_64[1] * K[1]; self.state[1] = self.state[1].rotr(29) + self.state[3];
+		self.state[2] += self.stomach_64[2] * K[2]; self.state[2] = self.state[2].rotr(29) + self.state[0];
+		self.state[3] += self.stomach_64[3] * K[3]; self.state[3] = self.state[3].rotr(29) + self.state[1];
+	}
+
+	self.bytes += data.len;
+
+	for (; data.len >= 32; data = data[32:^32])
+	{
+		self.state[0] += @unaligned_load(((ulong*)data.ptr)[0], 1) * K[0]; self.state[0] = self.state[0].rotr(29) + self.state[2];
+		self.state[1] += @unaligned_load(((ulong*)data.ptr)[1], 1) * K[1]; self.state[1] = self.state[1].rotr(29) + self.state[3];
+		self.state[2] += @unaligned_load(((ulong*)data.ptr)[2], 1) * K[2]; self.state[2] = self.state[2].rotr(29) + self.state[0];
+		self.state[3] += @unaligned_load(((ulong*)data.ptr)[3], 1) * K[3]; self.state[3] = self.state[3].rotr(29) + self.state[1];
+	}
+
+	// Gobble up the leftover bytes. Nom nom.
+	if (data.len > 0) self.stomach[:data.len] = data[..];
+}
+
+
+fn ulong MetroHash64.final(&self)
+{
+	if (self.bytes >= 32)
+	{
+		self.state[2] ^= (((self.state[0] + self.state[3]) * K[0]) + self.state[1]).rotr(37) * K[1];
+		self.state[3] ^= (((self.state[1] + self.state[2]) * K[1]) + self.state[0]).rotr(37) * K[0];
+		self.state[0] ^= (((self.state[0] + self.state[2]) * K[0]) + self.state[3]).rotr(37) * K[1];
+		self.state[1] ^= (((self.state[1] + self.state[3]) * K[1]) + self.state[2]).rotr(37) * K[0];
+
+		self.state[0] = self.vseed + (self.state[0] ^ self.state[1]);
+	}
+
+	char[] final_data = self.stomach[:(self.bytes % 32)];
+
+	if (final_data.len >= 16)
+	{
+		self.state[1] = self.state[0] + @unaligned_load(((ulong*)final_data.ptr)[0], 1) * K[2]; self.state[1] = self.state[1].rotr(29) * K[3];
+		self.state[2] = self.state[0] + @unaligned_load(((ulong*)final_data.ptr)[1], 1) * K[2]; self.state[2] = self.state[2].rotr(29) * K[3];
+		self.state[1] ^= (self.state[1] * K[0]).rotr(21) + self.state[2];
+		self.state[2] ^= (self.state[2] * K[3]).rotr(21) + self.state[1];
+		self.state[0] += self.state[2];
+
+		final_data = final_data[16:^16];
+	}
+
+	if (final_data.len >= 8)
+	{
+		self.state[0] += @unaligned_load(((ulong*)final_data.ptr)[0], 1) * K[3];
+		self.state[0] ^= self.state[0].rotr(55) * K[1];
+
+		final_data = final_data[8:^8];
+	}
+
+	if (final_data.len >= 4)
+	{
+		self.state[0] += @unaligned_load(((uint*)final_data.ptr)[0], 1) * K[3];
+		self.state[0] ^= self.state[0].rotr(26) * K[1];
+
+		final_data = final_data[4:^4];
+	}
+
+	if (final_data.len >= 2)
+	{
+		self.state[0] += @unaligned_load(((ushort*)final_data.ptr)[0], 1) * K[3];
+		self.state[0] ^= self.state[0].rotr(48) * K[1];
+
+		final_data = final_data[2:^2];
+	}
+
+	if (final_data.len >= 1)
+	{
+		self.state[0] += ((char*)final_data.ptr)[0] * K[3];
+		self.state[0] ^= self.state[0].rotr(37) * K[1];
+	}
+
+	self.state[0] ^= self.state[0].rotr(28);
+	self.state[0] *= K[0];
+	self.state[0] ^= self.state[0].rotr(29);
+
+	return self.result;
+}

lib/std/hash/sha256.c3

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ fn void Sha256.update(&self, char[] data) {
     uint i = 0;
     uint len = data.len;
     uint buffer_pos = (uint)(self.bitcount / 8) % BLOCK_SIZE;
-    self.bitcount += (ulong)(len * 8);
+    self.bitcount += ((ulong)len * 8);
 
     while (len--) {
         self.buffer[buffer_pos++] = data[i++];
@@ -173,4 +173,5 @@ fn void sha256_transform(uint* state, char* buffer) @local {
     state[7] += h;
     a = b = c = d = e = f = g = h = t1 = t2 = i = 0;
     m[:64] = buffer[:64] = 0;
-}
+}
+

lib/std/hash/sha512.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+/**
+ * SHA-512 implementation for the C3 stdlib.
+ *
+ * The core components are based almost exclusively on the musl libc sha512 implementation:
+ *    https://git.musl-libc.org/cgit/musl/commit/src/misc/crypt_sha512.c?id=88bf5a8a8d7d796f63cca8589f4de67aa8345f1a
+ *
+ * SHA-384, 512/224, and 512/256 are very simple addenda to this module.
+ *
+ */
+module std::hash::sha512;
+
+import std::hash::hmac;
+
+
+const BLOCK_SIZE = 128;
+const HASH_SIZE = 64;
+
+struct Sha512
+{
+    ulong               length;
+    ulong[8]            hash_state;
+    char[BLOCK_SIZE]    buffer;
+}
+
+alias HmacSha512    = Hmac{Sha512, HASH_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE};
+alias hmac          = hmac::hash{Sha512, HASH_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE};
+alias pbkdf2        = hmac::pbkdf2{Sha512, HASH_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE};
+
+macro ulong ror(ulong n, int k) @local => ((n >> k) | (n << (64 - k)));
+
+macro ulong ch(ulong x, ulong y, ulong z) @local => (z ^ (x & (y ^ z)));
+macro ulong maj(ulong x, ulong y, ulong z) @local => ((x & y) | (z & (x | y)));
+macro ulong s0(ulong x) @local => (ror(x, 28) ^ ror(x, 34) ^ ror(x, 39));
+macro ulong s1(ulong x) @local => (ror(x, 14) ^ ror(x, 18) ^ ror(x, 41));
+macro ulong r0(ulong x) @local => (ror(x, 1) ^ ror(x, 8) ^ (x >> 7));
+macro ulong r1(ulong x) @local => (ror(x, 19) ^ ror(x, 61) ^ (x >> 6));
+
+const ulong[80] K @local = {
+    0x428a2f98d728ae22, 0x7137449123ef65cd, 0xb5c0fbcfec4d3b2f, 0xe9b5dba58189dbbc,
+    0x3956c25bf348b538, 0x59f111f1b605d019, 0x923f82a4af194f9b, 0xab1c5ed5da6d8118,
+    0xd807aa98a3030242, 0x12835b0145706fbe, 0x243185be4ee4b28c, 0x550c7dc3d5ffb4e2,
+    0x72be5d74f27b896f, 0x80deb1fe3b1696b1, 0x9bdc06a725c71235, 0xc19bf174cf692694,
+    0xe49b69c19ef14ad2, 0xefbe4786384f25e3, 0x0fc19dc68b8cd5b5, 0x240ca1cc77ac9c65,
+    0x2de92c6f592b0275, 0x4a7484aa6ea6e483, 0x5cb0a9dcbd41fbd4, 0x76f988da831153b5,
+    0x983e5152ee66dfab, 0xa831c66d2db43210, 0xb00327c898fb213f, 0xbf597fc7beef0ee4,
+    0xc6e00bf33da88fc2, 0xd5a79147930aa725, 0x06ca6351e003826f, 0x142929670a0e6e70,
+    0x27b70a8546d22ffc, 0x2e1b21385c26c926, 0x4d2c6dfc5ac42aed, 0x53380d139d95b3df,
+    0x650a73548baf63de, 0x766a0abb3c77b2a8, 0x81c2c92e47edaee6, 0x92722c851482353b,
+    0xa2bfe8a14cf10364, 0xa81a664bbc423001, 0xc24b8b70d0f89791, 0xc76c51a30654be30,
+    0xd192e819d6ef5218, 0xd69906245565a910, 0xf40e35855771202a, 0x106aa07032bbd1b8,
+    0x19a4c116b8d2d0c8, 0x1e376c085141ab53, 0x2748774cdf8eeb99, 0x34b0bcb5e19b48a8,
+    0x391c0cb3c5c95a63, 0x4ed8aa4ae3418acb, 0x5b9cca4f7763e373, 0x682e6ff3d6b2b8a3,
+    0x748f82ee5defb2fc, 0x78a5636f43172f60, 0x84c87814a1f0ab72, 0x8cc702081a6439ec,
+    0x90befffa23631e28, 0xa4506cebde82bde9, 0xbef9a3f7b2c67915, 0xc67178f2e372532b,
+    0xca273eceea26619c, 0xd186b8c721c0c207, 0xeada7dd6cde0eb1e, 0xf57d4f7fee6ed178,
+    0x06f067aa72176fba, 0x0a637dc5a2c898a6, 0x113f9804bef90dae, 0x1b710b35131c471b,
+    0x28db77f523047d84, 0x32caab7b40c72493, 0x3c9ebe0a15c9bebc, 0x431d67c49c100d4c,
+    0x4cc5d4becb3e42b6, 0x597f299cfc657e2a, 0x5fcb6fab3ad6faec, 0x6c44198c4a475817
+};
+
+
+// See: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/FIPS/NIST.FIPS.180-4.pdf
+//   All truncation types are simple to add onto the base SHA512 implementation at a (near) future time.
+enum HashTruncationType : uint (uint truncation_width, ulong[8] initial_state)
+{
+    SHA512 = {
+        512,
+        {
+            0x6a09e667f3bcc908,
+            0xbb67ae8584caa73b,
+            0x3c6ef372fe94f82b,
+            0xa54ff53a5f1d36f1,
+            0x510e527fade682d1,
+            0x9b05688c2b3e6c1f,
+            0x1f83d9abfb41bd6b,
+            0x5be0cd19137e2179
+        }
+    },
+    SHA384 = {
+        384,
+        {
+            0xcbbb9d5dc1059ed8,
+            0x629a292a367cd507,
+            0x9159015a3070dd17,
+            0x152fecd8f70e5939,
+            0x67332667ffc00b31,
+            0x8eb44a8768581511,
+            0xdb0c2e0d64f98fa7,
+            0x47b5481dbefa4fa4
+        }
+    },
+    SHA512_224 = {
+        224,
+        {
+            0x8C3D37C819544DA2,
+            0x73E1996689DCD4D6,
+            0x1DFAB7AE32FF9C82,
+            0x679DD514582F9FCF,
+            0x0F6D2B697BD44DA8,
+            0x77E36F7304C48942,
+            0x3F9D85A86A1D36C8,
+            0x1112E6AD91D692A1
+        }
+    },
+    SHA512_256 = {
+        256,
+        {
+            0x22312194FC2BF72C,
+            0x9F555FA3C84C64C2,
+            0x2393B86B6F53B151,
+            0x963877195940EABD,
+            0x96283EE2A88EFFE3,
+            0xBE5E1E2553863992,
+            0x2B0199FC2C85B8AA,
+            0x0EB72DDC81C52CA2
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+<*
+    @param [in] data
+*>
+fn char[HASH_SIZE] hash(char[] data)
+{
+    Sha512 s @noinit;
+    s.init();
+    s.update(data);
+    return s.final();
+}
+
+
+fn void Sha512.init(&self)
+{
+    *self = {
+        .hash_state = HashTruncationType.SHA512.initial_state
+    };
+}
+
+
+<*
+    @param [in] data
+    @require data.len <= ulong.max
+*>
+fn void Sha512.update(&self, char[] data)
+{
+    char* p = data.ptr;
+    ulong len = data.len;
+    ulong l;
+    ulong r = self.length % 128;
+
+    self.length += len;
+
+    if (r)
+    {
+        if (len < (128 - r))
+        {
+            for (l = 0; l < len; ++l) self.buffer[r+l] = p[l];
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        for (l = 0; l < 128 - r; ++l) self.buffer[r+l] = p[l];
+
+        len -= (128 - r);
+        p = &p[128 - r];
+
+        sha512_transform(&self.hash_state, &self.buffer);
+    }
+
+    for (; len >= 128; len -= 128, p = &p[128]) sha512_transform(&self.hash_state, p);
+
+    for (l = 0; l < len; ++l) self.buffer[l] = p[l];
+}
+
+
+fn char[HASH_SIZE] Sha512.final(&self)
+{
+    char[HASH_SIZE] hash;
+
+    int i;
+    ulong r = self.length % 128;
+
+    self.buffer[r++] = 0x80;
+
+    if (r > 112)
+    {
+        for (i = 0; i < 128 - r; ++i) self.buffer[r+i] = 0;
+
+        r = 0;
+
+        sha512_transform(&self.hash_state, &self.buffer);
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 120 - r; ++i) self.buffer[r+i] = 0;
+
+    self.length *= 8;
+
+    self.buffer[120] = (char)(self.length >> 56);
+    self.buffer[121] = (char)(self.length >> 48);
+    self.buffer[122] = (char)(self.length >> 40);
+    self.buffer[123] = (char)(self.length >> 32);
+    self.buffer[124] = (char)(self.length >> 24);
+    self.buffer[125] = (char)(self.length >> 16);
+    self.buffer[126] = (char)(self.length >> 8);
+    self.buffer[127] = (char)(self.length);
+
+    sha512_transform(&self.hash_state, &self.buffer);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
+    {
+        hash[(8 * i)]     = (char)(self.hash_state[i] >> 56);
+        hash[(8 * i) + 1] = (char)(self.hash_state[i] >> 48);
+        hash[(8 * i) + 2] = (char)(self.hash_state[i] >> 40);
+        hash[(8 * i) + 3] = (char)(self.hash_state[i] >> 32);
+        hash[(8 * i) + 4] = (char)(self.hash_state[i] >> 24);
+        hash[(8 * i) + 5] = (char)(self.hash_state[i] >> 16);
+        hash[(8 * i) + 6] = (char)(self.hash_state[i] >> 8);
+        hash[(8 * i) + 7] = (char)(self.hash_state[i]);
+    }
+
+    return hash;
+}
+
+
+<*
+    @param [&inout] state
+    @param [&in] buf
+*>
+fn void sha512_transform(ulong *state, char *buf) @local
+{
+    ulong t1, t2, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h;
+    ulong[80] w;
+    int i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 16; ++i)
+    {
+        w[i]  = (ulong)buf[(8 * i)]     << 56;
+        w[i] |= (ulong)buf[(8 * i) + 1] << 48;
+        w[i] |= (ulong)buf[(8 * i) + 2] << 40;
+        w[i] |= (ulong)buf[(8 * i) + 3] << 32;
+        w[i] |= (ulong)buf[(8 * i) + 4] << 24;
+        w[i] |= (ulong)buf[(8 * i) + 5] << 16;
+        w[i] |= (ulong)buf[(8 * i) + 6] << 8;
+        w[i] |= buf[(8 * i) + 7];
+    }
+
+    for (; i < 80; ++i) w[i] = r1(w[i - 2]) + w[i - 7] + r0(w[i - 15]) + w[i - 16];
+
+    a = state[0];
+    b = state[1];
+    c = state[2];
+    d = state[3];
+    e = state[4];
+    f = state[5];
+    g = state[6];
+    h = state[7];
+
+    for (i = 0; i < 80; ++i)
+    {
+        t1 = h + s1(e) + ch(e, f, g) + K[i] + w[i];
+        t2 = s0(a) + maj(a, b, c);
+        h = g;
+        g = f;
+        f = e;
+        e = d + t1;
+        d = c;
+        c = b;
+        b = a;
+        a = t1 + t2;
+    }
+
+    state[0] += a;
+    state[1] += b;
+    state[2] += c;
+    state[3] += d;
+    state[4] += e;
+    state[5] += f;
+    state[6] += g;
+    state[7] += h;
+}

lib/std/hash/siphash.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2025 Zack Puhl <github@xmit.xyz>. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+//
+// SipHash is a secure pseudorandom function (PRF) which digests a 128-bit key
+//   and a variable-length message to produce a 64- or 128-bit hash value. 
+//
+// SipHash can be employed in numerous useful ways and structures, e.g.:
+//   - Hash Tables
+//   - Message Authentication Codes
+//   - Denial of Service (hash flooding) resistance
+//   - Bloom filters
+//   - Keyed runtime identifier derivation
+//
+// Read more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SipHash
+//
+//
+
+// COMMON HASH VARIANTS.
+// These two forms of SipHash (24 and 48) are the most widely
+// used by many implementations.
+
+// These provide typical 64-bit hash results.
+// -- Best for performance-critical applications.
+module std::hash::siphash24;
+import std::hash::siphash;
+alias SipHash24 = SipHash { ulong, 2, 4 };
+alias hash = siphash::hash { ulong, 2, 4 };
+
+// -- Best for conservative security applications.
+module std::hash::siphash48;
+import std::hash::siphash;
+alias SipHash48 = SipHash { ulong, 4, 8 };
+alias hash = siphash::hash { ulong, 4, 8 };
+
+
+// Exact same as above, but for 128-bit outputs. Algorithm internally changes slightly.
+module std::hash::siphash24_128;
+import std::hash::siphash;
+alias SipHash24_128 = SipHash { uint128, 2, 4 };
+alias hash = siphash::hash { uint128, 2, 4 };
+
+module std::hash::siphash48_128;
+import std::hash::siphash;
+alias SipHash48_128 = SipHash { uint128, 4, 8 };
+alias hash = siphash::hash { uint128, 4, 8 };
+
+<*
+@require OutType.typeid == uint128.typeid || OutType.typeid == ulong.typeid : "Module OutType must be either uint128 or ulong."
+*>
+module std::hash::siphash { OutType, BLOCK_ROUNDS, FINALIZE_ROUNDS };
+
+
+struct SipHash
+{
+	ulong[4] v;
+	long m;
+	int m_idx;
+	usz len;
+}
+
+fn OutType hash(char[] data, uint128 key)
+{
+	SipHash s;
+	s.init(key);
+	s.update(data);
+	return s.final();
+}
+
+fn void SipHash.init(&self, uint128 key)
+{
+	ulong[2] key_64 = bitcast(key, ulong[2]);
+
+	self.v = {
+		0x736f_6d65_7073_6575 ^ key_64[0],
+		0x646f_7261_6e64_6f6d ^ key_64[1],
+		0x6c79_6765_6e65_7261 ^ key_64[0],
+		0x7465_6462_7974_6573 ^ key_64[1],
+	};
+
+	$if OutType.typeid == uint128.typeid :
+		self.v[1] ^= 0xEE;
+	$endif
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [in] data : "Bytes to hash"
+*>
+fn void SipHash.update(&self, char[] data)
+{
+	self.len += data.len;
+
+	foreach (byte : data)
+	{
+		self.m |= (long)byte << (self.m_idx++ << 3);
+
+		if (self.m_idx < 8) continue;
+
+		// This runs every time the m_idx is 8, then it resets to 0.
+		self.v[3] ^= self.m;
+
+		$for var $i = 0; $i < BLOCK_ROUNDS; ++$i :	// unrolled loop
+			self.round();
+		$endfor
+
+		self.v[0] ^= self.m;
+
+		self.m_idx = 0;
+		self.m = 0;
+	}
+}
+
+fn OutType SipHash.final(&self)
+{
+	char[8] last = { [7] = (char)self.len };
+
+	self.update(last[(self.m_idx < 7 ? self.m_idx : 7)..]);
+
+	$if OutType.typeid == uint128.typeid :
+		self.v[2] ^= 0xEE;
+	$else
+		self.v[2] ^= 0xFF;
+	$endif
+
+	$for var $i = 0; $i < FINALIZE_ROUNDS; ++$i :	// unrolled loop
+		self.round();
+	$endfor
+
+	$if OutType.typeid == ulong.typeid :
+		return self.v[0] ^ self.v[1] ^ self.v[2] ^ self.v[3];
+	$else
+		ulong lo = self.v[0] ^ self.v[1] ^ self.v[2] ^ self.v[3];
+
+		self.v[1] ^= 0xDD;
+
+		$for var $i = 0; $i < FINALIZE_ROUNDS; ++$i :	// unrolled loop
+			self.round();
+		$endfor
+
+		return lo | ((uint128)(self.v[0] ^ self.v[1] ^ self.v[2] ^ self.v[3]) << 64);
+	$endif
+}
+
+
+fn void SipHash.round(&self) @local
+{
+	self.v[0] += self.v[1];
+	self.v[1] = self.v[1].rotl(13);
+	self.v[1] ^= self.v[0];
+	self.v[0] = self.v[0].rotl(32);
+	self.v[2] += self.v[3];
+	self.v[3] = self.v[3].rotl(16);
+	self.v[3] ^= self.v[2];
+	self.v[0] += self.v[3];
+	self.v[3] = self.v[3].rotl(21);
+	self.v[3] ^= self.v[0];
+	self.v[2] += self.v[1];
+	self.v[1] = self.v[1].rotl(17);
+	self.v[1] ^= self.v[2];
+	self.v[2] = self.v[2].rotl(32);
+}
+
+
+

lib/std/hash/whirlpool/whirlpool.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2025 Zack Puhl <github@xmit.xyz>. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+//
+// Dedicated from repo: https://github.com/NotsoanoNimus/whirlpool.c3l
+module std::hash::whirlpool;
+
+import std::hash::hmac;
+
+
+const BLOCK_SIZE = 64;
+const HASH_SIZE = 64;
+const BLOCK_128 = 64 / int128.sizeof;
+
+struct Whirlpool
+{
+	ulong[8]                hash;
+	union
+	{
+		char[BLOCK_SIZE]    block;
+		int128[BLOCK_128]   block_128;
+	}
+
+	// Using these two integers with a funnel shift permits the original WHIRLPOOL 2^256 length limit.
+	uint128                 counter_high;
+	uint128                 counter_low;
+}
+
+alias HmacWhirlpool = Hmac { Whirlpool, HASH_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE };
+alias hmac = hmac::hash { Whirlpool, HASH_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE };
+alias pbkdf2 = hmac::pbkdf2 { Whirlpool, HASH_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE };
+
+fn char[HASH_SIZE] hash(char[] data)
+{
+	Whirlpool w;
+	w.update(data);
+	return w.final();
+}
+
+// Added to satisfy HMAC
+macro void Whirlpool.init(&self) => *self = { };
+
+<*
+ @require data.len <= isz.max : "Update with smaller slices"
+*>
+fn void Whirlpool.update(&self, char[] data)
+{
+	char remainder = (char)self.counter_low & 0x3F;   // if not at an even BLOCK_SIZE, how many bytes are over it
+	uint to_pad = BLOCK_SIZE - remainder;   // how many bytes must be filled to get the BLOCK_SIZE
+
+	uint128 prev_ctr = self.counter_low;
+	self.counter_low += data.len;
+
+	// Handle counter rollover by just adding 1 onto 'high'. The overflow amount in 'low' remains valid.
+	//   Since 'data' is limited to INT64_MAX, there are no edge cases where 'high' must be incremented by more than 1.
+	//   This is so much data (> 2^128 bytes) that this will likely NEVER happen in practice...
+	if (@unlikely(self.counter_low < prev_ctr)) ++self.counter_high;
+
+	// Pad partial blocks of input data.
+	if (remainder > 0)
+	{
+		usz span = to_pad < data.len ? to_pad : data.len;
+		self.block[remainder:span] = data[:span];
+
+		// When there wasn't enough data ingested to fill a block, just return to allow more incoming data to fill in.
+		//   If the algorithm is finalized during a 'partial' block, it has its own padding to fill the remaining gap.
+		if (data.len < to_pad) return;
+
+		self.process_block(&self.block);
+		data = data[to_pad..];
+	}
+
+	// Digest blocks wholesale.
+	while (data.len >= BLOCK_SIZE)
+	{
+		self.process_block(data);
+
+		data = (data.len > BLOCK_SIZE) ? data[BLOCK_SIZE..] : {};
+	}
+
+	// Any leftovers should be swept into the 'block' buffer in the context for the next update or for 'final'.
+	if (data.len)
+	{
+		usz leftover_span = (BLOCK_SIZE < data.len ? BLOCK_SIZE : data.len);
+
+		self.block[:leftover_span] = data[:leftover_span];
+	}
+}
+
+
+fn char[HASH_SIZE] Whirlpool.final(&self)
+{
+	char remainder = (char)self.counter_low & 0x3F;   // if not at an even BLOCK_SIZE, how many bytes are over it
+
+	// Terminating byte gets added to the block.
+	self.block[remainder++] = 0x80;
+
+	// When fewer than 256 bits are available to store the counter into, pad the block with zeroes and process it.
+	if (remainder > 32)
+	{
+		if (remainder < 64) self.block[remainder..63] = 0x00;
+
+		self.process_block(&self.block);
+		remainder = 0;
+	}
+
+	// Zero out the rest of the chunk (or a new chunk if the above 'if' was true), up to byte 32.
+	if (remainder < 32) self.block[remainder..31] = 0x00;
+
+	// Insert the big-endian values of the counter as a suffix of the block.
+	//   This 'counter' value is actually the number of BITS processed, hence the << 3 (or x8).
+	self.block_128[2] = $$bswap(self.counter_high << 3 | (self.counter_low >> 125 & 0x07));
+	self.block_128[3] = $$bswap(self.counter_low << 3);
+
+	// Process the final block.
+	self.process_block(&self.block);
+
+	// Each ulong in the resultant hash should be bit-swapped before the final return.
+	char[HASH_SIZE] hash @align(ulong.alignof);
+	ulong* hash_ref = (ulong*)&hash;
+
+	$for var $i = 0; $i < 8; ++$i :
+		hash_ref[$i] = $$bswap(self.hash[$i]);
+	$endfor
+
+	// All done!
+	return hash;
+}
+
+
+macro ulong @w_op(#src, $shift) @private
+	=>    S_BOX[(0 * 256) + (int)(#src[($shift + 0) & 7] >> 56)       ]
+		^ S_BOX[(1 * 256) + (int)(#src[($shift + 7) & 7] >> 48) & 0xFF]
+		^ S_BOX[(2 * 256) + (int)(#src[($shift + 6) & 7] >> 40) & 0xFF]
+		^ S_BOX[(3 * 256) + (int)(#src[($shift + 5) & 7] >> 32) & 0xFF]
+		^ S_BOX[(4 * 256) + (int)(#src[($shift + 4) & 7] >> 24) & 0xFF]
+		^ S_BOX[(5 * 256) + (int)(#src[($shift + 3) & 7] >> 16) & 0xFF]
+		^ S_BOX[(6 * 256) + (int)(#src[($shift + 2) & 7] >>  8) & 0xFF]
+		^ S_BOX[(7 * 256) + (int)(#src[($shift + 1) & 7] >>  0) & 0xFF];
+
+
+const ulong[10] RC @private = {
+	0x1823c6e887b8014f,
+	0x36a6d2f5796f9152,
+	0x60bc9b8ea30c7b35,
+	0x1de0d7c22e4bfe57,
+	0x157737e59ff04ada,
+	0x58c9290ab1a06b85,
+	0xbd5d10f4cb3e0567,
+	0xe427418ba77d95d8,
+	0xfbee7c66dd17479e,
+	0xca2dbf07ad5a8333
+};
+const ROUNDS = 10;
+
+fn void Whirlpool.process_block(&self, char* block) @local
+{
+	ulong[2 * 8] k;   // key
+	ulong[2 * 8] state;   // state
+
+	// NOTE: These loops are unrolled with C3's Chad-tier compile-time evaluation.
+	$for var $round = 0; $round < 8; $round++:
+		k[$round] = self.hash[$round];
+		state[$round] = $$bswap(@unaligned_load(((ulong*)block)[$round], 1)) ^ self.hash[$round];
+		self.hash[$round] = state[$round];
+	$endfor
+
+	$for var $round = 0; $round < ROUNDS; ++$round :
+		var $m = $round % 2;
+
+		k[(($m ^ 1) * 8) + 0] = @w_op((&k[$m * 8]), 0) ^ RC[$round];
+
+		$for var $i = 1; $i < 8; $i++ :
+			k[(($m ^ 1) * 8) + $i] = @w_op((&k[$m * 8]), $i);
+		$endfor
+
+		$for var $i = 0; $i < 8; $i++ :
+			state[(($m ^ 1) * 8) + $i] = @w_op(&(state[$m * 8]), $i) ^ k[(($m ^ 1) * 8) + $i];
+		$endfor
+	$endfor
+
+	$for var $x = 0; $x < 8; $x++:
+		self.hash[$x] ^= state[$x];
+	$endfor
+}

lib/std/hash/whirlpool/whirlpool_sbox.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,539 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2025 Zack Puhl <github@xmit.xyz>. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+//
+// Dedicated from repo: https://github.com/NotsoanoNimus/whirlpool.c3l
+module std::hash::whirlpool @private;
+
+
+// =========================================================================
+// WHIRLPOOL s-box data.
+const ulong[8 * 256] S_BOX = {
+    // C0
+    0x18186018c07830d8, 0x23238c2305af4626, 0xc6c63fc67ef991b8, 0xe8e887e8136fcdfb,
+    0x878726874ca113cb, 0xb8b8dab8a9626d11, 0x0101040108050209, 0x4f4f214f426e9e0d,
+    0x3636d836adee6c9b, 0xa6a6a2a6590451ff, 0xd2d26fd2debdb90c, 0xf5f5f3f5fb06f70e,
+    0x7979f979ef80f296, 0x6f6fa16f5fcede30, 0x91917e91fcef3f6d, 0x52525552aa07a4f8,
+    0x60609d6027fdc047, 0xbcbccabc89766535, 0x9b9b569baccd2b37, 0x8e8e028e048c018a,
+    0xa3a3b6a371155bd2, 0x0c0c300c603c186c, 0x7b7bf17bff8af684, 0x3535d435b5e16a80,
+    0x1d1d741de8693af5, 0xe0e0a7e05347ddb3, 0xd7d77bd7f6acb321, 0xc2c22fc25eed999c,
+    0x2e2eb82e6d965c43, 0x4b4b314b627a9629, 0xfefedffea321e15d, 0x575741578216aed5,
+    0x15155415a8412abd, 0x7777c1779fb6eee8, 0x3737dc37a5eb6e92, 0xe5e5b3e57b56d79e,
+    0x9f9f469f8cd92313, 0xf0f0e7f0d317fd23, 0x4a4a354a6a7f9420, 0xdada4fda9e95a944,
+    0x58587d58fa25b0a2, 0xc9c903c906ca8fcf, 0x2929a429558d527c, 0x0a0a280a5022145a,
+    0xb1b1feb1e14f7f50, 0xa0a0baa0691a5dc9, 0x6b6bb16b7fdad614, 0x85852e855cab17d9,
+    0xbdbdcebd8173673c, 0x5d5d695dd234ba8f, 0x1010401080502090, 0xf4f4f7f4f303f507,
+    0xcbcb0bcb16c08bdd, 0x3e3ef83eedc67cd3, 0x0505140528110a2d, 0x676781671fe6ce78,
+    0xe4e4b7e47353d597, 0x27279c2725bb4e02, 0x4141194132588273, 0x8b8b168b2c9d0ba7,
+    0xa7a7a6a7510153f6, 0x7d7de97dcf94fab2, 0x95956e95dcfb3749, 0xd8d847d88e9fad56,
+    0xfbfbcbfb8b30eb70, 0xeeee9fee2371c1cd, 0x7c7ced7cc791f8bb, 0x6666856617e3cc71,
+    0xdddd53dda68ea77b, 0x17175c17b84b2eaf, 0x4747014702468e45, 0x9e9e429e84dc211a,
+    0xcaca0fca1ec589d4, 0x2d2db42d75995a58, 0xbfbfc6bf9179632e, 0x07071c07381b0e3f,
+    0xadad8ead012347ac, 0x5a5a755aea2fb4b0, 0x838336836cb51bef, 0x3333cc3385ff66b6,
+    0x636391633ff2c65c, 0x02020802100a0412, 0xaaaa92aa39384993, 0x7171d971afa8e2de,
+    0xc8c807c80ecf8dc6, 0x19196419c87d32d1, 0x494939497270923b, 0xd9d943d9869aaf5f,
+    0xf2f2eff2c31df931, 0xe3e3abe34b48dba8, 0x5b5b715be22ab6b9, 0x88881a8834920dbc,
+    0x9a9a529aa4c8293e, 0x262698262dbe4c0b, 0x3232c8328dfa64bf, 0xb0b0fab0e94a7d59,
+    0xe9e983e91b6acff2, 0x0f0f3c0f78331e77, 0xd5d573d5e6a6b733, 0x80803a8074ba1df4,
+    0xbebec2be997c6127, 0xcdcd13cd26de87eb, 0x3434d034bde46889, 0x48483d487a759032,
+    0xffffdbffab24e354, 0x7a7af57af78ff48d, 0x90907a90f4ea3d64, 0x5f5f615fc23ebe9d,
+    0x202080201da0403d, 0x6868bd6867d5d00f, 0x1a1a681ad07234ca, 0xaeae82ae192c41b7,
+    0xb4b4eab4c95e757d, 0x54544d549a19a8ce, 0x93937693ece53b7f, 0x222288220daa442f,
+    0x64648d6407e9c863, 0xf1f1e3f1db12ff2a, 0x7373d173bfa2e6cc, 0x12124812905a2482,
+    0x40401d403a5d807a, 0x0808200840281048, 0xc3c32bc356e89b95, 0xecec97ec337bc5df,
+    0xdbdb4bdb9690ab4d, 0xa1a1bea1611f5fc0, 0x8d8d0e8d1c830791, 0x3d3df43df5c97ac8,
+    0x97976697ccf1335b, 0x0000000000000000, 0xcfcf1bcf36d483f9, 0x2b2bac2b4587566e,
+    0x7676c57697b3ece1, 0x8282328264b019e6, 0xd6d67fd6fea9b128, 0x1b1b6c1bd87736c3,
+    0xb5b5eeb5c15b7774, 0xafaf86af112943be, 0x6a6ab56a77dfd41d, 0x50505d50ba0da0ea,
+    0x45450945124c8a57, 0xf3f3ebf3cb18fb38, 0x3030c0309df060ad, 0xefef9bef2b74c3c4,
+    0x3f3ffc3fe5c37eda, 0x55554955921caac7, 0xa2a2b2a2791059db, 0xeaea8fea0365c9e9,
+    0x656589650fecca6a, 0xbabad2bab9686903, 0x2f2fbc2f65935e4a, 0xc0c027c04ee79d8e,
+    0xdede5fdebe81a160, 0x1c1c701ce06c38fc, 0xfdfdd3fdbb2ee746, 0x4d4d294d52649a1f,
+    0x92927292e4e03976, 0x7575c9758fbceafa, 0x06061806301e0c36, 0x8a8a128a249809ae,
+    0xb2b2f2b2f940794b, 0xe6e6bfe66359d185, 0x0e0e380e70361c7e, 0x1f1f7c1ff8633ee7,
+    0x6262956237f7c455, 0xd4d477d4eea3b53a, 0xa8a89aa829324d81, 0x96966296c4f43152,
+    0xf9f9c3f99b3aef62, 0xc5c533c566f697a3, 0x2525942535b14a10, 0x59597959f220b2ab,
+    0x84842a8454ae15d0, 0x7272d572b7a7e4c5, 0x3939e439d5dd72ec, 0x4c4c2d4c5a619816,
+    0x5e5e655eca3bbc94, 0x7878fd78e785f09f, 0x3838e038ddd870e5, 0x8c8c0a8c14860598,
+    0xd1d163d1c6b2bf17, 0xa5a5aea5410b57e4, 0xe2e2afe2434dd9a1, 0x616199612ff8c24e,
+    0xb3b3f6b3f1457b42, 0x2121842115a54234, 0x9c9c4a9c94d62508, 0x1e1e781ef0663cee,
+    0x4343114322528661, 0xc7c73bc776fc93b1, 0xfcfcd7fcb32be54f, 0x0404100420140824,
+    0x51515951b208a2e3, 0x99995e99bcc72f25, 0x6d6da96d4fc4da22, 0x0d0d340d68391a65,
+    0xfafacffa8335e979, 0xdfdf5bdfb684a369, 0x7e7ee57ed79bfca9, 0x242490243db44819,
+    0x3b3bec3bc5d776fe, 0xabab96ab313d4b9a, 0xcece1fce3ed181f0, 0x1111441188552299,
+    0x8f8f068f0c890383, 0x4e4e254e4a6b9c04, 0xb7b7e6b7d1517366, 0xebeb8beb0b60cbe0,
+    0x3c3cf03cfdcc78c1, 0x81813e817cbf1ffd, 0x94946a94d4fe3540, 0xf7f7fbf7eb0cf31c,
+    0xb9b9deb9a1676f18, 0x13134c13985f268b, 0x2c2cb02c7d9c5851, 0xd3d36bd3d6b8bb05,
+    0xe7e7bbe76b5cd38c, 0x6e6ea56e57cbdc39, 0xc4c437c46ef395aa, 0x03030c03180f061b,
+    0x565645568a13acdc, 0x44440d441a49885e, 0x7f7fe17fdf9efea0, 0xa9a99ea921374f88,
+    0x2a2aa82a4d825467, 0xbbbbd6bbb16d6b0a, 0xc1c123c146e29f87, 0x53535153a202a6f1,
+    0xdcdc57dcae8ba572, 0x0b0b2c0b58271653, 0x9d9d4e9d9cd32701, 0x6c6cad6c47c1d82b,
+    0x3131c43195f562a4, 0x7474cd7487b9e8f3, 0xf6f6fff6e309f115, 0x464605460a438c4c,
+    0xacac8aac092645a5, 0x89891e893c970fb5, 0x14145014a04428b4, 0xe1e1a3e15b42dfba,
+    0x16165816b04e2ca6, 0x3a3ae83acdd274f7, 0x6969b9696fd0d206, 0x09092409482d1241,
+    0x7070dd70a7ade0d7, 0xb6b6e2b6d954716f, 0xd0d067d0ceb7bd1e, 0xeded93ed3b7ec7d6,
+    0xcccc17cc2edb85e2, 0x424215422a578468, 0x98985a98b4c22d2c, 0xa4a4aaa4490e55ed,
+    0x2828a0285d885075, 0x5c5c6d5cda31b886, 0xf8f8c7f8933fed6b, 0x8686228644a411c2,
+
+    // C1
+    0xd818186018c07830, 0x2623238c2305af46, 0xb8c6c63fc67ef991, 0xfbe8e887e8136fcd,
+    0xcb878726874ca113, 0x11b8b8dab8a9626d, 0x0901010401080502, 0x0d4f4f214f426e9e,
+    0x9b3636d836adee6c, 0xffa6a6a2a6590451, 0x0cd2d26fd2debdb9, 0x0ef5f5f3f5fb06f7,
+    0x967979f979ef80f2, 0x306f6fa16f5fcede, 0x6d91917e91fcef3f, 0xf852525552aa07a4,
+    0x4760609d6027fdc0, 0x35bcbccabc897665, 0x379b9b569baccd2b, 0x8a8e8e028e048c01,
+    0xd2a3a3b6a371155b, 0x6c0c0c300c603c18, 0x847b7bf17bff8af6, 0x803535d435b5e16a,
+    0xf51d1d741de8693a, 0xb3e0e0a7e05347dd, 0x21d7d77bd7f6acb3, 0x9cc2c22fc25eed99,
+    0x432e2eb82e6d965c, 0x294b4b314b627a96, 0x5dfefedffea321e1, 0xd5575741578216ae,
+    0xbd15155415a8412a, 0xe87777c1779fb6ee, 0x923737dc37a5eb6e, 0x9ee5e5b3e57b56d7,
+    0x139f9f469f8cd923, 0x23f0f0e7f0d317fd, 0x204a4a354a6a7f94, 0x44dada4fda9e95a9,
+    0xa258587d58fa25b0, 0xcfc9c903c906ca8f, 0x7c2929a429558d52, 0x5a0a0a280a502214,
+    0x50b1b1feb1e14f7f, 0xc9a0a0baa0691a5d, 0x146b6bb16b7fdad6, 0xd985852e855cab17,
+    0x3cbdbdcebd817367, 0x8f5d5d695dd234ba, 0x9010104010805020, 0x07f4f4f7f4f303f5,
+    0xddcbcb0bcb16c08b, 0xd33e3ef83eedc67c, 0x2d0505140528110a, 0x78676781671fe6ce,
+    0x97e4e4b7e47353d5, 0x0227279c2725bb4e, 0x7341411941325882, 0xa78b8b168b2c9d0b,
+    0xf6a7a7a6a7510153, 0xb27d7de97dcf94fa, 0x4995956e95dcfb37, 0x56d8d847d88e9fad,
+    0x70fbfbcbfb8b30eb, 0xcdeeee9fee2371c1, 0xbb7c7ced7cc791f8, 0x716666856617e3cc,
+    0x7bdddd53dda68ea7, 0xaf17175c17b84b2e, 0x454747014702468e, 0x1a9e9e429e84dc21,
+    0xd4caca0fca1ec589, 0x582d2db42d75995a, 0x2ebfbfc6bf917963, 0x3f07071c07381b0e,
+    0xacadad8ead012347, 0xb05a5a755aea2fb4, 0xef838336836cb51b, 0xb63333cc3385ff66,
+    0x5c636391633ff2c6, 0x1202020802100a04, 0x93aaaa92aa393849, 0xde7171d971afa8e2,
+    0xc6c8c807c80ecf8d, 0xd119196419c87d32, 0x3b49493949727092, 0x5fd9d943d9869aaf,
+    0x31f2f2eff2c31df9, 0xa8e3e3abe34b48db, 0xb95b5b715be22ab6, 0xbc88881a8834920d,
+    0x3e9a9a529aa4c829, 0x0b262698262dbe4c, 0xbf3232c8328dfa64, 0x59b0b0fab0e94a7d,
+    0xf2e9e983e91b6acf, 0x770f0f3c0f78331e, 0x33d5d573d5e6a6b7, 0xf480803a8074ba1d,
+    0x27bebec2be997c61, 0xebcdcd13cd26de87, 0x893434d034bde468, 0x3248483d487a7590,
+    0x54ffffdbffab24e3, 0x8d7a7af57af78ff4, 0x6490907a90f4ea3d, 0x9d5f5f615fc23ebe,
+    0x3d202080201da040, 0x0f6868bd6867d5d0, 0xca1a1a681ad07234, 0xb7aeae82ae192c41,
+    0x7db4b4eab4c95e75, 0xce54544d549a19a8, 0x7f93937693ece53b, 0x2f222288220daa44,
+    0x6364648d6407e9c8, 0x2af1f1e3f1db12ff, 0xcc7373d173bfa2e6, 0x8212124812905a24,
+    0x7a40401d403a5d80, 0x4808082008402810, 0x95c3c32bc356e89b, 0xdfecec97ec337bc5,
+    0x4ddbdb4bdb9690ab, 0xc0a1a1bea1611f5f, 0x918d8d0e8d1c8307, 0xc83d3df43df5c97a,
+    0x5b97976697ccf133, 0x0000000000000000, 0xf9cfcf1bcf36d483, 0x6e2b2bac2b458756,
+    0xe17676c57697b3ec, 0xe68282328264b019, 0x28d6d67fd6fea9b1, 0xc31b1b6c1bd87736,
+    0x74b5b5eeb5c15b77, 0xbeafaf86af112943, 0x1d6a6ab56a77dfd4, 0xea50505d50ba0da0,
+    0x5745450945124c8a, 0x38f3f3ebf3cb18fb, 0xad3030c0309df060, 0xc4efef9bef2b74c3,
+    0xda3f3ffc3fe5c37e, 0xc755554955921caa, 0xdba2a2b2a2791059, 0xe9eaea8fea0365c9,
+    0x6a656589650fecca, 0x03babad2bab96869, 0x4a2f2fbc2f65935e, 0x8ec0c027c04ee79d,
+    0x60dede5fdebe81a1, 0xfc1c1c701ce06c38, 0x46fdfdd3fdbb2ee7, 0x1f4d4d294d52649a,
+    0x7692927292e4e039, 0xfa7575c9758fbcea, 0x3606061806301e0c, 0xae8a8a128a249809,
+    0x4bb2b2f2b2f94079, 0x85e6e6bfe66359d1, 0x7e0e0e380e70361c, 0xe71f1f7c1ff8633e,
+    0x556262956237f7c4, 0x3ad4d477d4eea3b5, 0x81a8a89aa829324d, 0x5296966296c4f431,
+    0x62f9f9c3f99b3aef, 0xa3c5c533c566f697, 0x102525942535b14a, 0xab59597959f220b2,
+    0xd084842a8454ae15, 0xc57272d572b7a7e4, 0xec3939e439d5dd72, 0x164c4c2d4c5a6198,
+    0x945e5e655eca3bbc, 0x9f7878fd78e785f0, 0xe53838e038ddd870, 0x988c8c0a8c148605,
+    0x17d1d163d1c6b2bf, 0xe4a5a5aea5410b57, 0xa1e2e2afe2434dd9, 0x4e616199612ff8c2,
+    0x42b3b3f6b3f1457b, 0x342121842115a542, 0x089c9c4a9c94d625, 0xee1e1e781ef0663c,
+    0x6143431143225286, 0xb1c7c73bc776fc93, 0x4ffcfcd7fcb32be5, 0x2404041004201408,
+    0xe351515951b208a2, 0x2599995e99bcc72f, 0x226d6da96d4fc4da, 0x650d0d340d68391a,
+    0x79fafacffa8335e9, 0x69dfdf5bdfb684a3, 0xa97e7ee57ed79bfc, 0x19242490243db448,
+    0xfe3b3bec3bc5d776, 0x9aabab96ab313d4b, 0xf0cece1fce3ed181, 0x9911114411885522,
+    0x838f8f068f0c8903, 0x044e4e254e4a6b9c, 0x66b7b7e6b7d15173, 0xe0ebeb8beb0b60cb,
+    0xc13c3cf03cfdcc78, 0xfd81813e817cbf1f, 0x4094946a94d4fe35, 0x1cf7f7fbf7eb0cf3,
+    0x18b9b9deb9a1676f, 0x8b13134c13985f26, 0x512c2cb02c7d9c58, 0x05d3d36bd3d6b8bb,
+    0x8ce7e7bbe76b5cd3, 0x396e6ea56e57cbdc, 0xaac4c437c46ef395, 0x1b03030c03180f06,
+    0xdc565645568a13ac, 0x5e44440d441a4988, 0xa07f7fe17fdf9efe, 0x88a9a99ea921374f,
+    0x672a2aa82a4d8254, 0x0abbbbd6bbb16d6b, 0x87c1c123c146e29f, 0xf153535153a202a6,
+    0x72dcdc57dcae8ba5, 0x530b0b2c0b582716, 0x019d9d4e9d9cd327, 0x2b6c6cad6c47c1d8,
+    0xa43131c43195f562, 0xf37474cd7487b9e8, 0x15f6f6fff6e309f1, 0x4c464605460a438c,
+    0xa5acac8aac092645, 0xb589891e893c970f, 0xb414145014a04428, 0xbae1e1a3e15b42df,
+    0xa616165816b04e2c, 0xf73a3ae83acdd274, 0x066969b9696fd0d2, 0x4109092409482d12,
+    0xd77070dd70a7ade0, 0x6fb6b6e2b6d95471, 0x1ed0d067d0ceb7bd, 0xd6eded93ed3b7ec7,
+    0xe2cccc17cc2edb85, 0x68424215422a5784, 0x2c98985a98b4c22d, 0xeda4a4aaa4490e55,
+    0x752828a0285d8850, 0x865c5c6d5cda31b8, 0x6bf8f8c7f8933fed, 0xc28686228644a411,
+
+    // C2
+    0x30d818186018c078, 0x462623238c2305af, 0x91b8c6c63fc67ef9, 0xcdfbe8e887e8136f,
+    0x13cb878726874ca1, 0x6d11b8b8dab8a962, 0x0209010104010805, 0x9e0d4f4f214f426e,
+    0x6c9b3636d836adee, 0x51ffa6a6a2a65904, 0xb90cd2d26fd2debd, 0xf70ef5f5f3f5fb06,
+    0xf2967979f979ef80, 0xde306f6fa16f5fce, 0x3f6d91917e91fcef, 0xa4f852525552aa07,
+    0xc04760609d6027fd, 0x6535bcbccabc8976, 0x2b379b9b569baccd, 0x018a8e8e028e048c,
+    0x5bd2a3a3b6a37115, 0x186c0c0c300c603c, 0xf6847b7bf17bff8a, 0x6a803535d435b5e1,
+    0x3af51d1d741de869, 0xddb3e0e0a7e05347, 0xb321d7d77bd7f6ac, 0x999cc2c22fc25eed,
+    0x5c432e2eb82e6d96, 0x96294b4b314b627a, 0xe15dfefedffea321, 0xaed5575741578216,
+    0x2abd15155415a841, 0xeee87777c1779fb6, 0x6e923737dc37a5eb, 0xd79ee5e5b3e57b56,
+    0x23139f9f469f8cd9, 0xfd23f0f0e7f0d317, 0x94204a4a354a6a7f, 0xa944dada4fda9e95,
+    0xb0a258587d58fa25, 0x8fcfc9c903c906ca, 0x527c2929a429558d, 0x145a0a0a280a5022,
+    0x7f50b1b1feb1e14f, 0x5dc9a0a0baa0691a, 0xd6146b6bb16b7fda, 0x17d985852e855cab,
+    0x673cbdbdcebd8173, 0xba8f5d5d695dd234, 0x2090101040108050, 0xf507f4f4f7f4f303,
+    0x8bddcbcb0bcb16c0, 0x7cd33e3ef83eedc6, 0x0a2d050514052811, 0xce78676781671fe6,
+    0xd597e4e4b7e47353, 0x4e0227279c2725bb, 0x8273414119413258, 0x0ba78b8b168b2c9d,
+    0x53f6a7a7a6a75101, 0xfab27d7de97dcf94, 0x374995956e95dcfb, 0xad56d8d847d88e9f,
+    0xeb70fbfbcbfb8b30, 0xc1cdeeee9fee2371, 0xf8bb7c7ced7cc791, 0xcc716666856617e3,
+    0xa77bdddd53dda68e, 0x2eaf17175c17b84b, 0x8e45474701470246, 0x211a9e9e429e84dc,
+    0x89d4caca0fca1ec5, 0x5a582d2db42d7599, 0x632ebfbfc6bf9179, 0x0e3f07071c07381b,
+    0x47acadad8ead0123, 0xb4b05a5a755aea2f, 0x1bef838336836cb5, 0x66b63333cc3385ff,
+    0xc65c636391633ff2, 0x041202020802100a, 0x4993aaaa92aa3938, 0xe2de7171d971afa8,
+    0x8dc6c8c807c80ecf, 0x32d119196419c87d, 0x923b494939497270, 0xaf5fd9d943d9869a,
+    0xf931f2f2eff2c31d, 0xdba8e3e3abe34b48, 0xb6b95b5b715be22a, 0x0dbc88881a883492,
+    0x293e9a9a529aa4c8, 0x4c0b262698262dbe, 0x64bf3232c8328dfa, 0x7d59b0b0fab0e94a,
+    0xcff2e9e983e91b6a, 0x1e770f0f3c0f7833, 0xb733d5d573d5e6a6, 0x1df480803a8074ba,
+    0x6127bebec2be997c, 0x87ebcdcd13cd26de, 0x68893434d034bde4, 0x903248483d487a75,
+    0xe354ffffdbffab24, 0xf48d7a7af57af78f, 0x3d6490907a90f4ea, 0xbe9d5f5f615fc23e,
+    0x403d202080201da0, 0xd00f6868bd6867d5, 0x34ca1a1a681ad072, 0x41b7aeae82ae192c,
+    0x757db4b4eab4c95e, 0xa8ce54544d549a19, 0x3b7f93937693ece5, 0x442f222288220daa,
+    0xc86364648d6407e9, 0xff2af1f1e3f1db12, 0xe6cc7373d173bfa2, 0x248212124812905a,
+    0x807a40401d403a5d, 0x1048080820084028, 0x9b95c3c32bc356e8, 0xc5dfecec97ec337b,
+    0xab4ddbdb4bdb9690, 0x5fc0a1a1bea1611f, 0x07918d8d0e8d1c83, 0x7ac83d3df43df5c9,
+    0x335b97976697ccf1, 0x0000000000000000, 0x83f9cfcf1bcf36d4, 0x566e2b2bac2b4587,
+    0xece17676c57697b3, 0x19e68282328264b0, 0xb128d6d67fd6fea9, 0x36c31b1b6c1bd877,
+    0x7774b5b5eeb5c15b, 0x43beafaf86af1129, 0xd41d6a6ab56a77df, 0xa0ea50505d50ba0d,
+    0x8a5745450945124c, 0xfb38f3f3ebf3cb18, 0x60ad3030c0309df0, 0xc3c4efef9bef2b74,
+    0x7eda3f3ffc3fe5c3, 0xaac755554955921c, 0x59dba2a2b2a27910, 0xc9e9eaea8fea0365,
+    0xca6a656589650fec, 0x6903babad2bab968, 0x5e4a2f2fbc2f6593, 0x9d8ec0c027c04ee7,
+    0xa160dede5fdebe81, 0x38fc1c1c701ce06c, 0xe746fdfdd3fdbb2e, 0x9a1f4d4d294d5264,
+    0x397692927292e4e0, 0xeafa7575c9758fbc, 0x0c3606061806301e, 0x09ae8a8a128a2498,
+    0x794bb2b2f2b2f940, 0xd185e6e6bfe66359, 0x1c7e0e0e380e7036, 0x3ee71f1f7c1ff863,
+    0xc4556262956237f7, 0xb53ad4d477d4eea3, 0x4d81a8a89aa82932, 0x315296966296c4f4,
+    0xef62f9f9c3f99b3a, 0x97a3c5c533c566f6, 0x4a102525942535b1, 0xb2ab59597959f220,
+    0x15d084842a8454ae, 0xe4c57272d572b7a7, 0x72ec3939e439d5dd, 0x98164c4c2d4c5a61,
+    0xbc945e5e655eca3b, 0xf09f7878fd78e785, 0x70e53838e038ddd8, 0x05988c8c0a8c1486,
+    0xbf17d1d163d1c6b2, 0x57e4a5a5aea5410b, 0xd9a1e2e2afe2434d, 0xc24e616199612ff8,
+    0x7b42b3b3f6b3f145, 0x42342121842115a5, 0x25089c9c4a9c94d6, 0x3cee1e1e781ef066,
+    0x8661434311432252, 0x93b1c7c73bc776fc, 0xe54ffcfcd7fcb32b, 0x0824040410042014,
+    0xa2e351515951b208, 0x2f2599995e99bcc7, 0xda226d6da96d4fc4, 0x1a650d0d340d6839,
+    0xe979fafacffa8335, 0xa369dfdf5bdfb684, 0xfca97e7ee57ed79b, 0x4819242490243db4,
+    0x76fe3b3bec3bc5d7, 0x4b9aabab96ab313d, 0x81f0cece1fce3ed1, 0x2299111144118855,
+    0x03838f8f068f0c89, 0x9c044e4e254e4a6b, 0x7366b7b7e6b7d151, 0xcbe0ebeb8beb0b60,
+    0x78c13c3cf03cfdcc, 0x1ffd81813e817cbf, 0x354094946a94d4fe, 0xf31cf7f7fbf7eb0c,
+    0x6f18b9b9deb9a167, 0x268b13134c13985f, 0x58512c2cb02c7d9c, 0xbb05d3d36bd3d6b8,
+    0xd38ce7e7bbe76b5c, 0xdc396e6ea56e57cb, 0x95aac4c437c46ef3, 0x061b03030c03180f,
+    0xacdc565645568a13, 0x885e44440d441a49, 0xfea07f7fe17fdf9e, 0x4f88a9a99ea92137,
+    0x54672a2aa82a4d82, 0x6b0abbbbd6bbb16d, 0x9f87c1c123c146e2, 0xa6f153535153a202,
+    0xa572dcdc57dcae8b, 0x16530b0b2c0b5827, 0x27019d9d4e9d9cd3, 0xd82b6c6cad6c47c1,
+    0x62a43131c43195f5, 0xe8f37474cd7487b9, 0xf115f6f6fff6e309, 0x8c4c464605460a43,
+    0x45a5acac8aac0926, 0x0fb589891e893c97, 0x28b414145014a044, 0xdfbae1e1a3e15b42,
+    0x2ca616165816b04e, 0x74f73a3ae83acdd2, 0xd2066969b9696fd0, 0x124109092409482d,
+    0xe0d77070dd70a7ad, 0x716fb6b6e2b6d954, 0xbd1ed0d067d0ceb7, 0xc7d6eded93ed3b7e,
+    0x85e2cccc17cc2edb, 0x8468424215422a57, 0x2d2c98985a98b4c2, 0x55eda4a4aaa4490e,
+    0x50752828a0285d88, 0xb8865c5c6d5cda31, 0xed6bf8f8c7f8933f, 0x11c28686228644a4,
+
+    // C3
+    0x7830d818186018c0, 0xaf462623238c2305, 0xf991b8c6c63fc67e, 0x6fcdfbe8e887e813,
+    0xa113cb878726874c, 0x626d11b8b8dab8a9, 0x0502090101040108, 0x6e9e0d4f4f214f42,
+    0xee6c9b3636d836ad, 0x0451ffa6a6a2a659, 0xbdb90cd2d26fd2de, 0x06f70ef5f5f3f5fb,
+    0x80f2967979f979ef, 0xcede306f6fa16f5f, 0xef3f6d91917e91fc, 0x07a4f852525552aa,
+    0xfdc04760609d6027, 0x766535bcbccabc89, 0xcd2b379b9b569bac, 0x8c018a8e8e028e04,
+    0x155bd2a3a3b6a371, 0x3c186c0c0c300c60, 0x8af6847b7bf17bff, 0xe16a803535d435b5,
+    0x693af51d1d741de8, 0x47ddb3e0e0a7e053, 0xacb321d7d77bd7f6, 0xed999cc2c22fc25e,
+    0x965c432e2eb82e6d, 0x7a96294b4b314b62, 0x21e15dfefedffea3, 0x16aed55757415782,
+    0x412abd15155415a8, 0xb6eee87777c1779f, 0xeb6e923737dc37a5, 0x56d79ee5e5b3e57b,
+    0xd923139f9f469f8c, 0x17fd23f0f0e7f0d3, 0x7f94204a4a354a6a, 0x95a944dada4fda9e,
+    0x25b0a258587d58fa, 0xca8fcfc9c903c906, 0x8d527c2929a42955, 0x22145a0a0a280a50,
+    0x4f7f50b1b1feb1e1, 0x1a5dc9a0a0baa069, 0xdad6146b6bb16b7f, 0xab17d985852e855c,
+    0x73673cbdbdcebd81, 0x34ba8f5d5d695dd2, 0x5020901010401080, 0x03f507f4f4f7f4f3,
+    0xc08bddcbcb0bcb16, 0xc67cd33e3ef83eed, 0x110a2d0505140528, 0xe6ce78676781671f,
+    0x53d597e4e4b7e473, 0xbb4e0227279c2725, 0x5882734141194132, 0x9d0ba78b8b168b2c,
+    0x0153f6a7a7a6a751, 0x94fab27d7de97dcf, 0xfb374995956e95dc, 0x9fad56d8d847d88e,
+    0x30eb70fbfbcbfb8b, 0x71c1cdeeee9fee23, 0x91f8bb7c7ced7cc7, 0xe3cc716666856617,
+    0x8ea77bdddd53dda6, 0x4b2eaf17175c17b8, 0x468e454747014702, 0xdc211a9e9e429e84,
+    0xc589d4caca0fca1e, 0x995a582d2db42d75, 0x79632ebfbfc6bf91, 0x1b0e3f07071c0738,
+    0x2347acadad8ead01, 0x2fb4b05a5a755aea, 0xb51bef838336836c, 0xff66b63333cc3385,
+    0xf2c65c636391633f, 0x0a04120202080210, 0x384993aaaa92aa39, 0xa8e2de7171d971af,
+    0xcf8dc6c8c807c80e, 0x7d32d119196419c8, 0x70923b4949394972, 0x9aaf5fd9d943d986,
+    0x1df931f2f2eff2c3, 0x48dba8e3e3abe34b, 0x2ab6b95b5b715be2, 0x920dbc88881a8834,
+    0xc8293e9a9a529aa4, 0xbe4c0b262698262d, 0xfa64bf3232c8328d, 0x4a7d59b0b0fab0e9,
+    0x6acff2e9e983e91b, 0x331e770f0f3c0f78, 0xa6b733d5d573d5e6, 0xba1df480803a8074,
+    0x7c6127bebec2be99, 0xde87ebcdcd13cd26, 0xe468893434d034bd, 0x75903248483d487a,
+    0x24e354ffffdbffab, 0x8ff48d7a7af57af7, 0xea3d6490907a90f4, 0x3ebe9d5f5f615fc2,
+    0xa0403d202080201d, 0xd5d00f6868bd6867, 0x7234ca1a1a681ad0, 0x2c41b7aeae82ae19,
+    0x5e757db4b4eab4c9, 0x19a8ce54544d549a, 0xe53b7f93937693ec, 0xaa442f222288220d,
+    0xe9c86364648d6407, 0x12ff2af1f1e3f1db, 0xa2e6cc7373d173bf, 0x5a24821212481290,
+    0x5d807a40401d403a, 0x2810480808200840, 0xe89b95c3c32bc356, 0x7bc5dfecec97ec33,
+    0x90ab4ddbdb4bdb96, 0x1f5fc0a1a1bea161, 0x8307918d8d0e8d1c, 0xc97ac83d3df43df5,
+    0xf1335b97976697cc, 0x0000000000000000, 0xd483f9cfcf1bcf36, 0x87566e2b2bac2b45,
+    0xb3ece17676c57697, 0xb019e68282328264, 0xa9b128d6d67fd6fe, 0x7736c31b1b6c1bd8,
+    0x5b7774b5b5eeb5c1, 0x2943beafaf86af11, 0xdfd41d6a6ab56a77, 0x0da0ea50505d50ba,
+    0x4c8a574545094512, 0x18fb38f3f3ebf3cb, 0xf060ad3030c0309d, 0x74c3c4efef9bef2b,
+    0xc37eda3f3ffc3fe5, 0x1caac75555495592, 0x1059dba2a2b2a279, 0x65c9e9eaea8fea03,
+    0xecca6a656589650f, 0x686903babad2bab9, 0x935e4a2f2fbc2f65, 0xe79d8ec0c027c04e,
+    0x81a160dede5fdebe, 0x6c38fc1c1c701ce0, 0x2ee746fdfdd3fdbb, 0x649a1f4d4d294d52,
+    0xe0397692927292e4, 0xbceafa7575c9758f, 0x1e0c360606180630, 0x9809ae8a8a128a24,
+    0x40794bb2b2f2b2f9, 0x59d185e6e6bfe663, 0x361c7e0e0e380e70, 0x633ee71f1f7c1ff8,
+    0xf7c4556262956237, 0xa3b53ad4d477d4ee, 0x324d81a8a89aa829, 0xf4315296966296c4,
+    0x3aef62f9f9c3f99b, 0xf697a3c5c533c566, 0xb14a102525942535, 0x20b2ab59597959f2,
+    0xae15d084842a8454, 0xa7e4c57272d572b7, 0xdd72ec3939e439d5, 0x6198164c4c2d4c5a,
+    0x3bbc945e5e655eca, 0x85f09f7878fd78e7, 0xd870e53838e038dd, 0x8605988c8c0a8c14,
+    0xb2bf17d1d163d1c6, 0x0b57e4a5a5aea541, 0x4dd9a1e2e2afe243, 0xf8c24e616199612f,
+    0x457b42b3b3f6b3f1, 0xa542342121842115, 0xd625089c9c4a9c94, 0x663cee1e1e781ef0,
+    0x5286614343114322, 0xfc93b1c7c73bc776, 0x2be54ffcfcd7fcb3, 0x1408240404100420,
+    0x08a2e351515951b2, 0xc72f2599995e99bc, 0xc4da226d6da96d4f, 0x391a650d0d340d68,
+    0x35e979fafacffa83, 0x84a369dfdf5bdfb6, 0x9bfca97e7ee57ed7, 0xb44819242490243d,
+    0xd776fe3b3bec3bc5, 0x3d4b9aabab96ab31, 0xd181f0cece1fce3e, 0x5522991111441188,
+    0x8903838f8f068f0c, 0x6b9c044e4e254e4a, 0x517366b7b7e6b7d1, 0x60cbe0ebeb8beb0b,
+    0xcc78c13c3cf03cfd, 0xbf1ffd81813e817c, 0xfe354094946a94d4, 0x0cf31cf7f7fbf7eb,
+    0x676f18b9b9deb9a1, 0x5f268b13134c1398, 0x9c58512c2cb02c7d, 0xb8bb05d3d36bd3d6,
+    0x5cd38ce7e7bbe76b, 0xcbdc396e6ea56e57, 0xf395aac4c437c46e, 0x0f061b03030c0318,
+    0x13acdc565645568a, 0x49885e44440d441a, 0x9efea07f7fe17fdf, 0x374f88a9a99ea921,
+    0x8254672a2aa82a4d, 0x6d6b0abbbbd6bbb1, 0xe29f87c1c123c146, 0x02a6f153535153a2,
+    0x8ba572dcdc57dcae, 0x2716530b0b2c0b58, 0xd327019d9d4e9d9c, 0xc1d82b6c6cad6c47,
+    0xf562a43131c43195, 0xb9e8f37474cd7487, 0x09f115f6f6fff6e3, 0x438c4c464605460a,
+    0x2645a5acac8aac09, 0x970fb589891e893c, 0x4428b414145014a0, 0x42dfbae1e1a3e15b,
+    0x4e2ca616165816b0, 0xd274f73a3ae83acd, 0xd0d2066969b9696f, 0x2d12410909240948,
+    0xade0d77070dd70a7, 0x54716fb6b6e2b6d9, 0xb7bd1ed0d067d0ce, 0x7ec7d6eded93ed3b,
+    0xdb85e2cccc17cc2e, 0x578468424215422a, 0xc22d2c98985a98b4, 0x0e55eda4a4aaa449,
+    0x8850752828a0285d, 0x31b8865c5c6d5cda, 0x3fed6bf8f8c7f893, 0xa411c28686228644,
+
+    // C4
+    0xc07830d818186018, 0x05af462623238c23, 0x7ef991b8c6c63fc6, 0x136fcdfbe8e887e8,
+    0x4ca113cb87872687, 0xa9626d11b8b8dab8, 0x0805020901010401, 0x426e9e0d4f4f214f,
+    0xadee6c9b3636d836, 0x590451ffa6a6a2a6, 0xdebdb90cd2d26fd2, 0xfb06f70ef5f5f3f5,
+    0xef80f2967979f979, 0x5fcede306f6fa16f, 0xfcef3f6d91917e91, 0xaa07a4f852525552,
+    0x27fdc04760609d60, 0x89766535bcbccabc, 0xaccd2b379b9b569b, 0x048c018a8e8e028e,
+    0x71155bd2a3a3b6a3, 0x603c186c0c0c300c, 0xff8af6847b7bf17b, 0xb5e16a803535d435,
+    0xe8693af51d1d741d, 0x5347ddb3e0e0a7e0, 0xf6acb321d7d77bd7, 0x5eed999cc2c22fc2,
+    0x6d965c432e2eb82e, 0x627a96294b4b314b, 0xa321e15dfefedffe, 0x8216aed557574157,
+    0xa8412abd15155415, 0x9fb6eee87777c177, 0xa5eb6e923737dc37, 0x7b56d79ee5e5b3e5,
+    0x8cd923139f9f469f, 0xd317fd23f0f0e7f0, 0x6a7f94204a4a354a, 0x9e95a944dada4fda,
+    0xfa25b0a258587d58, 0x06ca8fcfc9c903c9, 0x558d527c2929a429, 0x5022145a0a0a280a,
+    0xe14f7f50b1b1feb1, 0x691a5dc9a0a0baa0, 0x7fdad6146b6bb16b, 0x5cab17d985852e85,
+    0x8173673cbdbdcebd, 0xd234ba8f5d5d695d, 0x8050209010104010, 0xf303f507f4f4f7f4,
+    0x16c08bddcbcb0bcb, 0xedc67cd33e3ef83e, 0x28110a2d05051405, 0x1fe6ce7867678167,
+    0x7353d597e4e4b7e4, 0x25bb4e0227279c27, 0x3258827341411941, 0x2c9d0ba78b8b168b,
+    0x510153f6a7a7a6a7, 0xcf94fab27d7de97d, 0xdcfb374995956e95, 0x8e9fad56d8d847d8,
+    0x8b30eb70fbfbcbfb, 0x2371c1cdeeee9fee, 0xc791f8bb7c7ced7c, 0x17e3cc7166668566,
+    0xa68ea77bdddd53dd, 0xb84b2eaf17175c17, 0x02468e4547470147, 0x84dc211a9e9e429e,
+    0x1ec589d4caca0fca, 0x75995a582d2db42d, 0x9179632ebfbfc6bf, 0x381b0e3f07071c07,
+    0x012347acadad8ead, 0xea2fb4b05a5a755a, 0x6cb51bef83833683, 0x85ff66b63333cc33,
+    0x3ff2c65c63639163, 0x100a041202020802, 0x39384993aaaa92aa, 0xafa8e2de7171d971,
+    0x0ecf8dc6c8c807c8, 0xc87d32d119196419, 0x7270923b49493949, 0x869aaf5fd9d943d9,
+    0xc31df931f2f2eff2, 0x4b48dba8e3e3abe3, 0xe22ab6b95b5b715b, 0x34920dbc88881a88,
+    0xa4c8293e9a9a529a, 0x2dbe4c0b26269826, 0x8dfa64bf3232c832, 0xe94a7d59b0b0fab0,
+    0x1b6acff2e9e983e9, 0x78331e770f0f3c0f, 0xe6a6b733d5d573d5, 0x74ba1df480803a80,
+    0x997c6127bebec2be, 0x26de87ebcdcd13cd, 0xbde468893434d034, 0x7a75903248483d48,
+    0xab24e354ffffdbff, 0xf78ff48d7a7af57a, 0xf4ea3d6490907a90, 0xc23ebe9d5f5f615f,
+    0x1da0403d20208020, 0x67d5d00f6868bd68, 0xd07234ca1a1a681a, 0x192c41b7aeae82ae,
+    0xc95e757db4b4eab4, 0x9a19a8ce54544d54, 0xece53b7f93937693, 0x0daa442f22228822,
+    0x07e9c86364648d64, 0xdb12ff2af1f1e3f1, 0xbfa2e6cc7373d173, 0x905a248212124812,
+    0x3a5d807a40401d40, 0x4028104808082008, 0x56e89b95c3c32bc3, 0x337bc5dfecec97ec,
+    0x9690ab4ddbdb4bdb, 0x611f5fc0a1a1bea1, 0x1c8307918d8d0e8d, 0xf5c97ac83d3df43d,
+    0xccf1335b97976697, 0x0000000000000000, 0x36d483f9cfcf1bcf, 0x4587566e2b2bac2b,
+    0x97b3ece17676c576, 0x64b019e682823282, 0xfea9b128d6d67fd6, 0xd87736c31b1b6c1b,
+    0xc15b7774b5b5eeb5, 0x112943beafaf86af, 0x77dfd41d6a6ab56a, 0xba0da0ea50505d50,
+    0x124c8a5745450945, 0xcb18fb38f3f3ebf3, 0x9df060ad3030c030, 0x2b74c3c4efef9bef,
+    0xe5c37eda3f3ffc3f, 0x921caac755554955, 0x791059dba2a2b2a2, 0x0365c9e9eaea8fea,
+    0x0fecca6a65658965, 0xb9686903babad2ba, 0x65935e4a2f2fbc2f, 0x4ee79d8ec0c027c0,
+    0xbe81a160dede5fde, 0xe06c38fc1c1c701c, 0xbb2ee746fdfdd3fd, 0x52649a1f4d4d294d,
+    0xe4e0397692927292, 0x8fbceafa7575c975, 0x301e0c3606061806, 0x249809ae8a8a128a,
+    0xf940794bb2b2f2b2, 0x6359d185e6e6bfe6, 0x70361c7e0e0e380e, 0xf8633ee71f1f7c1f,
+    0x37f7c45562629562, 0xeea3b53ad4d477d4, 0x29324d81a8a89aa8, 0xc4f4315296966296,
+    0x9b3aef62f9f9c3f9, 0x66f697a3c5c533c5, 0x35b14a1025259425, 0xf220b2ab59597959,
+    0x54ae15d084842a84, 0xb7a7e4c57272d572, 0xd5dd72ec3939e439, 0x5a6198164c4c2d4c,
+    0xca3bbc945e5e655e, 0xe785f09f7878fd78, 0xddd870e53838e038, 0x148605988c8c0a8c,
+    0xc6b2bf17d1d163d1, 0x410b57e4a5a5aea5, 0x434dd9a1e2e2afe2, 0x2ff8c24e61619961,
+    0xf1457b42b3b3f6b3, 0x15a5423421218421, 0x94d625089c9c4a9c, 0xf0663cee1e1e781e,
+    0x2252866143431143, 0x76fc93b1c7c73bc7, 0xb32be54ffcfcd7fc, 0x2014082404041004,
+    0xb208a2e351515951, 0xbcc72f2599995e99, 0x4fc4da226d6da96d, 0x68391a650d0d340d,
+    0x8335e979fafacffa, 0xb684a369dfdf5bdf, 0xd79bfca97e7ee57e, 0x3db4481924249024,
+    0xc5d776fe3b3bec3b, 0x313d4b9aabab96ab, 0x3ed181f0cece1fce, 0x8855229911114411,
+    0x0c8903838f8f068f, 0x4a6b9c044e4e254e, 0xd1517366b7b7e6b7, 0x0b60cbe0ebeb8beb,
+    0xfdcc78c13c3cf03c, 0x7cbf1ffd81813e81, 0xd4fe354094946a94, 0xeb0cf31cf7f7fbf7,
+    0xa1676f18b9b9deb9, 0x985f268b13134c13, 0x7d9c58512c2cb02c, 0xd6b8bb05d3d36bd3,
+    0x6b5cd38ce7e7bbe7, 0x57cbdc396e6ea56e, 0x6ef395aac4c437c4, 0x180f061b03030c03,
+    0x8a13acdc56564556, 0x1a49885e44440d44, 0xdf9efea07f7fe17f, 0x21374f88a9a99ea9,
+    0x4d8254672a2aa82a, 0xb16d6b0abbbbd6bb, 0x46e29f87c1c123c1, 0xa202a6f153535153,
+    0xae8ba572dcdc57dc, 0x582716530b0b2c0b, 0x9cd327019d9d4e9d, 0x47c1d82b6c6cad6c,
+    0x95f562a43131c431, 0x87b9e8f37474cd74, 0xe309f115f6f6fff6, 0x0a438c4c46460546,
+    0x092645a5acac8aac, 0x3c970fb589891e89, 0xa04428b414145014, 0x5b42dfbae1e1a3e1,
+    0xb04e2ca616165816, 0xcdd274f73a3ae83a, 0x6fd0d2066969b969, 0x482d124109092409,
+    0xa7ade0d77070dd70, 0xd954716fb6b6e2b6, 0xceb7bd1ed0d067d0, 0x3b7ec7d6eded93ed,
+    0x2edb85e2cccc17cc, 0x2a57846842421542, 0xb4c22d2c98985a98, 0x490e55eda4a4aaa4,
+    0x5d8850752828a028, 0xda31b8865c5c6d5c, 0x933fed6bf8f8c7f8, 0x44a411c286862286,
+
+    // C5
+    0x18c07830d8181860, 0x2305af462623238c, 0xc67ef991b8c6c63f, 0xe8136fcdfbe8e887,
+    0x874ca113cb878726, 0xb8a9626d11b8b8da, 0x0108050209010104, 0x4f426e9e0d4f4f21,
+    0x36adee6c9b3636d8, 0xa6590451ffa6a6a2, 0xd2debdb90cd2d26f, 0xf5fb06f70ef5f5f3,
+    0x79ef80f2967979f9, 0x6f5fcede306f6fa1, 0x91fcef3f6d91917e, 0x52aa07a4f8525255,
+    0x6027fdc04760609d, 0xbc89766535bcbcca, 0x9baccd2b379b9b56, 0x8e048c018a8e8e02,
+    0xa371155bd2a3a3b6, 0x0c603c186c0c0c30, 0x7bff8af6847b7bf1, 0x35b5e16a803535d4,
+    0x1de8693af51d1d74, 0xe05347ddb3e0e0a7, 0xd7f6acb321d7d77b, 0xc25eed999cc2c22f,
+    0x2e6d965c432e2eb8, 0x4b627a96294b4b31, 0xfea321e15dfefedf, 0x578216aed5575741,
+    0x15a8412abd151554, 0x779fb6eee87777c1, 0x37a5eb6e923737dc, 0xe57b56d79ee5e5b3,
+    0x9f8cd923139f9f46, 0xf0d317fd23f0f0e7, 0x4a6a7f94204a4a35, 0xda9e95a944dada4f,
+    0x58fa25b0a258587d, 0xc906ca8fcfc9c903, 0x29558d527c2929a4, 0x0a5022145a0a0a28,
+    0xb1e14f7f50b1b1fe, 0xa0691a5dc9a0a0ba, 0x6b7fdad6146b6bb1, 0x855cab17d985852e,
+    0xbd8173673cbdbdce, 0x5dd234ba8f5d5d69, 0x1080502090101040, 0xf4f303f507f4f4f7,
+    0xcb16c08bddcbcb0b, 0x3eedc67cd33e3ef8, 0x0528110a2d050514, 0x671fe6ce78676781,
+    0xe47353d597e4e4b7, 0x2725bb4e0227279c, 0x4132588273414119, 0x8b2c9d0ba78b8b16,
+    0xa7510153f6a7a7a6, 0x7dcf94fab27d7de9, 0x95dcfb374995956e, 0xd88e9fad56d8d847,
+    0xfb8b30eb70fbfbcb, 0xee2371c1cdeeee9f, 0x7cc791f8bb7c7ced, 0x6617e3cc71666685,
+    0xdda68ea77bdddd53, 0x17b84b2eaf17175c, 0x4702468e45474701, 0x9e84dc211a9e9e42,
+    0xca1ec589d4caca0f, 0x2d75995a582d2db4, 0xbf9179632ebfbfc6, 0x07381b0e3f07071c,
+    0xad012347acadad8e, 0x5aea2fb4b05a5a75, 0x836cb51bef838336, 0x3385ff66b63333cc,
+    0x633ff2c65c636391, 0x02100a0412020208, 0xaa39384993aaaa92, 0x71afa8e2de7171d9,
+    0xc80ecf8dc6c8c807, 0x19c87d32d1191964, 0x497270923b494939, 0xd9869aaf5fd9d943,
+    0xf2c31df931f2f2ef, 0xe34b48dba8e3e3ab, 0x5be22ab6b95b5b71, 0x8834920dbc88881a,
+    0x9aa4c8293e9a9a52, 0x262dbe4c0b262698, 0x328dfa64bf3232c8, 0xb0e94a7d59b0b0fa,
+    0xe91b6acff2e9e983, 0x0f78331e770f0f3c, 0xd5e6a6b733d5d573, 0x8074ba1df480803a,
+    0xbe997c6127bebec2, 0xcd26de87ebcdcd13, 0x34bde468893434d0, 0x487a75903248483d,
+    0xffab24e354ffffdb, 0x7af78ff48d7a7af5, 0x90f4ea3d6490907a, 0x5fc23ebe9d5f5f61,
+    0x201da0403d202080, 0x6867d5d00f6868bd, 0x1ad07234ca1a1a68, 0xae192c41b7aeae82,
+    0xb4c95e757db4b4ea, 0x549a19a8ce54544d, 0x93ece53b7f939376, 0x220daa442f222288,
+    0x6407e9c86364648d, 0xf1db12ff2af1f1e3, 0x73bfa2e6cc7373d1, 0x12905a2482121248,
+    0x403a5d807a40401d, 0x0840281048080820, 0xc356e89b95c3c32b, 0xec337bc5dfecec97,
+    0xdb9690ab4ddbdb4b, 0xa1611f5fc0a1a1be, 0x8d1c8307918d8d0e, 0x3df5c97ac83d3df4,
+    0x97ccf1335b979766, 0x0000000000000000, 0xcf36d483f9cfcf1b, 0x2b4587566e2b2bac,
+    0x7697b3ece17676c5, 0x8264b019e6828232, 0xd6fea9b128d6d67f, 0x1bd87736c31b1b6c,
+    0xb5c15b7774b5b5ee, 0xaf112943beafaf86, 0x6a77dfd41d6a6ab5, 0x50ba0da0ea50505d,
+    0x45124c8a57454509, 0xf3cb18fb38f3f3eb, 0x309df060ad3030c0, 0xef2b74c3c4efef9b,
+    0x3fe5c37eda3f3ffc, 0x55921caac7555549, 0xa2791059dba2a2b2, 0xea0365c9e9eaea8f,
+    0x650fecca6a656589, 0xbab9686903babad2, 0x2f65935e4a2f2fbc, 0xc04ee79d8ec0c027,
+    0xdebe81a160dede5f, 0x1ce06c38fc1c1c70, 0xfdbb2ee746fdfdd3, 0x4d52649a1f4d4d29,
+    0x92e4e03976929272, 0x758fbceafa7575c9, 0x06301e0c36060618, 0x8a249809ae8a8a12,
+    0xb2f940794bb2b2f2, 0xe66359d185e6e6bf, 0x0e70361c7e0e0e38, 0x1ff8633ee71f1f7c,
+    0x6237f7c455626295, 0xd4eea3b53ad4d477, 0xa829324d81a8a89a, 0x96c4f43152969662,
+    0xf99b3aef62f9f9c3, 0xc566f697a3c5c533, 0x2535b14a10252594, 0x59f220b2ab595979,
+    0x8454ae15d084842a, 0x72b7a7e4c57272d5, 0x39d5dd72ec3939e4, 0x4c5a6198164c4c2d,
+    0x5eca3bbc945e5e65, 0x78e785f09f7878fd, 0x38ddd870e53838e0, 0x8c148605988c8c0a,
+    0xd1c6b2bf17d1d163, 0xa5410b57e4a5a5ae, 0xe2434dd9a1e2e2af, 0x612ff8c24e616199,
+    0xb3f1457b42b3b3f6, 0x2115a54234212184, 0x9c94d625089c9c4a, 0x1ef0663cee1e1e78,
+    0x4322528661434311, 0xc776fc93b1c7c73b, 0xfcb32be54ffcfcd7, 0x0420140824040410,
+    0x51b208a2e3515159, 0x99bcc72f2599995e, 0x6d4fc4da226d6da9, 0x0d68391a650d0d34,
+    0xfa8335e979fafacf, 0xdfb684a369dfdf5b, 0x7ed79bfca97e7ee5, 0x243db44819242490,
+    0x3bc5d776fe3b3bec, 0xab313d4b9aabab96, 0xce3ed181f0cece1f, 0x1188552299111144,
+    0x8f0c8903838f8f06, 0x4e4a6b9c044e4e25, 0xb7d1517366b7b7e6, 0xeb0b60cbe0ebeb8b,
+    0x3cfdcc78c13c3cf0, 0x817cbf1ffd81813e, 0x94d4fe354094946a, 0xf7eb0cf31cf7f7fb,
+    0xb9a1676f18b9b9de, 0x13985f268b13134c, 0x2c7d9c58512c2cb0, 0xd3d6b8bb05d3d36b,
+    0xe76b5cd38ce7e7bb, 0x6e57cbdc396e6ea5, 0xc46ef395aac4c437, 0x03180f061b03030c,
+    0x568a13acdc565645, 0x441a49885e44440d, 0x7fdf9efea07f7fe1, 0xa921374f88a9a99e,
+    0x2a4d8254672a2aa8, 0xbbb16d6b0abbbbd6, 0xc146e29f87c1c123, 0x53a202a6f1535351,
+    0xdcae8ba572dcdc57, 0x0b582716530b0b2c, 0x9d9cd327019d9d4e, 0x6c47c1d82b6c6cad,
+    0x3195f562a43131c4, 0x7487b9e8f37474cd, 0xf6e309f115f6f6ff, 0x460a438c4c464605,
+    0xac092645a5acac8a, 0x893c970fb589891e, 0x14a04428b4141450, 0xe15b42dfbae1e1a3,
+    0x16b04e2ca6161658, 0x3acdd274f73a3ae8, 0x696fd0d2066969b9, 0x09482d1241090924,
+    0x70a7ade0d77070dd, 0xb6d954716fb6b6e2, 0xd0ceb7bd1ed0d067, 0xed3b7ec7d6eded93,
+    0xcc2edb85e2cccc17, 0x422a578468424215, 0x98b4c22d2c98985a, 0xa4490e55eda4a4aa,
+    0x285d8850752828a0, 0x5cda31b8865c5c6d, 0xf8933fed6bf8f8c7, 0x8644a411c2868622,
+
+    // C6
+    0x6018c07830d81818, 0x8c2305af46262323, 0x3fc67ef991b8c6c6, 0x87e8136fcdfbe8e8,
+    0x26874ca113cb8787, 0xdab8a9626d11b8b8, 0x0401080502090101, 0x214f426e9e0d4f4f,
+    0xd836adee6c9b3636, 0xa2a6590451ffa6a6, 0x6fd2debdb90cd2d2, 0xf3f5fb06f70ef5f5,
+    0xf979ef80f2967979, 0xa16f5fcede306f6f, 0x7e91fcef3f6d9191, 0x5552aa07a4f85252,
+    0x9d6027fdc0476060, 0xcabc89766535bcbc, 0x569baccd2b379b9b, 0x028e048c018a8e8e,
+    0xb6a371155bd2a3a3, 0x300c603c186c0c0c, 0xf17bff8af6847b7b, 0xd435b5e16a803535,
+    0x741de8693af51d1d, 0xa7e05347ddb3e0e0, 0x7bd7f6acb321d7d7, 0x2fc25eed999cc2c2,
+    0xb82e6d965c432e2e, 0x314b627a96294b4b, 0xdffea321e15dfefe, 0x41578216aed55757,
+    0x5415a8412abd1515, 0xc1779fb6eee87777, 0xdc37a5eb6e923737, 0xb3e57b56d79ee5e5,
+    0x469f8cd923139f9f, 0xe7f0d317fd23f0f0, 0x354a6a7f94204a4a, 0x4fda9e95a944dada,
+    0x7d58fa25b0a25858, 0x03c906ca8fcfc9c9, 0xa429558d527c2929, 0x280a5022145a0a0a,
+    0xfeb1e14f7f50b1b1, 0xbaa0691a5dc9a0a0, 0xb16b7fdad6146b6b, 0x2e855cab17d98585,
+    0xcebd8173673cbdbd, 0x695dd234ba8f5d5d, 0x4010805020901010, 0xf7f4f303f507f4f4,
+    0x0bcb16c08bddcbcb, 0xf83eedc67cd33e3e, 0x140528110a2d0505, 0x81671fe6ce786767,
+    0xb7e47353d597e4e4, 0x9c2725bb4e022727, 0x1941325882734141, 0x168b2c9d0ba78b8b,
+    0xa6a7510153f6a7a7, 0xe97dcf94fab27d7d, 0x6e95dcfb37499595, 0x47d88e9fad56d8d8,
+    0xcbfb8b30eb70fbfb, 0x9fee2371c1cdeeee, 0xed7cc791f8bb7c7c, 0x856617e3cc716666,
+    0x53dda68ea77bdddd, 0x5c17b84b2eaf1717, 0x014702468e454747, 0x429e84dc211a9e9e,
+    0x0fca1ec589d4caca, 0xb42d75995a582d2d, 0xc6bf9179632ebfbf, 0x1c07381b0e3f0707,
+    0x8ead012347acadad, 0x755aea2fb4b05a5a, 0x36836cb51bef8383, 0xcc3385ff66b63333,
+    0x91633ff2c65c6363, 0x0802100a04120202, 0x92aa39384993aaaa, 0xd971afa8e2de7171,
+    0x07c80ecf8dc6c8c8, 0x6419c87d32d11919, 0x39497270923b4949, 0x43d9869aaf5fd9d9,
+    0xeff2c31df931f2f2, 0xabe34b48dba8e3e3, 0x715be22ab6b95b5b, 0x1a8834920dbc8888,
+    0x529aa4c8293e9a9a, 0x98262dbe4c0b2626, 0xc8328dfa64bf3232, 0xfab0e94a7d59b0b0,
+    0x83e91b6acff2e9e9, 0x3c0f78331e770f0f, 0x73d5e6a6b733d5d5, 0x3a8074ba1df48080,
+    0xc2be997c6127bebe, 0x13cd26de87ebcdcd, 0xd034bde468893434, 0x3d487a7590324848,
+    0xdbffab24e354ffff, 0xf57af78ff48d7a7a, 0x7a90f4ea3d649090, 0x615fc23ebe9d5f5f,
+    0x80201da0403d2020, 0xbd6867d5d00f6868, 0x681ad07234ca1a1a, 0x82ae192c41b7aeae,
+    0xeab4c95e757db4b4, 0x4d549a19a8ce5454, 0x7693ece53b7f9393, 0x88220daa442f2222,
+    0x8d6407e9c8636464, 0xe3f1db12ff2af1f1, 0xd173bfa2e6cc7373, 0x4812905a24821212,
+    0x1d403a5d807a4040, 0x2008402810480808, 0x2bc356e89b95c3c3, 0x97ec337bc5dfecec,
+    0x4bdb9690ab4ddbdb, 0xbea1611f5fc0a1a1, 0x0e8d1c8307918d8d, 0xf43df5c97ac83d3d,
+    0x6697ccf1335b9797, 0x0000000000000000, 0x1bcf36d483f9cfcf, 0xac2b4587566e2b2b,
+    0xc57697b3ece17676, 0x328264b019e68282, 0x7fd6fea9b128d6d6, 0x6c1bd87736c31b1b,
+    0xeeb5c15b7774b5b5, 0x86af112943beafaf, 0xb56a77dfd41d6a6a, 0x5d50ba0da0ea5050,
+    0x0945124c8a574545, 0xebf3cb18fb38f3f3, 0xc0309df060ad3030, 0x9bef2b74c3c4efef,
+    0xfc3fe5c37eda3f3f, 0x4955921caac75555, 0xb2a2791059dba2a2, 0x8fea0365c9e9eaea,
+    0x89650fecca6a6565, 0xd2bab9686903baba, 0xbc2f65935e4a2f2f, 0x27c04ee79d8ec0c0,
+    0x5fdebe81a160dede, 0x701ce06c38fc1c1c, 0xd3fdbb2ee746fdfd, 0x294d52649a1f4d4d,
+    0x7292e4e039769292, 0xc9758fbceafa7575, 0x1806301e0c360606, 0x128a249809ae8a8a,
+    0xf2b2f940794bb2b2, 0xbfe66359d185e6e6, 0x380e70361c7e0e0e, 0x7c1ff8633ee71f1f,
+    0x956237f7c4556262, 0x77d4eea3b53ad4d4, 0x9aa829324d81a8a8, 0x6296c4f431529696,
+    0xc3f99b3aef62f9f9, 0x33c566f697a3c5c5, 0x942535b14a102525, 0x7959f220b2ab5959,
+    0x2a8454ae15d08484, 0xd572b7a7e4c57272, 0xe439d5dd72ec3939, 0x2d4c5a6198164c4c,
+    0x655eca3bbc945e5e, 0xfd78e785f09f7878, 0xe038ddd870e53838, 0x0a8c148605988c8c,
+    0x63d1c6b2bf17d1d1, 0xaea5410b57e4a5a5, 0xafe2434dd9a1e2e2, 0x99612ff8c24e6161,
+    0xf6b3f1457b42b3b3, 0x842115a542342121, 0x4a9c94d625089c9c, 0x781ef0663cee1e1e,
+    0x1143225286614343, 0x3bc776fc93b1c7c7, 0xd7fcb32be54ffcfc, 0x1004201408240404,
+    0x5951b208a2e35151, 0x5e99bcc72f259999, 0xa96d4fc4da226d6d, 0x340d68391a650d0d,
+    0xcffa8335e979fafa, 0x5bdfb684a369dfdf, 0xe57ed79bfca97e7e, 0x90243db448192424,
+    0xec3bc5d776fe3b3b, 0x96ab313d4b9aabab, 0x1fce3ed181f0cece, 0x4411885522991111,
+    0x068f0c8903838f8f, 0x254e4a6b9c044e4e, 0xe6b7d1517366b7b7, 0x8beb0b60cbe0ebeb,
+    0xf03cfdcc78c13c3c, 0x3e817cbf1ffd8181, 0x6a94d4fe35409494, 0xfbf7eb0cf31cf7f7,
+    0xdeb9a1676f18b9b9, 0x4c13985f268b1313, 0xb02c7d9c58512c2c, 0x6bd3d6b8bb05d3d3,
+    0xbbe76b5cd38ce7e7, 0xa56e57cbdc396e6e, 0x37c46ef395aac4c4, 0x0c03180f061b0303,
+    0x45568a13acdc5656, 0x0d441a49885e4444, 0xe17fdf9efea07f7f, 0x9ea921374f88a9a9,
+    0xa82a4d8254672a2a, 0xd6bbb16d6b0abbbb, 0x23c146e29f87c1c1, 0x5153a202a6f15353,
+    0x57dcae8ba572dcdc, 0x2c0b582716530b0b, 0x4e9d9cd327019d9d, 0xad6c47c1d82b6c6c,
+    0xc43195f562a43131, 0xcd7487b9e8f37474, 0xfff6e309f115f6f6, 0x05460a438c4c4646,
+    0x8aac092645a5acac, 0x1e893c970fb58989, 0x5014a04428b41414, 0xa3e15b42dfbae1e1,
+    0x5816b04e2ca61616, 0xe83acdd274f73a3a, 0xb9696fd0d2066969, 0x2409482d12410909,
+    0xdd70a7ade0d77070, 0xe2b6d954716fb6b6, 0x67d0ceb7bd1ed0d0, 0x93ed3b7ec7d6eded,
+    0x17cc2edb85e2cccc, 0x15422a5784684242, 0x5a98b4c22d2c9898, 0xaaa4490e55eda4a4,
+    0xa0285d8850752828, 0x6d5cda31b8865c5c, 0xc7f8933fed6bf8f8, 0x228644a411c28686,
+
+    // C7
+    0x186018c07830d818, 0x238c2305af462623, 0xc63fc67ef991b8c6, 0xe887e8136fcdfbe8,
+    0x8726874ca113cb87, 0xb8dab8a9626d11b8, 0x0104010805020901, 0x4f214f426e9e0d4f,
+    0x36d836adee6c9b36, 0xa6a2a6590451ffa6, 0xd26fd2debdb90cd2, 0xf5f3f5fb06f70ef5,
+    0x79f979ef80f29679, 0x6fa16f5fcede306f, 0x917e91fcef3f6d91, 0x525552aa07a4f852,
+    0x609d6027fdc04760, 0xbccabc89766535bc, 0x9b569baccd2b379b, 0x8e028e048c018a8e,
+    0xa3b6a371155bd2a3, 0x0c300c603c186c0c, 0x7bf17bff8af6847b, 0x35d435b5e16a8035,
+    0x1d741de8693af51d, 0xe0a7e05347ddb3e0, 0xd77bd7f6acb321d7, 0xc22fc25eed999cc2,
+    0x2eb82e6d965c432e, 0x4b314b627a96294b, 0xfedffea321e15dfe, 0x5741578216aed557,
+    0x155415a8412abd15, 0x77c1779fb6eee877, 0x37dc37a5eb6e9237, 0xe5b3e57b56d79ee5,
+    0x9f469f8cd923139f, 0xf0e7f0d317fd23f0, 0x4a354a6a7f94204a, 0xda4fda9e95a944da,
+    0x587d58fa25b0a258, 0xc903c906ca8fcfc9, 0x29a429558d527c29, 0x0a280a5022145a0a,
+    0xb1feb1e14f7f50b1, 0xa0baa0691a5dc9a0, 0x6bb16b7fdad6146b, 0x852e855cab17d985,
+    0xbdcebd8173673cbd, 0x5d695dd234ba8f5d, 0x1040108050209010, 0xf4f7f4f303f507f4,
+    0xcb0bcb16c08bddcb, 0x3ef83eedc67cd33e, 0x05140528110a2d05, 0x6781671fe6ce7867,
+    0xe4b7e47353d597e4, 0x279c2725bb4e0227, 0x4119413258827341, 0x8b168b2c9d0ba78b,
+    0xa7a6a7510153f6a7, 0x7de97dcf94fab27d, 0x956e95dcfb374995, 0xd847d88e9fad56d8,
+    0xfbcbfb8b30eb70fb, 0xee9fee2371c1cdee, 0x7ced7cc791f8bb7c, 0x66856617e3cc7166,
+    0xdd53dda68ea77bdd, 0x175c17b84b2eaf17, 0x47014702468e4547, 0x9e429e84dc211a9e,
+    0xca0fca1ec589d4ca, 0x2db42d75995a582d, 0xbfc6bf9179632ebf, 0x071c07381b0e3f07,
+    0xad8ead012347acad, 0x5a755aea2fb4b05a, 0x8336836cb51bef83, 0x33cc3385ff66b633,
+    0x6391633ff2c65c63, 0x020802100a041202, 0xaa92aa39384993aa, 0x71d971afa8e2de71,
+    0xc807c80ecf8dc6c8, 0x196419c87d32d119, 0x4939497270923b49, 0xd943d9869aaf5fd9,
+    0xf2eff2c31df931f2, 0xe3abe34b48dba8e3, 0x5b715be22ab6b95b, 0x881a8834920dbc88,
+    0x9a529aa4c8293e9a, 0x2698262dbe4c0b26, 0x32c8328dfa64bf32, 0xb0fab0e94a7d59b0,
+    0xe983e91b6acff2e9, 0x0f3c0f78331e770f, 0xd573d5e6a6b733d5, 0x803a8074ba1df480,
+    0xbec2be997c6127be, 0xcd13cd26de87ebcd, 0x34d034bde4688934, 0x483d487a75903248,
+    0xffdbffab24e354ff, 0x7af57af78ff48d7a, 0x907a90f4ea3d6490, 0x5f615fc23ebe9d5f,
+    0x2080201da0403d20, 0x68bd6867d5d00f68, 0x1a681ad07234ca1a, 0xae82ae192c41b7ae,
+    0xb4eab4c95e757db4, 0x544d549a19a8ce54, 0x937693ece53b7f93, 0x2288220daa442f22,
+    0x648d6407e9c86364, 0xf1e3f1db12ff2af1, 0x73d173bfa2e6cc73, 0x124812905a248212,
+    0x401d403a5d807a40, 0x0820084028104808, 0xc32bc356e89b95c3, 0xec97ec337bc5dfec,
+    0xdb4bdb9690ab4ddb, 0xa1bea1611f5fc0a1, 0x8d0e8d1c8307918d, 0x3df43df5c97ac83d,
+    0x976697ccf1335b97, 0x0000000000000000, 0xcf1bcf36d483f9cf, 0x2bac2b4587566e2b,
+    0x76c57697b3ece176, 0x82328264b019e682, 0xd67fd6fea9b128d6, 0x1b6c1bd87736c31b,
+    0xb5eeb5c15b7774b5, 0xaf86af112943beaf, 0x6ab56a77dfd41d6a, 0x505d50ba0da0ea50,
+    0x450945124c8a5745, 0xf3ebf3cb18fb38f3, 0x30c0309df060ad30, 0xef9bef2b74c3c4ef,
+    0x3ffc3fe5c37eda3f, 0x554955921caac755, 0xa2b2a2791059dba2, 0xea8fea0365c9e9ea,
+    0x6589650fecca6a65, 0xbad2bab9686903ba, 0x2fbc2f65935e4a2f, 0xc027c04ee79d8ec0,
+    0xde5fdebe81a160de, 0x1c701ce06c38fc1c, 0xfdd3fdbb2ee746fd, 0x4d294d52649a1f4d,
+    0x927292e4e0397692, 0x75c9758fbceafa75, 0x061806301e0c3606, 0x8a128a249809ae8a,
+    0xb2f2b2f940794bb2, 0xe6bfe66359d185e6, 0x0e380e70361c7e0e, 0x1f7c1ff8633ee71f,
+    0x62956237f7c45562, 0xd477d4eea3b53ad4, 0xa89aa829324d81a8, 0x966296c4f4315296,
+    0xf9c3f99b3aef62f9, 0xc533c566f697a3c5, 0x25942535b14a1025, 0x597959f220b2ab59,
+    0x842a8454ae15d084, 0x72d572b7a7e4c572, 0x39e439d5dd72ec39, 0x4c2d4c5a6198164c,
+    0x5e655eca3bbc945e, 0x78fd78e785f09f78, 0x38e038ddd870e538, 0x8c0a8c148605988c,
+    0xd163d1c6b2bf17d1, 0xa5aea5410b57e4a5, 0xe2afe2434dd9a1e2, 0x6199612ff8c24e61,
+    0xb3f6b3f1457b42b3, 0x21842115a5423421, 0x9c4a9c94d625089c, 0x1e781ef0663cee1e,
+    0x4311432252866143, 0xc73bc776fc93b1c7, 0xfcd7fcb32be54ffc, 0x0410042014082404,
+    0x515951b208a2e351, 0x995e99bcc72f2599, 0x6da96d4fc4da226d, 0x0d340d68391a650d,
+    0xfacffa8335e979fa, 0xdf5bdfb684a369df, 0x7ee57ed79bfca97e, 0x2490243db4481924,
+    0x3bec3bc5d776fe3b, 0xab96ab313d4b9aab, 0xce1fce3ed181f0ce, 0x1144118855229911,
+    0x8f068f0c8903838f, 0x4e254e4a6b9c044e, 0xb7e6b7d1517366b7, 0xeb8beb0b60cbe0eb,
+    0x3cf03cfdcc78c13c, 0x813e817cbf1ffd81, 0x946a94d4fe354094, 0xf7fbf7eb0cf31cf7,
+    0xb9deb9a1676f18b9, 0x134c13985f268b13, 0x2cb02c7d9c58512c, 0xd36bd3d6b8bb05d3,
+    0xe7bbe76b5cd38ce7, 0x6ea56e57cbdc396e, 0xc437c46ef395aac4, 0x030c03180f061b03,
+    0x5645568a13acdc56, 0x440d441a49885e44, 0x7fe17fdf9efea07f, 0xa99ea921374f88a9,
+    0x2aa82a4d8254672a, 0xbbd6bbb16d6b0abb, 0xc123c146e29f87c1, 0x535153a202a6f153,
+    0xdc57dcae8ba572dc, 0x0b2c0b582716530b, 0x9d4e9d9cd327019d, 0x6cad6c47c1d82b6c,
+    0x31c43195f562a431, 0x74cd7487b9e8f374, 0xf6fff6e309f115f6, 0x4605460a438c4c46,
+    0xac8aac092645a5ac, 0x891e893c970fb589, 0x145014a04428b414, 0xe1a3e15b42dfbae1,
+    0x165816b04e2ca616, 0x3ae83acdd274f73a, 0x69b9696fd0d20669, 0x092409482d124109,
+    0x70dd70a7ade0d770, 0xb6e2b6d954716fb6, 0xd067d0ceb7bd1ed0, 0xed93ed3b7ec7d6ed,
+    0xcc17cc2edb85e2cc, 0x4215422a57846842, 0x985a98b4c22d2c98, 0xa4aaa4490e55eda4,
+    0x28a0285d88507528, 0x5c6d5cda31b8865c, 0xf8c7f8933fed6bf8, 0x86228644a411c286,
+};

lib/std/hash/wyhash2.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2025 Zack Puhl <github@xmit.xyz>. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+//
+// An implementation of Wang Yi's wyhash(2) algorithm in C3:
+//    https://github.com/wangyi-fudan/wyhash
+//
+module std::hash::wyhash2;
+
+
+fn ulong wyr3(char* in, usz len) @inline
+	=> ((ulong)in[0] << 16) | ((ulong)in[len >> 1] << 8) | (ulong)in[len - 1];
+
+
+// See: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1HmqDj-suH4wBFNg7etwE8WVBlfCufvD5-gAnIENs94k/edit?gid=1915335726#gid=1915335726
+//   Credit to article:
+//   https://medium.com/@tprodanov/benchmarking-non-cryptographic-hash-functions-in-rust-2e6091077d11
+//
+// wyhash2 has a >90% chance of collisions when its input data is above 16 bytes in length.
+//   However, it is the fastest performing and most evenly randomized hash for very low-length inputs,
+//   making it an ideal candidate for hashing primitive data types quickly and making things like hash
+//   tables even faster. Therefore, a 16-byte input limit is imposed on all calls to the hash function.
+//
+<*
+@require input.len <= 16 : `wyhash2 is not useable for inputs over 16 bytes in length.`
+*>
+fn ulong hash(char[] input, ulong seed = 0)
+{
+	seed ^= 0xa076_1d64_78bd_642f;
+
+	ulong a, b;
+
+	if (@likely(input.len <= 8))   // more likely to encounter 8-byte or lower type here
+	{
+		if (@likely(input.len >= 4))
+		{
+			a = (ulong)@unaligned_load(*(uint*)input.ptr, 1);   // first 4 bytes widened to a u64
+			b = (ulong)@unaligned_load(*(uint*)&input[^4], 1);   // a walking 4-byte window based on input.len
+		}
+		else if (input.len > 0)
+		{
+			a = wyr3(input, input.len);
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		a = @unaligned_load(*(ulong*)input.ptr, 1);   // first 8 bytes
+		b = @unaligned_load(*(ulong*)&input[^8], 1);   // a walking 8-byte window based on input.len
+	}
+
+	uint128 r = ((uint128)a ^ 0xe703_7ed1_a0b4_28db) * ((uint128)b ^ seed);
+	ulong pre_res = (ulong)r ^ (ulong)(r >> 64);
+
+	r = ((uint128)0xe703_7ed1_a0b4_28db ^ input.len) * (uint128)pre_res;
+	return (ulong)r ^ (ulong)(r >> 64);
+}

lib/std/io/file_mmap.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+module std::io::file::mmap @if(env::LIBC &&& env::POSIX);
+import std::core::mem::vm, std::io::file;
+
+struct FileMmap
+{
+	File file;
+	VirtualMemory vm;
+	usz offset;
+	usz len;
+}
+
+<*
+ Provides a slice of bytes to the expected mapped range discarding the extra bytes due to misaligment of offset and/or size.
+
+ @return "Slice of the mapped range where the first byte matches the file's byte at the offset specified to File::file_mmap()"
+*>
+fn char[] FileMmap.bytes(&self)
+{
+	return self.vm.ptr[self.offset:self.len];
+}
+
+<*
+  Destroys the underlyng VirtualMemory object ie. calls munmap()"
+*>
+fn void? FileMmap.destroy(&self) @maydiscard
+{
+	fault err1 = @catch(self.file.close());
+	fault err2 = @catch(self.vm.destroy());
+	if (err1) return err1?;
+	if (err2) return err2?;
+}
+
+module std::io::file @if(env::LIBC &&& env::POSIX);
+
+<*
+ Maps a region of an already-opened file into memory
+
+ @param file : "Already opened file created on the caller scope"
+ @param offset : "Byte offset in file, will be rounded down to page size"
+ @param len : "Size in bytes to map starting from offset, will be rounded up to page size"
+ @return? mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY, vm::ACCESS_DENIED, vm::RANGE_OVERFLOW, vm::INVALID_ARGS, vm::UNKNOWN_ERROR, io::NO_PERMISSION, io::FILE_NOT_VALID, io::WOULD_BLOCK, io::FILE_NOT_FOUND
+ @return "Memory mapped region. Must be released with FileMmap.destroy(). Provided File will not be closed"
+*>
+fn mmap::FileMmap? mmap_file(File file, usz offset = 0, usz len = 0, vm::VirtualMemoryAccess access = READ, bool shared = false)
+{
+	if (len == 0)
+	{
+		usz cur = file.seek(0, CURSOR)!;
+		defer file.seek(cur, SET)!!;
+		usz file_size = file.seek(0, END)!;
+		len = file_size - offset;
+	}
+
+	// get the page size
+	usz page_size = vm::aligned_alloc_size(0);
+
+	// align the offset specified by the user (might be not aligned)
+	usz page_offset = offset & (page_size - 1);
+	usz map_offset = offset - page_offset;
+	
+	// adjust map length (both the region start and the region end might be not aligned)
+	usz map_len = len + page_offset; // when region start not aligned
+	map_len = vm::aligned_alloc_size(map_len); // when region end not aligned
+
+	void* ptr = vm::mmap_file(file.fd(), map_len, map_offset, access, shared)!;
+
+	// FileMmap does not own the supplied file
+	return {{}, {ptr, map_len, access}, page_offset, len};
+}
+
+<*
+ Maps a region of the given file into memory
+
+ @param filename : "File path"
+ @param mode : "File opening mode"
+ @param offset : "Byte offset in file, will be rounded down to page size"
+ @param len : "Size in bytes to map starting from offset, will be rounded up to page size"
+ @return? mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY, vm::ACCESS_DENIED, vm::RANGE_OVERFLOW, vm::INVALID_ARGS, vm::UNKNOWN_ERROR, io::NO_PERMISSION, io::FILE_NOT_VALID, io::WOULD_BLOCK, io::FILE_NOT_FOUND
+ @return "Memory mapped region. Must be released with FileMmap.destroy()"
+*>
+fn mmap::FileMmap? mmap_open(String filename, String mode, usz offset = 0, usz len = 0, vm::VirtualMemoryAccess access = READ, bool shared = false)
+{
+	File file = open(filename, mode)!;
+	defer catch (void)file.close();
+	FileMmap mm = mmap_file(file, offset, len, access, shared)!;
+
+	// FileMmap owns the file and it will close it on destroy()
+	mm.file = file;
+
+	return mm;
+}
+

lib/std/io/formatter.c3

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ alias FloatType = double;
 
 macro bool is_struct_with_default_print($Type)
 {
-	return $Type.kindof == STRUCT
+	return ($Type.kindof == STRUCT ||| $Type.kindof == BITSTRUCT)
 		&&& !$defined($Type.to_format)
 		&&& !$defined($Type.to_constant_string);
 }
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ macro bool is_struct_with_default_print($Type)
 <*
  Introspect a struct and print it to a formatter
 
- @require @typekind(value) == STRUCT : `This macro is only valid on macros`
+ @require @typekind(value) == STRUCT || @typekind(value) == BITSTRUCT : `This macro is only valid on macros`
 *>
 macro usz? struct_to_format(value, Formatter* f, bool $force_dump)
 {
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ macro usz? struct_to_format(value, Formatter* f, bool $force_dump)
         $if $member.nameof != "":
             total += f.printf("%s: ", $member.nameof)!;
 		$endif
-		$if ($force_dump &&& $member.typeid.kindof == STRUCT) |||
-			is_struct_with_default_print($typefrom($member.typeid)):
+		$if ($force_dump &&& ($member.typeid.kindof == STRUCT || $member.typeid.kindof == BITSTRUCT)) |||
+			is_struct_with_default_print($member.typeid):
 			total += struct_to_format($member.get(value), f, $force_dump)!;
 		$else
 			total += f.printf("%s", $member.get(value))!;
@@ -69,7 +69,6 @@ struct Formatter
 		PrintFlags flags;
 		uint width;
 		uint prec;
-		usz idx;
 		fault first_fault;
 	}
 }
@@ -205,6 +204,7 @@ fn usz? Formatter.out_str(&self, any arg) @private
 			}
 			self.width = 0;
 			return self.out_substr("0x")! + self.ntoa_any(arg, 16);
+		case CONST_ENUM:
 		case DISTINCT:
 			if (arg.type == String.typeid)
 			{
@@ -494,6 +494,11 @@ fn usz? Formatter.vprintf(&self, String format, any[] anys)
 							out = ((char*)current.ptr)[:current.type.sizeof];
 							break;
 						}
+						if (current.type.kindof == POINTER)
+						{
+							out = ((*(char**)current.ptr))[:current.type.inner.sizeof];
+							break;
+						}
 						total_len += self.out_substr("<INVALID>")!;
 						continue;
 				}
@@ -565,5 +570,5 @@ fn usz? Formatter.print(&self, String str)
 		self.out_fn = &out_null_fn;
 	}
 	foreach (c : str) self.out(c)!;
-	return self.idx;
+	return str.len;
 }

lib/std/io/formatter_private.c3

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ fn uint128? int_from_any(any arg, bool *is_neg) @private
 			*is_neg = false;
 			return (uint128)(uptr)*(void**)arg.ptr;
 		case DISTINCT:
+		case CONST_ENUM:
 			return int_from_any(arg.as_inner(), is_neg);
 		default:
 			break;
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ fn FloatType? float_from_any(any arg) @private
 	$if env::F128_SUPPORT:
 		if (arg.type == float128.typeid) return (FloatType)*((float128*)arg.ptr);
 	$endif
-	if (arg.type.kindof == TypeKind.DISTINCT)
+	if (arg.type.kindof == DISTINCT || arg.type.kindof == CONST_ENUM)
 	{
 		return float_from_any(arg.as_inner());
 	}
@@ -623,9 +624,12 @@ fn usz? Formatter.out_char(&self, any arg) @private
 		return self.out_substr("<NOT CHAR>");
 	}
 	usz len = 1;
-	uint l = 1;
 	// pre padding
-	len += self.adjust(l)!;
+	if (!self.flags.left)
+    {
+    	len += self.pad(' ', self.width, len)!;
+    }
+
 	// char output
 	Char32 c = types::any_to_int(arg, uint) ?? 0xFFFD;
 	switch (true)
@@ -645,7 +649,10 @@ fn usz? Formatter.out_char(&self, any arg) @private
 			self.out((char)(0x80 | (c >> 6 & 0x3F)))!;
 			self.out((char)(0x80 | (c & 0x3F)))!;
 	}
-	len += self.adjust(l)!;
+	if (self.flags.left)
+    {
+        len += self.pad(' ', self.width, len)!;
+	}
 	return len;
 }
 
@@ -653,7 +660,6 @@ fn usz? Formatter.out_char(&self, any arg) @private
 fn usz? Formatter.out_reverse(&self, char[] buf) @private
 {
 	usz n;
-	usz buffer_start_idx = self.idx;
 	usz len = buf.len;
 	// pad spaces up to given width
 	if (!self.flags.zeropad && !self.flags.left)

lib/std/io/io.c3

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2021-2022 Christoffer Lerno. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright (c) 2021-2025 Christoffer Lerno. All rights reserved.
 // Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
 // a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
 module std::io;
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ faultdef
 	BUSY,
 	CANNOT_READ_DIR,
 	DIR_NOT_EMPTY,
+	PARENT_DIR_MISSING,
 	EOF,
 	FILE_CANNOT_DELETE,
 	FILE_IS_DIR,
@@ -49,41 +50,23 @@ faultdef
  "\r" will be filtered from the String.
 
  @param stream : `The stream to read from.`
- @require @is_instream(stream) : `The stream must implement InStream.`
+ @require !($defined(&stream) &&& @is_instream(&stream)) : "The value for 'stream' should have been passed as a pointer and not as a value, please add '&'."
+ @require @is_instream(stream) : `Make sure that the stream is actually an InStream.`
  @param [inout] allocator : `the allocator to use.`
  @return `The string containing the data read.`
 *>
 macro String? readline(Allocator allocator, stream = io::stdin())
 {
-	bool $is_stream = @typeis(stream, InStream);
-	$if $is_stream:
-		$typeof(&stream.read_byte) func = &stream.read_byte;
-		char val = func((void*)stream)!;
-	$else
-		char val = stream.read_byte()!;
-	$endif
-
-	if (val == '\n') return "";
+	if (allocator == tmem)
+	{
+		DString str = dstring::temp_with_capacity(256);
+		readline_to_stream(&str, stream)!;
+		return str.str_view();
+	}
 	@pool()
 	{
 		DString str = dstring::temp_with_capacity(256);
-		if (val != '\r') str.append(val);
-		while (1)
-		{
-			$if $is_stream:
-				char? c = func((void*)stream);
-			$else
-				char? c = stream.read_byte();
-			$endif
-			if (catch err = c)
-			{
-				if (err == io::EOF) break;
-				return err?;
-			}
-			if (c == '\r') continue;
-			if (c == '\n') break;
-			str.append_char(c);
-		}
+		readline_to_stream(&str, stream)!;
 		return str.copy_str(allocator);
 	};
 }
@@ -93,6 +76,7 @@ macro String? readline(Allocator allocator, stream = io::stdin())
  on the temporary allocator and does not need to be freed.
 
  @param stream : `The stream to read from.`
+ @require !($defined(&stream) &&& @is_instream(&stream)) : "The value for 'stream' should have been passed as a pointer and not as a value, please add '&'."
  @require @is_instream(stream) : `The stream must implement InStream.`
  @return `The temporary string containing the data read.`
 *>
@@ -101,6 +85,65 @@ macro String? treadline(stream = io::stdin())
 	return readline(tmem, stream) @inline;
 }
 
+<*
+ Reads a string, see `readline`, the data is passed to an outstream
+
+ @param out_stream : `The stream to write to`
+ @param in_stream : `The stream to read from.`
+ @require !($defined(&in_stream) &&& @is_instream(&in_stream)) : "The value for 'in_stream' should have been passed as a pointer and not as a value, please add '&'."
+ @require !($defined(&out_stream) &&& @is_outstream(&out_stream)) : "The value for 'out_stream' should have been passed as a pointer and not as a value, please add '&'."
+ @require @is_instream(in_stream) : `The in_stream must implement InStream.`
+ @require @is_outstream(out_stream) : `The out_stream must implement OutStream.`
+ @return `The number of bytes written`
+*>
+macro usz? readline_to_stream(out_stream, in_stream = io::stdin())
+{
+	bool $is_stream = @typeis(in_stream, InStream);
+	$if $is_stream:
+		var func = &in_stream.read_byte;
+		char val = func((void*)in_stream)!;
+	$else
+		char val = in_stream.read_byte()!;
+	$endif
+	bool $is_out_stream = @typeis(out_stream, OutStream);
+	$if $is_out_stream:
+		var out_func = &out_stream.write_byte;
+	$endif
+
+	if (val == '\n') return 0;
+	usz len;
+	if (val != '\r')
+	{
+		$if $is_out_stream:
+			out_func((void*)out_stream.ptr, val)!;
+		$else
+			out_stream.write_byte(val)!;
+		$endif
+		len++;
+	}
+	while (1)
+	{
+		$if $is_stream:
+			char? c = func((void*)in_stream);
+		$else
+			char? c = in_stream.read_byte();
+		$endif
+		if (catch err = c)
+		{
+			if (err == io::EOF) break;
+			return err?;
+		}
+		if (c == '\r') continue;
+		if (c == '\n') break;
+		$if $is_out_stream:
+			out_func((void*)out_stream.ptr, c)!;
+		$else
+			out_stream.write_byte(c)!;
+		$endif
+		len++;
+	}
+	return len;
+}
 <*
  Print a value to a stream.
 
@@ -117,7 +160,7 @@ macro usz? fprint(out, x)
 		$case ZString: return out.write(x.str_view());
 		$case DString: return out.write(x.str_view());
 		$default:
-			$if $assignable(x, String):
+			$if @assignable_to(x, String):
 				return out.write((String)x);
 			$else
 				$if is_struct_with_default_print($Type):
@@ -211,7 +254,7 @@ macro void eprint(x)
 
  @param x : "The value to print"
 *>
-macro void eprintn(x)
+macro void eprintn(x = "")
 {
 	(void)fprintn(io::stderr(), x);
 }

lib/std/io/os/chdir.c3

@@ -3,28 +3,28 @@ import std::io::path, libc, std::os;
 
 macro void? native_chdir(Path path)
 {
-	$switch:
-		$case env::POSIX:
-			if (posix::chdir(path.as_zstr()))
-			{
-				switch (libc::errno())
+	@pool()
+	{
+		$switch:
+			$case env::POSIX:
+				if (posix::chdir(path.str_view().zstr_tcopy()))
 				{
-					case errno::EACCES: return io::NO_PERMISSION?;
-					case errno::ENAMETOOLONG: return io::NAME_TOO_LONG?;
-					case errno::ENOTDIR: return io::FILE_NOT_DIR?;
-					case errno::ENOENT: return io::FILE_NOT_FOUND?;
-					case errno::ELOOP: return io::SYMLINK_FAILED?;
-					default: return io::GENERAL_ERROR?;
+					switch (libc::errno())
+					{
+						case errno::EACCES: return io::NO_PERMISSION?;
+						case errno::ENAMETOOLONG: return io::NAME_TOO_LONG?;
+						case errno::ENOTDIR: return io::FILE_NOT_DIR?;
+						case errno::ENOENT: return io::FILE_NOT_FOUND?;
+						case errno::ELOOP: return io::SYMLINK_FAILED?;
+						default: return io::GENERAL_ERROR?;
+					}
 				}
-			}
-		$case env::WIN32:
-			@pool()
-			{
+			$case env::WIN32:
 				// TODO improve with better error handling.
 				if (win32::setCurrentDirectoryW(path.str_view().to_temp_utf16()!!)) return;
-			};
-			return io::GENERAL_ERROR?;
-		$default:
-			return io::UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION?;
-	$endswitch
+				return io::GENERAL_ERROR?;
+			$default:
+				return io::UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION?;
+		$endswitch
+	};
 }

lib/std/io/os/ls.c3

@@ -5,7 +5,11 @@ fn PathList? native_ls(Path dir, bool no_dirs, bool no_symlinks, String mask, Al
 {
 	PathList list;
 	list.init(allocator);
-	DIRPtr directory = posix::opendir(dir.str_view() ? dir.as_zstr() : (ZString)".");
+	DIRPtr directory @noinit;
+	@pool()
+	{
+		directory = posix::opendir(dir.str_view() ? dir.str_view().zstr_tcopy() : (ZString)".");
+	};
 	defer if (directory) posix::closedir(directory);
 	if (!directory) return (path::is_dir(dir) ? io::CANNOT_READ_DIR : io::FILE_NOT_DIR)?;
 	Posix_dirent* entry;

lib/std/io/os/mkdir.c3

@@ -7,9 +7,11 @@ import std::os::posix;
 
 macro bool? native_mkdir(Path path, MkdirPermissions permissions)
 {
+	@pool()
+	{
 	$switch:
 		$case env::POSIX:
-			if (!posix::mkdir(path.as_zstr(), permissions == NORMAL ? 0o777 : 0o700)) return true;
+			if (!posix::mkdir(path.str_view().zstr_tcopy(), permissions == NORMAL ? 0o777 : 0o700)) return true;
 			switch (libc::errno())
 			{
 				case errno::EACCES:
@@ -23,11 +25,11 @@ macro bool? native_mkdir(Path path, MkdirPermissions permissions)
 				case errno::EEXIST: return false;
 				case errno::ELOOP: return io::SYMLINK_FAILED?;
 				case errno::ENOTDIR: return io::FILE_NOT_FOUND?;
-				default: return io::GENERAL_ERROR?;
+				case errno::ENOENT: return io::PARENT_DIR_MISSING?;
+				default:
+					return io::GENERAL_ERROR?;
 			}
 		$case env::WIN32:
-			@pool()
-			{
 				// TODO security attributes
 				if (win32::createDirectoryW(path.str_view().to_temp_utf16()!!, null)) return true;
 				switch (win32::getLastError())
@@ -43,8 +45,8 @@ macro bool? native_mkdir(Path path, MkdirPermissions permissions)
 					default:
 						return io::GENERAL_ERROR?;
 				}
-			};
 		$default:
 			return io::UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION?;
 	$endswitch
+	};
 }

lib/std/io/os/rmdir.c3

@@ -6,9 +6,11 @@ import std::os::posix;
 
 macro bool? native_rmdir(Path path)
 {
+	@pool()
+	{
 	$switch:
 		$case env::POSIX:
-			if (!posix::rmdir(path.as_zstr())) return true;
+			if (!posix::rmdir(path.str_view().zstr_tcopy())) return true;
 			switch (libc::errno())
 			{
 				case errno::EBUSY: return io::BUSY?;
@@ -24,25 +26,23 @@ macro bool? native_rmdir(Path path)
 				default: return io::GENERAL_ERROR?;
 			}
 		$case env::WIN32:
-			@pool()
+			if (win32::removeDirectoryW(path.str_view().to_temp_utf16()!!)) return true;
+			switch (win32::getLastError())
 			{
-				if (win32::removeDirectoryW(path.str_view().to_temp_utf16()!!)) return true;
-				switch (win32::getLastError())
-				{
-					case win32::ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED:
-						return io::NO_PERMISSION?;
-					case win32::ERROR_CURRENT_DIRECTORY:
-						return io::BUSY?;
-					case win32::ERROR_DIR_NOT_EMPTY:
-						return io::DIR_NOT_EMPTY?;
-					case win32::ERROR_DIRECTORY:
-					case win32::ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND:
-						return false;
-					default:
-						return io::GENERAL_ERROR?;
-				}
-			};
+				case win32::ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED:
+					return io::NO_PERMISSION?;
+				case win32::ERROR_CURRENT_DIRECTORY:
+					return io::BUSY?;
+				case win32::ERROR_DIR_NOT_EMPTY:
+					return io::DIR_NOT_EMPTY?;
+				case win32::ERROR_DIRECTORY:
+				case win32::ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND:
+					return false;
+				default:
+					return io::GENERAL_ERROR?;
+			}
 		$default:
 			return io::UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION?;
 	$endswitch
+	};
 }

lib/std/io/os/rmtree.c3

@@ -6,30 +6,33 @@ import std::io, std::os, libc;
 *>
 fn void? native_rmtree(Path dir)
 {
-	DIRPtr directory = posix::opendir(dir.as_zstr());
-	defer if (directory) posix::closedir(directory);
-	if (!directory) return path::is_dir(dir) ? io::CANNOT_READ_DIR? : io::FILE_NOT_DIR?;
-	Posix_dirent* entry;
-	while ((entry = posix::readdir(directory)))
+	@pool()
 	{
-		@pool()
+		DIRPtr directory = posix::opendir(dir.str_view().zstr_tcopy());
+		defer if (directory) posix::closedir(directory);
+		if (!directory) return path::is_dir(dir) ? io::CANNOT_READ_DIR? : io::FILE_NOT_DIR?;
+		Posix_dirent* entry;
+		while ((entry = posix::readdir(directory)))
 		{
-			String name = ((ZString)&entry.name).str_view();
-			if (!name || name == "." || name == "..") continue;
-			Path new_path = dir.tappend(name)!;
-			if (entry.d_type == posix::DT_DIR)
+			@pool()
 			{
-				native_rmtree(new_path)!;
-				continue;
-			}
-			if (libc::remove(new_path.as_zstr()))
-			{
-				// TODO improve
-				return io::GENERAL_ERROR?;
-			}
-		};
-	}
-	os::native_rmdir(dir)!;
+				String name = ((ZString)&entry.name).str_view();
+				if (!name || name == "." || name == "..") continue;
+				Path new_path = dir.tappend(name)!;
+				if (entry.d_type == posix::DT_DIR)
+				{
+					native_rmtree(new_path)!;
+					continue;
+				}
+				if (libc::remove(new_path.str_view().zstr_tcopy()))
+				{
+					// TODO improve
+					return io::GENERAL_ERROR?;
+				}
+			};
+		}
+		os::native_rmdir(dir)!;
+	};
 }
 
 module std::io::os @if(env::WIN32);

lib/std/io/path.c3

@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ enum MkdirPermissions
  @param recursive : `If directories in between should be created if they're missing, defaults to false`
  @param permissions : `The permissions to set on the directory`
 *>
-macro bool? mkdir(Path path, bool recursive = false, MkdirPermissions permissions = NORMAL)
+macro bool? mkdir(path, bool recursive = false, MkdirPermissions permissions = NORMAL)
 {
 	$if @typeis(path, String):
 		@pool() { return _mkdir(temp(path), recursive, permissions); };
@@ -148,27 +148,20 @@ fn Path? new(Allocator allocator, String path, PathEnv path_env = DEFAULT_ENV)
 
  @return? INVALID_PATH : `if the path was invalid`
 *>
-fn Path? temp(String path, PathEnv path_env = DEFAULT_ENV)
-{
-	return new(tmem, path, path_env);
-}
+fn Path? temp(String path, PathEnv path_env = DEFAULT_ENV) => new(tmem, path, path_env);
 
-fn Path? from_win32_wstring(Allocator allocator, WString path) => @pool()
+fn Path? from_wstring(Allocator allocator, WString path) => @pool()
 {
 	return path::new(allocator, string::tfrom_wstring(path)!);
 }
 
-fn Path? for_windows(Allocator allocator, String path)
-{
-	return new(allocator, path, WIN32);
-}
+fn Path? from_win32_wstring(Allocator allocator, WString path) @deprecated("Use 'from_wstring' instead") => from_wstring(allocator, path);
 
-fn Path? for_posix(Allocator allocator, String path)
-{
-	return new(allocator, path, POSIX);
-}
+fn Path? for_windows(Allocator allocator, String path) => new(allocator, path, WIN32);
 
-fn bool Path.equals(self, Path p2)
+fn Path? for_posix(Allocator allocator, String path) => new(allocator, path, POSIX);
+
+fn bool Path.equals(self, Path p2) @operator(==)
 {
 	return self.env == p2.env && self.path_string == p2.path_string;
 }
@@ -340,15 +333,9 @@ fn String Path.volume_name(self)
 	return self.path_string[:len];
 }
 
-fn Path? String.to_path(self, Allocator allocator)
-{
-	return new(allocator, self);
-}
+fn Path? String.to_path(self, Allocator allocator) => new(allocator, self);
 
-fn Path? String.to_tpath(self)
-{
-	return new(tmem, self);
-}
+fn Path? String.to_tpath(self) => new(tmem, self);
 
 fn usz? volume_name_len(String path, PathEnv path_env) @local
 {
@@ -527,7 +514,7 @@ fn String? normalize(String path_str, PathEnv path_env = DEFAULT_ENV)
 	return path_str[:len];
 }
 
-fn ZString Path.as_zstr(self) => (ZString)self.path_string.ptr;
+fn ZString Path.as_zstr(self) @deprecated => (ZString)self.path_string.ptr;
 
 fn String Path.root_directory(self)
 {
@@ -607,29 +594,17 @@ fn bool? traverse(Path path, TraverseCallback callback, any data)
 	return false;
 }
 
-fn String Path.str_view(self) @inline
-{
-	return self.path_string;
-}
+fn String Path.str_view(self) @inline => self.path_string;
 
 
-fn bool Path.has_suffix(self, String str)
-{
-	return self.str_view().ends_with(str);
-}
+fn bool Path.has_suffix(self, String str) => self.str_view().ends_with(str);
 
 <*
  @require self.allocator != null : "This Path should never be freed"
 *>
-fn void Path.free(self)
-{
-	allocator::free(self.allocator, self.path_string.ptr);
-}
+fn void Path.free(self) => allocator::free(self.allocator, self.path_string.ptr);
 
-fn usz? Path.to_format(&self, Formatter* formatter) @dynamic
-{
-	return formatter.print(self.str_view());
-}
+fn usz? Path.to_format(&self, Formatter* formatter) @dynamic => formatter.print(self.str_view());
 
 
 const bool[256] RESERVED_PATH_CHAR_POSIX = {
@@ -649,10 +624,7 @@ const bool[256] RESERVED_PATH_CHAR_WIN32 = {
 	['*'] = true,
 };
 
-macro bool is_reserved_win32_path_char(char c)
-{
-	return RESERVED_PATH_CHAR_WIN32[c];
-}
+macro bool is_reserved_win32_path_char(char c) => RESERVED_PATH_CHAR_WIN32[c];
 
 macro bool is_reserved_path_char(char c, PathEnv path_env = DEFAULT_ENV)
 {

lib/std/io/stream.c3

@@ -39,17 +39,17 @@ fn usz? available(InStream s)
 
 macro bool @is_instream(#expr)
 {
-	return $assignable(#expr, InStream);
+	return @assignable_to(#expr, InStream);
 }
 
 macro bool @is_outstream(#expr)
 {
-	return $assignable(#expr, OutStream);
+	return @assignable_to(#expr, OutStream);
 }
 
 <*
  @param [&out] ref
- @require @is_instream(stream)
+ @require @is_instream(stream) : "Expected a stream"
 *>
 macro usz? read_any(stream, any ref)
 {
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ const char[*] MAX_VARS @private = { [2] = 3, [4] = 5, [8] = 10 };
 *>
 macro usz? read_varint(stream, x_ptr)
 {
-	var $Type = $typefrom($typeof(x_ptr).inner);
+	var $Type = $typeof(x_ptr).inner;
 	const MAX = MAX_VARS[$Type.sizeof];
 	$Type x;
 	uint shift;

lib/std/libc/libc.c3

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2021 Christoffer Lerno. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright (c) 2021-2025 Christoffer Lerno. All rights reserved.
 // Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
 // a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
 module libc;
@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ const int EXIT_FAILURE = 1;
 const int EXIT_SUCCESS = 0;
 const int RAND_MAX = 0x7fffffff;
 
+alias WChar @if(env::WIN32) = Char16;
+alias WChar @if(!env::WIN32) = Char32;
+
 struct DivResult
 {
 	CInt quot;
@@ -125,6 +128,7 @@ extern fn ZString getenv(ZString name);
 extern fn ZString gets(char* buffer);
 extern fn Tm* gmtime(Time_t* timer);
 extern fn Tm* gmtime_r(Time_t* timer, Tm* buf) @if(!env::WIN32);
+extern fn CInt ioctl(CInt fd, ulong request, ...);
 extern fn CInt isatty(Fd fd) @if(!env::WIN32);
 extern fn CLong labs(CLong x);
 extern fn LongDivResult ldiv(CLong number, CLong denom);
@@ -147,6 +151,7 @@ extern fn void qsort(void* base, usz items, usz size, CompareFunction compare);
 extern fn CInt raise(CInt signal);
 extern fn CInt rand();
 extern fn isz read(Fd fd, void* buf, usz nbyte) @if(!env::WIN32);
+extern fn isz readlink(ZString pathname, char* buf, int bufsize) @if(!env::WIN32);
 extern fn void* realloc(void* ptr, usz size);
 extern fn CInt remove(ZString filename);
 extern fn CInt rename(ZString old_name, ZString new_name);
@@ -167,6 +172,7 @@ extern fn CInt strcmp(ZString str1, ZString str2);
 extern fn CInt strcoll(ZString str1, ZString str2);
 extern fn usz strcspn(ZString str1, ZString str2);
 extern fn ZString strcpy(ZString dst, ZString src);
+extern fn ZString strdup(ZString s);
 extern fn ZString strerror(CInt errn);
 extern fn usz strftime(char* dest, usz maxsize, ZString format, Tm* timeptr);
 extern fn usz strlen(ZString str);

lib/std/libc/libc_extra.c3

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import std::time;
 <*
  Return a "timespec" from a duration.
 
- @require self >= 0
+ @require self >= time::NANO_DURATION_ZERO
 *>
 fn TimeSpec NanoDuration.to_timespec(self) @inline
 {
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ fn TimeSpec NanoDuration.to_timespec(self) @inline
 <*
  Convert a duration to a timespec.
 
- @require self >= 0
+ @require self >= time::DURATION_ZERO
 *>
 fn TimeSpec Duration.to_timespec(self) @inline
 {
@@ -24,3 +24,11 @@ fn TimeSpec Duration.to_timespec(self) @inline
 	Time_t sec = (Time_t)(self / time::SEC);
 	return { .s = sec, .ns = ns };
 }
+
+<*
+ Convert a timestamp to a timespec.
+*>
+fn TimeSpec Time.to_timespec(self) @inline
+{
+	return ((Duration)self).to_timespec();
+}

lib/std/libc/os/errno.c3

@@ -1,10 +1,21 @@
 module libc::os @if(env::LIBC);
+import std::core::env;
 
 // Linux
 extern fn int* __errno_location() @if(env::LINUX);
 macro int errno() @if(env::LINUX) => *__errno_location();
 macro void errno_set(int err) @if(env::LINUX) => *(__errno_location()) = err;
 
+// Android 9
+extern fn int* __errno() @if(env::ANDROID);
+macro int errno() @if(env::ANDROID) => *__errno();
+macro void errno_set(int err) @if(env::ANDROID) => *(__errno()) = err;
+
+// OpenBSD
+extern fn int* __errno() @if(env::OPENBSD);
+macro int errno() @if(env::OPENBSD) => *__errno();
+macro void errno_set(int err) @if(env::OPENBSD) => *(__errno()) = err;
+
 // Darwin
 extern fn int* __error() @if(env::DARWIN);
 macro int errno() @if(env::DARWIN) => *__error();
@@ -22,7 +33,7 @@ extern fn void _get_errno(int* result) @if(env::WIN32);
 extern fn void _set_errno(int err) @if(env::WIN32);
 
 // Default
-module libc::os @if(!env::LIBC || !(env::LINUX || env::DARWIN || env::WIN32));
+module libc::os @if(!env::LIBC || !env::HAS_NATIVE_ERRNO);
 tlocal int _errno_c3 = 0;
 fn void errno_set(int err) => _errno_c3 = err;
 fn int errno() => _errno_c3;

lib/std/libc/os/openbsd.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+module libc @if(env::OPENBSD);
+
+// Checked for x86_64
+
+alias Blksize_t = int;
+alias Nlink_t = $typefrom(env::X86_64 ? uint.typeid : CUInt.typeid);
+alias Dev_t = int;
+alias Ino_t = ulong;
+alias Mode_t = uint;
+alias Blkcnt_t = long;
+alias Fflags_t = uint;
+
+struct Stat @if(env::X86_64)
+{
+	Mode_t st_mode;
+	Dev_t st_dev;
+	Ino_t st_ino;
+	Nlink_t st_nlink;
+	Uid_t st_uid;
+	Gid_t st_gid;
+	Dev_t st_rdev;
+	TimeSpec st_atime;
+	TimeSpec st_mtime;
+	TimeSpec st_ctime;
+	Off_t st_size;
+	Blkcnt_t st_blocks;
+	Blksize_t st_blksize;
+	Fflags_t st_flags;
+	uint st_gen;
+	ulong[10] st_spare;
+}
+
+// TODO: Investigate if this needs to be fixed
+struct Stat @if(!env::X86_64)
+{
+	Dev_t st_dev;
+	Ino_t st_ino;
+	Mode_t st_mode;
+	Nlink_t st_nlink;
+	Uid_t st_uid;
+	Gid_t st_gid;
+	Dev_t st_rdev;
+	CInt __pad1;
+	Off_t st_size;
+	Blksize_t st_blksize;
+	CInt __pad2;
+	Blkcnt_t st_blocks;
+	Time_t st_atime;
+	long st_atime_nsec;
+	Time_t st_mtime;
+	long st_mtime_nsec;
+	Time_t st_ctime;
+	long st_ctime_nsec;
+	CInt[2] __unused;
+}
+
+extern fn CInt stat(ZString path, Stat* stat);
+
+extern fn CInt get_nprocs();
+extern fn CInt get_nprocs_conf();

lib/std/math/complex.c3

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ macro Complex Complex.sub_each(self, Real b) => { .v = self.v - b };
 macro Complex Complex.scale(self, Real r) @operator_s(*) => { .v = self.v * r };
 macro Complex Complex.mul(self, Complex b)@operator(*) => { self.r * b.r - self.c * b.c, self.r * b.c + b.r * self.c };
 macro Complex Complex.div_real(self, Real r) @operator(/) => { .v = self.v / r };
-macro Complex Complex.div_real_inverse(Complex c, Real r) @operator_r(/) => ((Complex) { .r = self }).div(c);
+macro Complex Complex.div_real_inverse(Complex c, Real r) @operator_r(/) => ((Complex) { .r = r }).div(c);
 macro Complex Complex.div(self, Complex b) @operator(/)
 {
 	Real div = b.v.dot(b.v);

lib/std/math/math.c3

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ import std::math::complex;
 import std::math::matrix;
 import std::math::quaternion;
 
+attrdef @MathLibc(name) = @extern(name), @link(env::POSIX, "m");
+
 const E = 2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757247093699959574966967627724076630353547594571382178525166427427466;
 const LOG2E = 1.44269504088896340735992468100189214; // log2(e)
 const LOG10E = 0.434294481903251827651128918916605082; // log10(e)
@@ -128,7 +130,7 @@ macro atan2(x, y)
  @require values::@is_int(x) || values::@is_float(x) : "Expected an integer or floating point value"
  @require @typekind(sinp) == POINTER : "Expected sinp to be a pointer"
  @require values::@is_same_type(sinp, cosp) : "Expected sinp and cosp to have the same type"
- @require $assignable(x, $typeof(*sinp)) : "Expected x and sinp/cosp to have the same type"
+ @require @assignable_to(x, $typeof(*sinp)) : "Expected x and sinp/cosp to have the same type"
 *>
 macro sincos_ref(x, sinp, cosp)
 {
@@ -234,6 +236,13 @@ macro asinh(x)
 *>
 macro ceil(x) => $$ceil(x);
 
+<*
+ Ceil for compile time evaluation.
+
+ @require @typeis($input, double) || @typeis($input, float) : "Only float and double may be used"
+*>
+macro @ceil($input) @const => $$ceil($input);
+
 <*
  Constrain the value to lie within the given interval.
 
@@ -335,6 +344,23 @@ macro log(x, base)
 *>
 macro log2(x) => $$log2(values::promote_int(x));
 
+<*
+ @require values::@is_int($x) : `The input value must be an integer.`
+ @require $x >= 0 : `The input value must be a positive integer.`
+ @return `A floored base-2 log of an input integer value.`
+*>
+macro @intlog2($x)
+{
+	$if $x <= 1:
+		return 0;
+	$endif
+
+	$typeof($x) $z = 0;
+	$for var $y = $x; $y > 0; $y >>= 1, ++$z: $endfor
+
+	return $z - 1;
+}
+
 <*
  @require values::@is_promotable_to_floatlike(x) : `The input must be a number or a float vector`
 *>
@@ -387,7 +413,7 @@ macro nearbyint(x) => $$nearbyint(x);
 
 <*
  @require values::@is_promotable_to_floatlike(x) : `The input must be a number or a float vector`
- @require $assignable(exp, $typeof(values::promote_int(x))) || values::@is_int(exp) : `The input must be an integer, castable to the type of x`
+ @require @assignable_to(exp, $typeof(values::promote_int(x))) || values::@is_int(exp) : `The input must be an integer, castable to the type of x`
 *>
 macro pow(x, exp)
 {
@@ -507,7 +533,7 @@ macro bool is_finite(x)
 		$case float16:
 			return bitcast((float)x, uint) & 0x7fffffff < 0x7f800000;
 		$default:
-			return bitcast((double)x, ulong) & (~0u64 >> 1) < 0x7ffu64 << 52;
+			return bitcast((double)x, ulong) & (~0UL >> 1) < 0x7ffUL << 52;
 	$endswitch
 }
 
@@ -521,7 +547,7 @@ macro is_nan(x)
 	$case float16:
 		return bitcast((float)x, uint) & 0x7fffffff > 0x7f800000;
 	$default:
-		return bitcast((double)x, ulong) & (~0u64 >> 1) > 0x7ffu64 << 52;
+		return bitcast((double)x, ulong) & (~0UL >> 1) > 0x7ffUL << 52;
 	$endswitch
 }
 
@@ -535,7 +561,7 @@ macro is_inf(x)
 	$case float16:
 		return bitcast((float)x, uint) & 0x7fffffff == 0x7f800000;
 	$default:
-		return bitcast((double)x, ulong) & (~0u64 >> 1) == 0x7ffu64 << 52;
+		return bitcast((double)x, ulong) & (~0UL >> 1) == 0x7ffUL << 52;
 	$endswitch
 }
 
@@ -1005,33 +1031,33 @@ macro void float.set_word(float* f, uint u) => *f = bitcast(u, float);
 
 macro double scalbn(double x, int n) => _scalbn(x, n);
 
-extern fn double _atan(double x) @extern("atan");
-extern fn float _atanf(float x) @extern("atanf");
-extern fn double _atan2(double, double) @extern("atan2");
-extern fn float _atan2f(float, float) @extern("atan2f");
+extern fn double _atan(double x) @MathLibc("atan");
+extern fn float _atanf(float x) @MathLibc("atanf");
+extern fn double _atan2(double, double) @MathLibc("atan2");
+extern fn float _atan2f(float, float) @MathLibc("atan2f");
 
-extern fn void _sincos(double, double*, double*) @extern("__sincos") @link("m") @if(env::DARWIN);
-extern fn void _sincosf(float, float*, float*) @extern("__sincosf") @link("m") @if(env::DARWIN);
+extern fn void _sincos(double, double*, double*) @MathLibc("__sincos") @if(env::DARWIN);
+extern fn void _sincosf(float, float*, float*) @MathLibc("__sincosf") @if(env::DARWIN);
 
-extern fn void _sincos(double, double*, double*) @extern("sincos") @link("m") @if(!env::DARWIN && !env::WIN32);
-extern fn void _sincosf(float, float*, float*) @extern("sincosf") @link("m") @if(!env::DARWIN && !env::WIN32);
+extern fn void _sincos(double, double*, double*) @MathLibc("sincos") @if(!env::DARWIN && !env::WIN32);
+extern fn void _sincosf(float, float*, float*) @MathLibc("sincosf") @if(!env::DARWIN && !env::WIN32);
 
 fn void _sincos(double a, double* s, double* c) @extern("sincos") @if(env::WIN32) { *s = sin(a); *c = cos(a); }
 fn void _sincosf(float a, float* s, float* c) @extern("sincosf") @if(env::WIN32)  { *s = sin(a); *c = cos(a); }
 
-extern fn double _tan(double x) @extern("tan");
-extern fn float _tanf(float x) @extern("tanf");
-extern fn double _scalbn(double x, int n) @extern("scalbn");
-extern fn double _acos(double x) @extern("acos");
-extern fn double _asin(double x) @extern("asin");
-extern fn double _acosh(double x) @extern("acosh");
-extern fn double _asinh(double x) @extern("asinh");
-extern fn double _atanh(double x) @extern("atanh");
-extern fn float _acosf(float x) @extern("acosf");
-extern fn float _asinf(float x) @extern("asinf");
-extern fn float _acoshf(float x) @extern("acoshf");
-extern fn float _asinhf(float x) @extern("asinhf");
-extern fn float _atanhf(float x) @extern("atanhf");
+extern fn double _tan(double x) @MathLibc("tan");
+extern fn float _tanf(float x) @MathLibc("tanf");
+extern fn double _scalbn(double x, int n) @MathLibc("scalbn");
+extern fn double _acos(double x) @MathLibc("acos");
+extern fn double _asin(double x) @MathLibc("asin");
+extern fn double _acosh(double x) @MathLibc("acosh");
+extern fn double _asinh(double x) @MathLibc("asinh");
+extern fn double _atanh(double x) @MathLibc("atanh");
+extern fn float _acosf(float x) @MathLibc("acosf");
+extern fn float _asinf(float x) @MathLibc("asinf");
+extern fn float _acoshf(float x) @MathLibc("acoshf");
+extern fn float _asinhf(float x) @MathLibc("asinhf");
+extern fn float _atanhf(float x) @MathLibc("atanhf");
 
 
 fn double _frexp(double x, int* e)
@@ -1053,8 +1079,8 @@ fn double _frexp(double x, int* e)
 			return x;
 		default:
 			*e = ee - 0x3fe;
-			i &= 0x800fffffffffffffu64;
-			i |= 0x3fe0000000000000u64;
+			i &= 0x800fffffffffffffUL;
+			i |= 0x3fe0000000000000UL;
 			return bitcast(i, double);
 	}
 }
@@ -1079,8 +1105,8 @@ fn float _frexpf(float x, int* e)
 			return x;
 		default:
 			*e = ee - 0x7e;
-			i &= 0x807fffffu32;
-			i |= 0x3f000000u32;
+			i &= 0x807fffffU;
+			i |= 0x3f000000U;
 			return bitcast(i, float);
 	}
 }
@@ -1106,6 +1132,33 @@ macro overflow_mul_helper(x, y) @local
 	return res;
 }
 
+<*
+ @param [&out] out : "Where the result of the addition is stored"
+ @return "Whether the addition resulted in an integer overflow"
+ @require values::@is_same_type(a, b) : "a and b must be the same type"
+ @require values::@is_flat_intlike(a) &&& values::@is_flat_intlike(b) : "a and b must both be integer or integer vector based"
+ @require $defined(*out) &&& values::@is_same_type(*out, a) : "out must be a pointer of the same type as a and b"
+*>
+macro bool overflow_add(a, b, out) => $$overflow_add(a, b, out);
+
+<*
+ @param [&out] out : "Where the result of the subtraction is stored"
+ @return "Whether the subtraction resulted in an integer overflow"
+ @require values::@is_same_type(a, b) : "a and b must be the same type"
+ @require values::@is_flat_intlike(a) &&& values::@is_flat_intlike(b) : "a and b must both be integer or integer vector based"
+ @require $defined(*out) &&& values::@is_same_type(*out, a) : "out must be a pointer of the same type as a and b"
+*>
+macro bool overflow_sub(a, b, out) => $$overflow_sub(a, b, out);
+
+<*
+ @param [&out] out : "Where the result of the multiplication is stored"
+ @return "Whether the multiplication resulted in an integer overflow"
+ @require values::@is_same_type(a, b) : "a and b must be the same type"
+ @require values::@is_flat_intlike(a) &&& values::@is_flat_intlike(b) : "a and b must both be integer or integer vector based"
+ @require $defined(*out) &&& values::@is_same_type(*out, a) : "out must be a pointer of the same type as a and b"
+*>
+macro bool overflow_mul(a, b, out) => $$overflow_mul(a, b, out);
+
 <*
  @require types::is_vector($Type) || ($Type.kindof == ARRAY &&& types::is_numerical($typefrom($Type.inner)))
 *>
@@ -1163,31 +1216,31 @@ macro ushort[<*>] ushort[<*>].muldiv(self, mul, div) => mul_div_helper(self, mul
 
 <*
  @require @is_same_vector_or_scalar(self, mul) : `mul must be a vector of the same type as self, or be an integer scalar`
- @require @is_same_vector_or_scalar(self, div) `div must be a vector of the same type as self, or be an integer scalar`
+ @require @is_same_vector_or_scalar(self, div) : `div must be a vector of the same type as self, or be an integer scalar`
 *>
 macro int[<*>] int[<*>].muldiv(self, mul, div) => mul_div_helper(self, mul, div);
 
 <*
- @require @is_same_vector_or_scalar(self, mul) `mul must be a vector of the same type as self, or be an integer scalar`
- @require @is_same_vector_or_scalar(self, div) `div must be a vector of the same type as self, or be an integer scalar`
+ @require @is_same_vector_or_scalar(self, mul) : `mul must be a vector of the same type as self, or be an integer scalar`
+ @require @is_same_vector_or_scalar(self, div) : `div must be a vector of the same type as self, or be an integer scalar`
 *>
 macro uint[<*>] uint[<*>].muldiv(self, mul, div) => mul_div_helper(self, mul, div);
 
 <*
- @require @is_same_vector_or_scalar(self, mul) `mul must be a vector of the same type as self, or be an integer scalar`
- @require @is_same_vector_or_scalar(self, div) `div must be a vector of the same type as self, or be an integer scalar`
+ @require @is_same_vector_or_scalar(self, mul) : `mul must be a vector of the same type as self, or be an integer scalar`
+ @require @is_same_vector_or_scalar(self, div) : `div must be a vector of the same type as self, or be an integer scalar`
 *>
 macro long[<*>] long[<*>].muldiv(self, mul, div) => mul_div_helper(self, mul, div);
 
 <*
- @require @is_same_vector_or_scalar(self, mul) `mul must be a vector of the same type as self, or be an integer scalar`
- @require @is_same_vector_or_scalar(self, div) `div must be a vector of the same type as self, or be an integer scalar`
+ @require @is_same_vector_or_scalar(self, mul) : `mul must be a vector of the same type as self, or be an integer scalar`
+ @require @is_same_vector_or_scalar(self, div) : `div must be a vector of the same type as self, or be an integer scalar`
 *>
 macro ulong[<*>] ulong[<*>].muldiv(self, mul, div) => mul_div_helper(self, mul, div);
 
 <*
-@require types::is_int($typeof(a)) `The input must be an integer`
-@require types::is_int($typeof(b)) `The input must be an integer`
+ @require types::is_int($typeof(a)) : `The input must be an integer`
+ @require types::is_int($typeof(b)) : `The input must be an integer`
 *>
 macro _gcd(a, b) @private
 {
@@ -1208,9 +1261,9 @@ macro _gcd(a, b) @private
 }
 
 <*
-Calculate the least common multiple for the provided arguments.
+ Calculate the least common multiple for the provided arguments.
 
-@require $vacount >= 2 `At least two arguments are required.`
+ @require $vacount >= 2 : "At least two arguments are required."
 *>
 macro lcm(...)
 {
@@ -1226,9 +1279,9 @@ macro lcm(...)
 }
 
 <*
-Calculate the greatest common divisor for the provided arguments.
+ Calculate the greatest common divisor for the provided arguments.
 
-@require $vacount >= 2 `At least two arguments are required.`
+ @require $vacount >= 2 : "At least two arguments are required."
 *>
 macro gcd(...)
 {

lib/std/math/math_nolibc/__fmod.c3

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ fn double fmod(double x, double y) @extern("fmod") @weak @nostrip
 	}
 	else
 	{
-		uxi &= -1UL >> 12;
+		uxi &= (ulong)-1 >> 12;
 		uxi |= 1UL << 52;
 	}
 	if (!ey)
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ fn double fmod(double x, double y) @extern("fmod") @weak @nostrip
 	}
 	else
 	{
-		uy.i &= -1UL >> 12;
+		uy.i &= (ulong)-1 >> 12;
 		uy.i |= 1UL << 52;
 	}
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ fn float fmodf(float x, float y) @extern("fmodf") @weak @nostrip
 	}
 	else
 	{
-		uxi &= -1U >> 9;
+		uxi &= (uint)-1 >> 9;
 		uxi |= 1U << 23;
 	}
 	if (!ey)
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ fn float fmodf(float x, float y) @extern("fmodf") @weak @nostrip
 	}
 	else
 	{
-		uy.i &= -1U >> 9;
+		uy.i &= (uint)-1 >> 9;
 		uy.i |= 1U << 23;
 	}
 

lib/std/math/math_nolibc/exp2.c3

@@ -47,13 +47,13 @@ fn double _exp2_specialcase(double tmp, ulong sbits, ulong ki) @private
 	if (ki & 0x80000000 == 0)
 	{
 		// k > 0, the exponent of scale might have overflowed by 1.
-		sbits -= 1u64 << 52;
+		sbits -= 1UL << 52;
 		double scale = bitcast(sbits, double);
 		double y = 2 * (scale + scale * tmp);
 		return y;
 	}
 	// k < 0, need special care in the subnormal range.
-	sbits += 1022u64 << 52;
+	sbits += 1022UL << 52;
 	double scale = bitcast(sbits, double);
 	double y = scale + scale * tmp;
 	if (y >= 1.0)

lib/std/math/math_nolibc/rempi.c3

@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ const int[*] IPIO2 = {
 0x91615E, 0xE61B08, 0x659985, 0x5F14A0, 0x68408D, 0xFFD880,
 0x4D7327, 0x310606, 0x1556CA, 0x73A8C9, 0x60E27B, 0xC08C6B, };
 
-const double[*] PIO2 = {
+const double[*] PIO2 @local = {
   1.57079625129699707031e+00, /* 0x3FF921FB, 0x40000000 */
   7.54978941586159635335e-08, /* 0x3E74442D, 0x00000000 */
   5.39030252995776476554e-15, /* 0x3CF84698, 0x80000000 */

lib/std/math/random.c3

@@ -117,8 +117,8 @@ macro bool next_bool(random)
 *>
 macro float next_float(random)
 {
-	uint val = random.next_int() & (1 << 24 - 1);
-	return val / (float)(1 << 24);
+	uint val = random.next_int() & (1U << 24 - 1);
+	return val * 0x1.0p-24f;
 }
 
 <*
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ macro double next_double(random)
 }
 
 // True if the value is a Random.
-macro bool is_random(random) => $assignable(random, Random);
+macro bool is_random(random) => @assignable_to(random, Random);
 
 macro uint128 @long_to_int128(#function) => (uint128)#function << 64 + #function;
 macro ulong @int_to_long(#function) => (ulong)#function << 32 + #function;

lib/std/math/random/math.seeder.c3

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 module std::math::random;
-import std::hash::fnv32a, std::time;
+import std::hash::a5hash, std::time;
 
 const ODD_PHI64 @local = 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15;
 const MUL_MCG64 @local = 0xf1357aea2e62a9c5;
@@ -69,12 +69,11 @@ fn void seeder(char[] input, char[] out_buffer)
 
 macro uint hash(value) @local
 {
-	return fnv32a::hash(&&bitcast(value, char[$sizeof(value)]));
+	return (uint)a5hash::hash(&&bitcast(value, char[$sizeof(value)]));
 }
 
 fn char[8 * 4] entropy() @if(!env::WASM_NOLIBC)
 {
-
 	void* addr = malloc(1);
 	free(addr);
 	static uint random_int;

lib/std/math/random/math.simple_random.c3

@@ -31,4 +31,4 @@ fn char SimpleRandom.next_byte(&self) @dynamic => (char)self.next_int();
 
 const long SIMPLE_RANDOM_MULTIPLIER @local = 0x5DEECE66D;
 const long SIMPLE_RANDOM_ADDEND @local = 0xB;
-const long SIMPLE_RANDOM_MASK @local = (1u64 << 48) - 1;
+const long SIMPLE_RANDOM_MASK @local = (1UL << 48) - 1;

lib/std/math/runtime/i128.c3

@@ -315,15 +315,15 @@ macro float_from_i128($Type, a) @private
 			const MANT_DIG = math::DOUBLE_MANT_DIG;
 			const SIGNIFICANT_BITS = 52;
 			const EXP_BIAS = 1023;
-			const MANTISSA_MASK = 0xFFFFF_FFFF_FFFFu64;
-			const SIGN_BIT = 1u64 << 63;
+			const MANTISSA_MASK = 0xFFFFF_FFFF_FFFFUL;
+			const SIGN_BIT = 1UL << 63;
 		$case float:
 			$Rep = uint;
 			const MANT_DIG = math::FLOAT_MANT_DIG;
 			const EXP_BIAS = 127;
 			const SIGNIFICANT_BITS = 23;
-			const MANTISSA_MASK = 0x7F_FFFFu32;
-			const SIGN_BIT = 1u32 << 31;
+			const MANTISSA_MASK = 0x7F_FFFFU;
+			const SIGN_BIT = 1U << 31;
 		$case float16:
 			$Rep = ushort;
 			const MANT_DIG = math::HALF_MANT_DIG;
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ macro float_from_i128($Type, a) @private
 		a |= (uint128)((a & 4) != 0);
 		a++;
 		a >>= 2;
-		if (a & (1i128 << MANT_DIG))
+		if (a & (1LL << MANT_DIG))
 		{
 			a >>= 1;
 			e++;
@@ -374,13 +374,13 @@ macro float_from_u128($Type, a) @private
 			const MANT_DIG = math::DOUBLE_MANT_DIG;
 			const SIGNIFICANT_BITS = 52;
 			const EXP_BIAS = 1023;
-			const MANTISSA_MASK = 0xFFFFF_FFFF_FFFFu64;
+			const MANTISSA_MASK = 0xFFFFF_FFFF_FFFFUL;
 		$case float:
 			$Rep = uint;
 			const MANT_DIG = math::FLOAT_MANT_DIG;
 			const EXP_BIAS = 127;
 			const SIGNIFICANT_BITS = 23;
-			const MANTISSA_MASK = 0x7F_FFFFu32;
+			const MANTISSA_MASK = 0x7F_FFFFU;
 		$case float16:
 			$Rep = ushort;
 			const MANT_DIG = math::HALF_MANT_DIG;
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ macro float_from_u128($Type, a) @private
 		a |= (uint128)((a & 4) != 0);
 		a++;
 		a >>= 2;
-		if (a & (1i128 << MANT_DIG))
+		if (a & (1LL << MANT_DIG))
 		{
 			a >>= 1;
 			e++;
@@ -458,8 +458,8 @@ macro fixuint(a) @private
 	int sign = rep & SIGN_BIT ? -1 : 1;
 	int exponent = (int)((abs >> SIGNIFICANT_BITS) - EXPONENT_BIAS);
 	$Rep significand = (abs & SIGNIFICANT_MASK) | IMPLICIT_BIT;
-	if (sign == -1 || exponent < 0) return 0u128;
-	if ((uint)exponent >= uint128.sizeof * 8) return ~0u128;
+	if (sign == -1 || exponent < 0) return 0ULL;
+	if ((uint)exponent >= uint128.sizeof * 8) return ~0ULL;
 	if (exponent < SIGNIFICANT_BITS) return (uint128)significand >> (SIGNIFICANT_BITS - exponent);
 	return (uint128)significand << (exponent - SIGNIFICANT_BITS);
 }

lib/std/net/inetaddr.c3

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 module std::net;
 import std::io;
-import std::ascii;
 
 enum IpProtocol : char (AIFamily ai_family)
 {

lib/std/net/os/common.c3

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 module std::net::os;
-const bool SUPPORTS_INET = env::LIBC && (env::WIN32 || env::DARWIN || env::LINUX || env::ANDROID);
+const bool SUPPORTS_INET = env::LIBC && (env::WIN32 || env::DARWIN || env::LINUX || env::ANDROID || env::OPENBSD);
 
 typedef AIFamily = CInt;
 typedef AIProtocol = CInt;
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ struct AddrInfo
 		ZString ai_canonname;
 		SockAddrPtr ai_addr;
 	}
-	struct @if(env::LINUX)
+	struct @if(env::LINUX || env::OPENBSD)
 	{
 		SockAddrPtr ai_addr;
 		ZString ai_canonname;
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ extern fn void freeaddrinfo(AddrInfo* res) @if(SUPPORTS_INET);
 extern fn CInt setsockopt(NativeSocket socket, CInt level, CInt optname, void* optval, Socklen_t optlen) @if(SUPPORTS_INET);
 extern fn CInt getsockopt(NativeSocket socket, CInt level, CInt optname, void* optval, Socklen_t optlen) @if(SUPPORTS_INET);
 
-module std::net::os @if(!env::LIBC || !(env::WIN32 || env::DARWIN || env::LINUX || env::ANDROID));
+module std::net::os @if(!env::LIBC || !(env::WIN32 || env::DARWIN || env::LINUX || env::ANDROID || env::OPENBSD));
 
 const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_INET6        = 0;
 const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_IPX          = 0;

lib/std/net/os/openbsd.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+module std::net::os @if(env::OPENBSD);
+import libc;
+
+// for most of this, see OpenBSD /usr/include/sys/socket.h
+const AIFlags AI_EXT                    = 0x8;
+const AIFlags AI_NUMERICSERV            = 0x10;
+const AIFlags AI_FQDN                   = 0x20;
+const AIFlags AI_ADDRCONFIG             = 0x40;
+
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_LOCAL                = AF_UNIX;         // draft POSIX compatibility
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_IMPLINK              =  3;              // arpanet imp addresses
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_PUP                  =  4;              // pup protocols: e.g. BSP
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_CHAOS                =  5;              // mit CHAOS protocols
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_NS                   =  6;              // XEROX NS protocols
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_ISO                  =  7;              // ISO protocols
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_OSI                  = PLATFORM_AF_ISO;
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_ECMA                 =  8;              // european computer manufacturers
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_DATAKIT              =  9;              // datakit protocols
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_CCITT                = 10;              // CCITT protocols, X.25 etc
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_SNA                  = 11;              // IBM SNA
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_DECNET               = 12;              // DECnet
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_DLI                  = 13;              // DEC Direct data link interface
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_LAT                  = 14;              // LAT
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_HYLINK               = 15;              // NSC Hyperchannel
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_APPLETALK            = 16;              // Apple Talk
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_ROUTE                = 17;              // Internal Routing Protocol
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_LINK                 = 18;              // Link layer interface
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_PSEUDO_AF_XTP           = 19;              // eXpress Transfer Protocol (no AF)
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_COIP                 = 20;              // connection-oriented IP, aka ST II
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_CNT                  = 21;              // Computer Network Technology
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_PSEUDO_AF_RTIP          = 22;              // Help Identify RTIP packets
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_IPX                  = 23;              // Novell Internet Protocol
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_INET6                = 24;              // IPv6
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_PSEUDO_AF_PIP           = 25;              // Help Identify PIP packets
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_ISDN                 = 26;              // Integrated Services Digital Network*/
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_E164                 = PLATFORM_AF_ISDN;         // CCITT E.164 recommendation
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_NATM                 = 27;              // native ATM access
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_ENCAP                = 28;
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_SIP                  = 29;              // Simple Internet Protocol
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_KEY                  = 30;
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_PSEUDO_AF_HDRCMPLT      = 31;           // Used by BPF to not rewrite headers in interface output routine
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_BLUETOOTH            = 32;              // Bluetooth
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_MPLS                 = 33;              // MPLS
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_PSEUDO_AF_PFLOW         = 34;              // pflow
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_PSEUDO_AF_PIPEX         = 35;              // PIPEX
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_FRAME                = 36;              // frame (Ethernet) sockets
+const AIFamily PLATFORM_AF_MAX                  = 37;
+
+// see: https://github.com/openbsd/src/blob/1ca4dc792538d17b4c2bd71550f68070505fd7b9/sys/sys/socket.h#L157
+const int SOL_SOCKET = 0xFFFF;
+
+const int SO_DEBUG        = 0x0001;   // turn on debugging info recording
+const int SO_ACCEPTCONN   = 0x0002;   // socket has had listen()
+const int SO_REUSEADDR    = 0x0004;   // allow local address reuse
+const int SO_KEEPALIVE    = 0x0008;   // keep connections alive
+const int SO_DONTROUTE    = 0x0010;   // just use interface addresses
+const int SO_BROADCAST    = 0x0020;   // permit sending of broadcast msgs
+const int SO_USELOOPBACK  = 0x0040;   // bypass hardware when possible
+const int SO_LINGER       = 0x0080;   // linger on close if data present
+const int SO_OOBINLINE    = 0x0100;   // leave received OOB data in line
+const int SO_REUSEPORT    = 0x0200;   // allow local address & port reuse
+const int SO_TIMESTAMP    = 0x0800;   // timestamp received dgram traffic
+const int SO_BINDANY      = 0x1000;   // allow bind to any address
+const int SO_ZEROIZE      = 0x2000;   // zero out all mbufs sent over socket
+
+// additional
+const int SO_SNDBUF       = 0x1001;   // send buffer size
+const int SO_RCVBUF       = 0x1002;   // receive buffer size
+const int SO_SNDLOWAT     = 0x1003;   // send low-water mark
+const int SO_RCVLOWAT     = 0x1004;   // receive low-water mark
+const int SO_SNDTIMEO     = 0x1005;   // send timeout
+const int SO_RCVTIMEO     = 0x1006;   // receive timeout
+const int SO_ERROR        = 0x1007;   // get error status and clear
+const int SO_TYPE         = 0x1008;   // get socket type
+const int SO_NETPROC      = 0x1020;   // multiplex; network processing
+const int SO_RTABLE       = 0x1021;   // routing table to be used
+const int SO_PEERCRED     = 0x1022;   // get connect-time credentials
+const int SO_SPLICE       = 0x1023;   // splice data to other socket
+const int SO_DOMAIN       = 0x1024;   // get socket domain
+const int SO_PROTOCOL     = 0x1025;   // get socket protocol
+
+// POLLIN through POLLNVAL are predefined by lib/std/net/os/posix.c3
+const CUShort POLLRDNORM            = 0x0040;
+const CUShort POLLNORM              = POLLRDNORM;
+const CUShort POLLWRNORM            = POLLOUT;
+const CUShort POLLRDBAND            = 0x0080;
+const CUShort POLLWRBAND            = 0x0100;
+
+const CInt MSG_OOB                 = 0x1;    // process out-of-band data
+const CInt MSG_PEEK                = 0x2;    // peek at incoming message
+const CInt MSG_DONTROUTE           = 0x4;    // send without using routing tables
+const CInt MSG_EOR                 = 0x8;    // data completes record
+const CInt MSG_TRUNC               = 0x10;   // data discarded before delivery
+const CInt MSG_CTRUNC              = 0x20;   // control data lost before delivery
+const CInt MSG_WAITALL             = 0x40;   // wait for full request or error
+const CInt MSG_DONTWAIT            = 0x80;   // this message should be nonblocking
+const CInt MSG_BCAST               = 0x100;  // this message rec'd as broadcast
+const CInt MSG_MCAST               = 0x200;  // this message rec'd as multicast
+const CInt MSG_NOSIGNAL            = 0x400;  // do not send SIGPIPE
+const CInt MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC        = 0x800;  // set FD_CLOEXEC on received fds
+const CInt MSG_WAITFORONE          = 0x1000; // nonblocking but wait for one msg
+
+// socket creation options
+const SOCK_CLOEXEC                  = 0x8000; // set FD_CLOEXEC
+const SOCK_NONBLOCK                 = 0x4000; // set O_NONBLOCK
+const SOCK_NONBLOCK_INHERIT         = 0x2000; // inherit O_NONBLOCK from listener
+const SOCK_DNS                      = 0x1000; // set SS_DNS
+
+const PLATFORM_O_NONBLOCK = SOCK_NONBLOCK;

lib/std/net/socket.c3

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ macro void @loop_over_ai(AddrInfo* ai; @body(NativeSocket fd, AddrInfo* ai))
 	}
 }
 
-const Duration POLL_FOREVER = -1;
+const Duration POLL_FOREVER = (Duration)-1;
 
 typedef PollSubscribes = ushort;
 typedef PollEvents = ushort;
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ fn usz? Socket.peek(&self, char[] bytes) @dynamic
 	return (usz)n;
 }
 
-enum SocketShutdownHow : (inline CInt native_value)
+enum SocketShutdownHow : (CInt native_value)
 {
 	RECEIVE = @select(env::WIN32, libc::SD_RECEIVE, libc::SHUT_RD),
 	SEND = @select(env::WIN32, libc::SD_SEND, libc::SHUT_WR),
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ enum SocketShutdownHow : (inline CInt native_value)
 
 fn void? Socket.shutdown(&self, SocketShutdownHow how)
 {
-	if (libc::shutdown(self.sock, how) < 0)
+	if (libc::shutdown(self.sock, how.native_value) < 0)
 	{
 		return os::socket_error()?;
 	}

lib/std/net/tcp.c3

@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ import std::time, libc;
 typedef TcpSocket = inline Socket;
 typedef TcpServerSocket = inline Socket;
 
-fn TcpSocket? connect(String host, uint port, Duration timeout = 0, SocketOption... options, IpProtocol ip_protocol = UNSPECIFIED)
+fn TcpSocket? connect(String host, uint port, Duration timeout = time::DURATION_ZERO, SocketOption... options, IpProtocol ip_protocol = UNSPECIFIED)
 {
 	AddrInfo* ai =  net::addrinfo(host, port, ip_protocol.ai_family, os::SOCK_STREAM)!;
 	defer os::freeaddrinfo(ai);
-	if (timeout > 0)
+	if (timeout > time::DURATION_ZERO)
 	{
 		return (TcpSocket)net::connect_with_timeout_from_addrinfo(ai, options, timeout)!;
 	}

lib/std/os/backtrace.c3

@@ -87,11 +87,12 @@ fn void*[] capture_current(void*[] buffer)
 
 alias BacktraceList = List{Backtrace};
 
-alias symbolize_backtrace @if(env::LINUX)  = linux::symbolize_backtrace;
-alias symbolize_backtrace @if(env::WIN32)  = win32::symbolize_backtrace;
-alias symbolize_backtrace @if(env::DARWIN) = darwin::symbolize_backtrace;
+alias symbolize_backtrace @if(env::LINUX)  	= linux::symbolize_backtrace;
+alias symbolize_backtrace @if(env::WIN32)  	= win32::symbolize_backtrace;
+alias symbolize_backtrace @if(env::DARWIN) 	= darwin::symbolize_backtrace;
+alias symbolize_backtrace @if(env::OPENBSD)	= openbsd::symbolize_backtrace;
 
 fn BacktraceList? symbolize_backtrace(Allocator allocator, void*[] backtrace) @if(!env::NATIVE_STACKTRACE)
 {
 	return {};
-}
+}

lib/std/os/env.c3

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn String? get_home_dir(Allocator allocator)
 
 
 <*
-Returns the current user's config directory.
+ Returns the current user's config directory.
 *>
 fn Path? get_config_dir(Allocator allocator) => @pool()
 {
@@ -87,13 +87,15 @@ fn Path? get_config_dir(Allocator allocator) => @pool()
 		return path::new(allocator, tget_var("AppData"));
 	$else
 		$if env::DARWIN:
-			String s = tget_var("HOME")!;
+			String home_dir = tget_var("HOME")!;
 			const DIR = "Library/Application Support";
 		$else
-			String s = tget_var("XDG_CONFIG_HOME") ?? tget_var("HOME")!;
+			String? config_path = tget_var("XDG_CONFIG_HOME");
+			if (try config_path && config_path.len > 0) return path::new(allocator, config_path);
+			String home_dir = tget_var("HOME")!;
 			const DIR = ".config";
 		$endif
-		return path::temp(s).append(allocator, DIR);
+		return path::temp(home_dir).append(allocator, DIR);
 	$endif
 }
 
@@ -115,10 +117,10 @@ fn bool clear_var(String name) => @pool()
 	$endswitch
 }
 
-fn String? executable_path(Allocator allocator)
+fn String? executable_path()
 {
 	$if env::DARWIN:
-		return darwin::executable_path(allocator);
+		return darwin::executable_path();
 	$else
 		return NOT_FOUND?;
 	$endif

lib/std/os/linux/linux.c3

@@ -89,6 +89,35 @@ struct Linux_Dl_info
 	void*       dli_saddr;     /* Address of nearest symbol */
 }
 
+alias Dl_iterate_phdr_callback64 = fn CInt(Linux_dl_phdr_info_64*, usz, void*);
+alias Dl_iterate_phdr_callback32 = fn CInt(Linux_dl_phdr_info_32*, usz, void*);
+extern fn CInt dl_iterate_phdr64(Dl_iterate_phdr_callback64 callback, void* data);
+extern fn CInt dl_iterate_phdr32(Dl_iterate_phdr_callback32 callback, void* data);
+
+struct Linux_dl_phdr_info_64
+{
+	Elf64_Addr  dlpi_addr;
+	ZString     dlpi_name;
+	Elf64_Phdr* dlpi_phdr;
+	Elf64_Half  dlpi_phnum;
+	ulong       dlpi_adds;
+	ulong       dlpi_subs;
+	usz         dlpi_tsl_modid;
+	void*       dlpi_tls_data;
+}
+
+struct Linux_dl_phdr_info_32
+{
+	Elf32_Addr  dlpi_addr;
+	ZString     dlpi_name;
+	Elf32_Phdr* dlpi_phdr;
+	Elf32_Half  dlpi_phnum;
+	ulong       dlpi_adds;
+	ulong       dlpi_subs;
+	usz         dlpi_tsl_modid;
+	void*       dlpi_tls_data;
+}
+
 fn ulong? elf_module_image_base(String path) @local
 {
 	File file = file::open(path, "rb")!;
@@ -130,70 +159,76 @@ fn ulong? elf_module_image_base(String path) @local
 
 fn void? backtrace_add_from_exec(Allocator allocator, BacktraceList* list, void* addr) @local
 {
-	char[] buf = mem::talloc_array(char, 1024);
-
-	String exec_path = process::execute_stdout_to_buffer(buf, {"realpath", "-e", string::tformat("/proc/%d/exe", posix::getpid())})!;
+	char[1024] buf @noinit;
+	String exec_path = process::execute_stdout_to_buffer(&buf, {"realpath", "-e", string::bformat(&&(char[64]){}, "/proc/%d/exe", posix::getpid())})!;
 	String obj_name = exec_path.copy(allocator);
-	String addr2line = process::execute_stdout_to_buffer(buf, {"addr2line", "-p", "-i", "-C", "-f", "-e", exec_path, string::tformat("0x%x", addr)})!;
+	String addr2line = process::execute_stdout_to_buffer(&buf, {"addr2line", "-p", "-i", "-C", "-f", "-e", exec_path, string::bformat(&&(char[64]){}, "0x%x", addr)})!;
 	return backtrace_add_addr2line(allocator, list, addr, addr2line, obj_name, "???");
 }
 
 fn void? backtrace_add_from_dlinfo(Allocator allocator, BacktraceList* list, void* addr, Linux_Dl_info* info) @local
 {
-	char[] buf = mem::talloc_array(char, 1024);
+	char[1024] buf @noinit;
 
 	void*   obj_addr  = addr - (uptr)info.dli_fbase + (uptr)elf_module_image_base(info.dli_fname.str_view())!;
 	ZString obj_path  = info.dli_fname;
 	String  sname     = info.dli_sname ? info.dli_sname.str_view() : "???";
-	String  addr2line = process::execute_stdout_to_buffer(buf, {"addr2line", "-p", "-i", "-C", "-f", "-e", obj_path.str_view(), string::tformat("0x%x", obj_addr - 1)})!;
+	String  addr2line = process::execute_stdout_to_buffer(&buf, {"addr2line", "-p", "-i", "-C", "-f", "-e", obj_path.str_view(), string::bformat(&&(char[64]){}, "0x%x", obj_addr - 1)})!;
 	return backtrace_add_addr2line(allocator, list, addr, addr2line, info.dli_fname.str_view(), sname);
 }
 
 fn Backtrace? backtrace_line_parse(Allocator allocator, String string, String obj_name, String func_name, bool is_inlined)
 {
-	String[] parts = string.trim().tsplit(" at ");
-	if (parts.len != 2) return NOT_FOUND?;
-
-	uint line   = 0;
-	String source = "";
-	if (!parts[1].contains("?") && parts[1].contains(":"))
+	@stack_mem(256; Allocator mem)
 	{
-		usz index = parts[1].rindex_of_char(':')!;
-		source = parts[1][:index];
-		line   = parts[1][index + 1..].to_uint()!;
-	}
-	return {
-		.function    = parts[0].copy(allocator),
-		.object_file = obj_name.copy(allocator),
-		.file        = source.copy(allocator),
-		.line        = line,
-		.allocator   = allocator,
-		.is_inline   = is_inlined
+		String[] parts = string.trim().split(mem, " at ");
+		if (parts.len != 2) return NOT_FOUND?;
+
+		uint line   = 0;
+		String source = "";
+		if (!parts[1].contains("?") && parts[1].contains(":"))
+		{
+			usz index = parts[1].rindex_of_char(':')!;
+			source = parts[1][:index];
+			line   = parts[1][index + 1..].to_uint()!;
+		}
+		return {
+			.function    = parts[0].copy(allocator),
+			.object_file = obj_name.copy(allocator),
+			.file        = source.copy(allocator),
+			.line        = line,
+			.allocator   = allocator,
+			.is_inline   = is_inlined
+		};
 	};
+
 }
 fn void? backtrace_add_addr2line(Allocator allocator, BacktraceList* list, void* addr, String addr2line, String obj_name, String func_name) @local
 {
-	String[] inline_parts = addr2line.tsplit("(inlined by)");
-	usz last = inline_parts.len - 1;
-	foreach (i, part : inline_parts)
+	@stack_mem(1024; Allocator mem)
 	{
-		bool is_inline = i != last;
-		Backtrace? trace = backtrace_line_parse(allocator, part, obj_name, func_name, is_inline);
-		if (catch trace)
+		String[] inline_parts = addr2line.split(mem, "(inlined by)");
+		usz last = inline_parts.len - 1;
+		foreach (i, part : inline_parts)
 		{
-			list.push({
-				.function    = func_name.copy(allocator),
-				.object_file = obj_name.copy(allocator),
-				.offset      = (uptr)addr,
-				.file        = "".copy(allocator),
-				.line        = 0,
-				.allocator   = allocator,
-				.is_inline   = is_inline
-			});
-			continue;
+			bool is_inline = i != last;
+			Backtrace? trace = backtrace_line_parse(allocator, part, obj_name, func_name, is_inline);
+			if (catch trace)
+			{
+				list.push({
+					.function    = func_name.copy(allocator),
+					.object_file = obj_name.copy(allocator),
+					.offset      = (uptr)addr,
+					.file        = "".copy(allocator),
+					.line        = 0,
+					.allocator   = allocator,
+					.is_inline   = is_inline
+				});
+				continue;
+			}
+			list.push(trace);
 		}
-		list.push(trace);
-	}
+	};
 }
 
 fn void? backtrace_add_element(Allocator allocator, BacktraceList *list, void* addr) @local
@@ -204,15 +239,12 @@ fn void? backtrace_add_element(Allocator allocator, BacktraceList *list, void* a
 		return;
 	}
 
-	@pool()
+	Linux_Dl_info info;
+	if (dladdr(addr, &info) == 0)
 	{
-		Linux_Dl_info info;
-		if (dladdr(addr, &info) == 0)
-		{
-			return backtrace_add_from_exec(allocator, list, addr);
-		}
-		return backtrace_add_from_dlinfo(allocator, list, addr, &info);
-	};
+		return backtrace_add_from_exec(allocator, list, addr);
+	}
+	return backtrace_add_from_dlinfo(allocator, list, addr, &info);
 }
 
 fn BacktraceList? symbolize_backtrace(Allocator allocator, void*[] backtrace)
@@ -227,12 +259,9 @@ fn BacktraceList? symbolize_backtrace(Allocator allocator, void*[] backtrace)
 		}
 		list.free();
 	}
-	@pool()
+	foreach (addr : backtrace)
 	{
-		foreach (addr : backtrace)
-		{
-			backtrace_add_element(allocator, &list, addr)!;
-		}
-	};
+		backtrace_add_element(allocator, &list, addr)!;
+	}
 	return list;
 }

lib/std/os/macos/darwin.c3

@@ -79,19 +79,26 @@ alias Darwin_mach_timebase_info_data_t = Darwin_mach_timebase_info;
 extern fn void mach_timebase_info(Darwin_mach_timebase_info_data_t* timebase);
 extern fn ulong mach_absolute_time();
 
-fn String? executable_path(Allocator allocator)
+fn String? executable_path()
 {
-	char[4096] path;
-	uint len = path.len;
-	if (darwin_NSGetExecutablePath(&path, &len) < 0) return NOT_FOUND?;
-	return ((ZString)&path).copy(allocator);
+	static char[4096] path;
+	static uint len = 0;
+	if (!len)
+	{
+		char[4096] buf;
+		uint temp_len = buf.len;
+    	if (darwin_NSGetExecutablePath(&buf, &temp_len) < 0) return NOT_FOUND?;
+    	path[:len] = buf[:len];
+    	len = (int)((ZString)&buf).len();
+    }
+    return (String)path[:len];
 }
 
 fn uptr? load_address() @local
 {
 	Darwin_segment_command_64* cmd = darwin::getsegbyname("__TEXT");
 	if (!cmd) return backtrace::SEGMENT_NOT_FOUND?;
-	String path = env::executable_path(tmem) ?? backtrace::EXECUTABLE_PATH_NOT_FOUND?!;
+	String path = env::executable_path() ?? backtrace::EXECUTABLE_PATH_NOT_FOUND?!;
 	uint dyld_count = darwin::_dyld_image_count();
 	for (uint i = 0; i < dyld_count; i++)
 	{
@@ -103,23 +110,22 @@ fn uptr? load_address() @local
 	return backtrace::IMAGE_NOT_FOUND?;
 }
 
-
 fn Backtrace? backtrace_load_element(Allocator allocator, String execpath, void* buffer, void* load_address) @local
 {
-	@pool()
+	if (buffer)
 	{
-		if (buffer)
-		{
-			char* buf = tmalloc(1024);
-			String s = process::execute_stdout_to_buffer(buf[:1024],
-				{ "atos", "-o", execpath, "-arch", env::AARCH64 ? "arm64" : "x86_64", "-l",
-				string::tformat("%p", load_address),
-				string::tformat("%p", buffer - 1),
-				 "-fullPath" })!;
-			String[] parts = s.tsplit(" ");
+		char[1024] buf;
+		String s = process::execute_stdout_to_buffer(&buf,
+			{ "atos", "-o", execpath, "-arch", env::AARCH64 ? "arm64" : "x86_64", "-l",
+				string::bformat(&&(char[64]){}, "%p", load_address),
+				string::bformat(&&(char[64]){}, "%p", buffer - 1),
+		        "-fullPath" })!;
+		@stack_mem(512; Allocator mem)
+        {
+			String[] parts = s.split(mem, " ", 5);
 			if (parts.len == 4)
 			{
-				String[] path_parts = parts[3].tsplit(":");
+				String[] path_parts = parts[3].split(mem, ":");
 				return {
 					.offset = (uptr)buffer,
 					.function = parts[0].copy(allocator),
@@ -129,17 +135,17 @@ fn Backtrace? backtrace_load_element(Allocator allocator, String execpath, void*
 					.allocator = allocator
 				};
 			}
-		}
-		Darwin_Dl_info info;
-		if (!buffer || !darwin::dladdr(buffer, &info)) return backtrace::BACKTRACE_UNKNOWN;
-		return {
-			.offset = (uptr)buffer,
-			.function = info.dli_sname ? info.dli_sname.copy(allocator) : "???".copy(allocator),
-			.object_file = info.dli_fname.copy(allocator),
-			.file = "".copy(allocator),
-			.line = 0,
-			.allocator = allocator
 		};
+	}
+	Darwin_Dl_info info;
+	if (!buffer || !darwin::dladdr(buffer, &info)) return backtrace::BACKTRACE_UNKNOWN;
+	return {
+		.offset = (uptr)buffer,
+		.function = info.dli_sname ? info.dli_sname.copy(allocator) : "???".copy(allocator),
+		.object_file = info.dli_fname.copy(allocator),
+		.file = "".copy(allocator),
+		.line = 0,
+		.allocator = allocator
 	};
 }
 
@@ -156,14 +162,11 @@ fn BacktraceList? symbolize_backtrace(Allocator allocator, void*[] backtrace)
 		}
 		list.free();
 	}
-	@pool()
+	String execpath = executable_path()!;
+	foreach (addr : backtrace)
 	{
-		String execpath = executable_path(tmem)!;
-		foreach (addr : backtrace)
-		{
-			list.push(backtrace_load_element(allocator, execpath, addr, load_addr) ?? backtrace::BACKTRACE_UNKNOWN);
-		}
-	};
+		list.push(backtrace_load_element(allocator, execpath, addr, load_addr) ?? backtrace::BACKTRACE_UNKNOWN);
+	}
 	return list;
 }
 

lib/std/os/openbsd/general.c3

@@ -1,2 +1,74 @@
 module std::os::openbsd @if(env::OPENBSD);
+import libc, std::os, std::collections::list;
 
+extern fn ZString* backtrace_symbols_fmt(void **addrlist, usz len, ZString fmt);
+
+fn Backtrace? backtrace_line_parse(Allocator allocator, String obj, String addr2line) @local
+{
+	@stack_mem(256; Allocator mem)
+	{
+		String[] parts = addr2line.trim().split(mem, " at ");
+		if (parts.len != 2) return NOT_FOUND?;
+
+		uint line   = 0;
+		String source = "";
+		if (!parts[1].contains("?") && parts[1].contains(":"))
+		{
+			usz index = parts[1].rindex_of_char(':')!;
+			source = parts[1][:index];
+			line   = parts[1][index + 1..].to_uint()!;
+		}
+		return {
+			.function    = parts[0].copy(allocator),
+			.object_file = obj.copy(allocator),
+			.file        = source.copy(allocator),
+			.line        = line,
+			.allocator   = allocator,
+			.is_inline   = false,
+		};
+	};
+}
+
+fn void? backtrace_add_addr2line(Allocator allocator, BacktraceList* list, String obj, String addr2line) @local
+{
+	list.push(backtrace_line_parse(allocator, obj, addr2line)!);
+}
+
+fn void? backtrace_add_from_exec(Allocator allocator, BacktraceList* list, String fun, String obj) @local
+{
+	char[1024] buf @noinit;
+	String addr2line = process::execute_stdout_to_buffer(&buf, {"llvm-addr2line", "-fpe", obj, fun})!;
+	return backtrace_add_addr2line(allocator, list, obj, addr2line);
+}
+
+fn void? backtrace_add_element(Allocator allocator, BacktraceList *list, String fun, String obj) @local
+{
+	return backtrace_add_from_exec(allocator, list, fun, obj);
+}
+
+fn BacktraceList? symbolize_backtrace(Allocator allocator, void*[] backtrace)
+{
+	BacktraceList list;
+	list.init(allocator, backtrace.len);
+	defer catch
+	{
+		foreach (trace : list)
+		{
+			trace.free();
+		}
+		list.free();
+	}
+
+	ZString *strings = backtrace_symbols_fmt(backtrace.ptr, backtrace.len, "%n%D %f");
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < backtrace.len; i++) {
+		String full = strings[i].str_view();
+		Splitter iter = full.tokenize(" ");
+		String fun = iter.next()!;
+		String obj = iter.next()!;
+		backtrace_add_element(allocator, &list, fun, obj)!;
+	}
+
+	free(strings);
+	return list;
+}

lib/std/os/os.c3

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import libc;
 <*
  Exit the process with a given exit code. This will typically call 'exit' in LibC
 *>
-fn void exit(int result, bool cleanup = true) @weak
+fn void exit(int result) @weak @noreturn
 {
 	$if env::LIBC:
 		libc::exit(result);
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn void exit(int result, bool cleanup = true) @weak
  Exit the process with a given exit code. This will typically call '_Exit' in LibC
  usually bypassing '@finalizer' functions.
 *>
-fn void fastexit(int result, bool cleanup = true) @weak
+fn void fastexit(int result) @weak @noreturn
 {
 	$if env::LIBC:
 		libc::_exit(result);

lib/std/os/posix/general.c3

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
 module std::os::posix @if(env::POSIX);
 
 extern ZString* environ;
+
+extern fn CLong sysconf(CInt name);
+
+const CInt _SC_PAGESIZE @if(env::LINUX) = 30;
+const CInt _SC_PAGESIZE @if(env::DARWIN) = 29;

lib/std/os/posix/mman.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+module std::os::posix @if(env::POSIX);
+import libc;
+
+
+const PROT_NONE     = 0x00;    // no permissions
+const PROT_READ     = 0x01;    // pages can be read
+const PROT_WRITE    = 0x02;    // pages can be written
+const PROT_EXEC     = 0x04;    // pages can be executed
+
+const MAP_SHARED    = 0x0001;  // share changes
+const MAP_PRIVATE   = 0x0002;  // changes are private
+
+const MAP_FILE       = 0x0000; // map from file (default)
+const MAP_ANONYMOUS  = 0x1000; // allocated from memory, swap space
+
+const void* MAP_FAILED = (void *)(uptr)-1; // mmap failed
+const MADV_NORMAL     = 0; // no further special treatment
+const MADV_RANDOM     = 1; // expect random page refs
+const MADV_SEQUENTIAL = 2; // expect sequential page refs
+const MADV_WILLNEED   = 3; // will need these pages
+const MADV_DONTNEED   = 4; // dont need these pages
+
+extern fn void* mmap(void*, usz, CInt, CInt, CInt, Off_t);
+extern fn CInt munmap(void*, usz);
+extern fn CInt mprotect(void*, usz, CInt);
+extern fn int madvise(void*, usz, CInt);
+
+extern fn CInt getpagesize();

lib/std/os/posix/process.c3

@@ -58,7 +58,9 @@ const CInt WUNTRACES = 2;
 JmpBuf backtrace_jmpbuf @local;
 alias BacktraceFn = fn CInt(void** buffer, CInt size);
 
-fn CInt backtrace(void** buffer, CInt size)
+extern fn CInt backtrace(void** buffer, CInt size) @if(env::OPENBSD);
+
+fn CInt backtrace(void** buffer, CInt size) @if(!env::OPENBSD)
 {
 	if (size < 1) return 0;
 	void* handle = libc::dlopen("libc.so.6", libc::RTLD_LAZY|libc::RTLD_NODELETE);

lib/std/os/subprocess.c3

@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ bitstruct SubProcessOptions : int
 	// Note: this will **not** search for paths in any provided custom environment
 	// and instead uses the PATH of the spawning process.
 	bool search_user_path;
+	// Inherit the parent's stdin, stdout, and stderr handles instead of creating pipes
+	bool inherit_stdio;
 }
 
 fn void? create_named_pipe_helper(void** rd, void **wr) @local @if(env::WIN32)
@@ -53,21 +55,18 @@ fn void? create_named_pipe_helper(void** rd, void **wr) @local @if(env::WIN32)
 
 	tlocal long index = 0;
 	long unique = index++;
-	@pool()
-	{
-		String s = string::tformat(`\\.\pipe\c3_subprocess.%08x.%08x.%d`, win32::getCurrentProcessId(), win32::getCurrentThreadId(), unique);
-		Win32_LPCSTR str = (Win32_LPCSTR)s.ptr;
-		*rd = win32::createNamedPipeA(
-			str,
-			win32::PIPE_ACCESS_INBOUND | win32::FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED,
-			win32::PIPE_TYPE_BYTE | win32::PIPE_WAIT,
-			1, 4096, 4096, 0, &sa_attr);
-		if (win32::INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == *rd) return FAILED_TO_CREATE_PIPE?;
-		*wr = win32::createFileA(
-			str, win32::GENERIC_WRITE, 0, &sa_attr,
-			win32::OPEN_EXISTING, win32::FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, null);
-		if (win32::INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == *wr) return FAILED_TO_CREATE_PIPE?;
-	};
+	String s = string::bformat(&&(char[128]){}, `\\.\pipe\c3_subprocess.%08x.%08x.%d`, win32::getCurrentProcessId(), win32::getCurrentThreadId(), unique);
+	Win32_LPCSTR str = (Win32_LPCSTR)s.ptr;
+	*rd = win32::createNamedPipeA(
+		str,
+		win32::PIPE_ACCESS_INBOUND | win32::FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED,
+		win32::PIPE_TYPE_BYTE | win32::PIPE_WAIT,
+		1, 4096, 4096, 0, &sa_attr);
+	if (win32::INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == *rd) return FAILED_TO_CREATE_PIPE?;
+	*wr = win32::createFileA(
+		str, win32::GENERIC_WRITE, 0, &sa_attr,
+		win32::OPEN_EXISTING, win32::FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, null);
+	if (win32::INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == *wr) return FAILED_TO_CREATE_PIPE?;
 }
 
 fn WString convert_command_line_win32(String[] command_line) @inline @if(env::WIN32) @local
@@ -115,28 +114,38 @@ fn WString convert_command_line_win32(String[] command_line) @inline @if(env::WI
 *>
 fn SubProcess? create(String[] command_line, SubProcessOptions options = {}, String[] environment = {}) @if(env::WIN32)
 {
-	void* rd, wr;
 	Win32_DWORD flags = win32::CREATE_UNICODE_ENVIRONMENT;
 	Win32_PROCESS_INFORMATION process_info;
 	Win32_SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES sa_attr = { Win32_SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES.sizeof, null, 1 };
 	Win32_STARTUPINFOW start_info = {
 		.cb = Win32_STARTUPINFOW.sizeof,
-		.dwFlags = win32::STARTF_USESTDHANDLES
 	};
+
 	if (options.no_window) flags |= win32::CREATE_NO_WINDOW;
-	if (!win32::createPipe(&rd, &wr, &sa_attr, 0)) return FAILED_TO_CREATE_PIPE?;
-	// TODO defer catch
-	if (!win32::setHandleInformation(wr, win32::HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, 0)) return FAILED_TO_CREATE_PIPE?;
+
+	// Only set STARTF_USESTDHANDLES if we're not inheriting stdio
+	if (!options.inherit_stdio) start_info.dwFlags = win32::STARTF_USESTDHANDLES;
 
 	CFile stdin;
 	CFile stdout;
 	CFile stderr;
-	@pool()
+	void* rd = null;
+	void* wr = null;
+
+	// Only create pipes if not inheriting stdio
+	if (!options.inherit_stdio)
+	{
+		if (!win32::createPipe(&rd, &wr, &sa_attr, 0)) return FAILED_TO_CREATE_PIPE?;
+		// TODO defer catch
+		if (!win32::setHandleInformation(wr, win32::HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, 0)) return FAILED_TO_CREATE_PIPE?;
+	}
+
+	@stack_mem(2048; Allocator mem)
 	{
 		WString used_environment = null;
 		if (!options.inherit_environment)
 		{
-			DString env = dstring::temp_with_capacity(64);
+			DString env = dstring::new_with_capacity(mem, 64);
 			if (!environment.len)
 			{
 				env.append("\0");
@@ -147,41 +156,21 @@ fn SubProcess? create(String[] command_line, SubProcessOptions options = {}, Str
 				env.append("\0");
 			}
 			env.append("\0");
-			used_environment = env.str_view().to_temp_wstring()!;
-		}
-		int fd = win32::_open_osfhandle((iptr)wr, 0);
-		if (fd != -1)
-		{
-			stdin = win32::_fdopen(fd, "wb");
-			if (!stdin) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDIN?;
-		}
-		start_info.hStdInput = rd;
-		if (options.read_async)
-		{
-			create_named_pipe_helper(&rd, &wr)!;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			if (!win32::createPipe(&rd, &wr, &sa_attr, 0)) return FAILED_TO_CREATE_PIPE?;
-		}
-		if (!win32::setHandleInformation(rd, win32::HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, 0)) return FAILED_TO_CREATE_PIPE?;
-		fd = win32::_open_osfhandle((iptr)rd, 0);
-		if (fd != -1)
-		{
-			stdout = win32::_fdopen(fd, "rb");
-			if (!stdout) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDOUT?;
+			used_environment = env.str_view().to_wstring(mem)!;
 		}
 
-		start_info.hStdOutput = wr;
-
-		do
+		// Handle stdin pipe if not inheriting
+		if (!options.inherit_stdio)
 		{
-			if (options.combined_stdout_stderr)
+			int fd = win32::_open_osfhandle((iptr)wr, 0);
+			if (fd != -1)
 			{
-				stderr = stdout;
-				start_info.hStdError = start_info.hStdOutput;
-				break;
+				stdin = win32::_fdopen(fd, "wb");
+				if (!stdin) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDIN?;
 			}
+			start_info.hStdInput = rd;
+
+			// Handle stdout pipe
 			if (options.read_async)
 			{
 				create_named_pipe_helper(&rd, &wr)!;
@@ -195,18 +184,49 @@ fn SubProcess? create(String[] command_line, SubProcessOptions options = {}, Str
 			fd = win32::_open_osfhandle((iptr)rd, 0);
 			if (fd != -1)
 			{
-				stderr = win32::_fdopen(fd, "rb");
-				if (!stderr) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDERR?;
+				stdout = win32::_fdopen(fd, "rb");
+				if (!stdout) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDOUT?;
 			}
-			start_info.hStdError = wr;
-		};
-		void *event_output;
-		void *event_error;
-		if (options.read_async)
+
+			start_info.hStdOutput = wr;
+
+			// Handle stderr pipe or combine with stdout
+			do
+			{
+				if (options.combined_stdout_stderr)
+				{
+					stderr = stdout;
+					start_info.hStdError = start_info.hStdOutput;
+					break;
+				}
+				if (options.read_async)
+				{
+					create_named_pipe_helper(&rd, &wr)!;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					if (!win32::createPipe(&rd, &wr, &sa_attr, 0)) return FAILED_TO_CREATE_PIPE?;
+				}
+				if (!win32::setHandleInformation(rd, win32::HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, 0)) return FAILED_TO_CREATE_PIPE?;
+
+				fd = win32::_open_osfhandle((iptr)rd, 0);
+				if (fd != -1)
+				{
+					stderr = win32::_fdopen(fd, "rb");
+					if (!stderr) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDERR?;
+				}
+				start_info.hStdError = wr;
+			};
+		}
+
+		void *event_output = null;
+		void *event_error = null;
+		if (!options.inherit_stdio && options.read_async)
 		{
 			event_output = win32::createEventA(&sa_attr, 1, 1, null);
 			event_error = win32::createEventA(&sa_attr, 1, 1, null);
 		}
+
 		if (!win32::createProcessW(
 			null,
 			convert_command_line_win32(command_line),
@@ -214,14 +234,17 @@ fn SubProcess? create(String[] command_line, SubProcessOptions options = {}, Str
 			null,                   // primary thread security attributes
 			1,                      // handles are inherited
 			flags,                  // creation flags
-			used_environment,  	    // environment
+			used_environment,       // environment
 			null,                   // use parent dir
 			&start_info,            // startup info ptr
 			&process_info)) return FAILED_TO_START_PROCESS?;
 	};
+
 	// We don't need the handle of the primary thread in the called process.
 	win32::closeHandle(process_info.hThread);
-	if (start_info.hStdOutput)
+
+	// Close handles if not inheriting stdio
+	if (!options.inherit_stdio && start_info.hStdOutput)
 	{
 		win32::closeHandle(start_info.hStdOutput);
 		if (start_info.hStdOutput != start_info.hStdError) win32::closeHandle(start_info.hStdError);
@@ -229,7 +252,7 @@ fn SubProcess? create(String[] command_line, SubProcessOptions options = {}, Str
 
 	return {
 		.hProcess = process_info.hProcess,
-		.hStdInput = start_info.hStdInput,
+		.hStdInput = options.inherit_stdio ? null : start_info.hStdInput,
 		.stdin_file = stdin,
 		.stdout_file = stdout,
 		.stderr_file = stderr,
@@ -240,26 +263,26 @@ fn SubProcess? create(String[] command_line, SubProcessOptions options = {}, Str
 <*
  @require command_line.len > 0
 *>
-fn ZString* tcopy_command_line(String[] command_line) @local @inline @if(env::POSIX)
+fn ZString* copy_command_line(Allocator mem, String[] command_line) @local @inline @if(env::POSIX)
 {
-	ZString* copy = mem::talloc_array(ZString, command_line.len + 1);
+	ZString* copy = allocator::alloc_array(mem, ZString, command_line.len + 1);
 	foreach (i, str : command_line)
 	{
-		copy[i] = str.zstr_tcopy();
+		copy[i] = str.zstr_copy(mem);
 	}
 	copy[command_line.len] = null;
 	return copy;
 }
 
 const ZString[1] EMPTY_ENVIRONMENT @if(env::POSIX) = { null };
-fn ZString* tcopy_env(String[] environment) @local @inline @if(env::POSIX)
+fn ZString* copy_env(Allocator mem, String[] environment) @local @inline @if(env::POSIX)
 {
 	if (!environment.len) return &EMPTY_ENVIRONMENT;
-	ZString* copy = mem::talloc_array(ZString, environment.len + 1);
+	ZString* copy = allocator::alloc_array(mem, ZString, environment.len + 1);
 	copy[environment.len] = null;
 	foreach (i, str : environment)
 	{
-		copy[i] = str.zstr_tcopy();
+		copy[i] = str.zstr_copy(mem);
 	}
 	return copy;
 }
@@ -280,32 +303,42 @@ fn SubProcess? create(String[] command_line, SubProcessOptions options = {}, Str
 	CInt[2] stdinfd;
 	CInt[2] stdoutfd;
 	CInt[2] stderrfd;
-
-	if (posix::pipe(&stdinfd)) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDIN?;
-	if (posix::pipe(&stdoutfd)) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDOUT?;
-	if (!options.combined_stdout_stderr && posix::pipe(&stderrfd)) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDERR?;
+	CFile stdin = null;
+	CFile stdout = null;
+	CFile stderr = null;
 
 	Posix_spawn_file_actions_t actions;
 	if (posix::spawn_file_actions_init(&actions)) return FAILED_TO_INITIALIZE_ACTIONS?;
 	defer posix::spawn_file_actions_destroy(&actions);
-	if (posix::spawn_file_actions_addclose(&actions, stdinfd[1])) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDIN?;
-	if (posix::spawn_file_actions_adddup2(&actions, stdinfd[0], libc::STDIN_FD)) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDIN?;
-	if (posix::spawn_file_actions_addclose(&actions, stdoutfd[0])) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDOUT?;
-	if (posix::spawn_file_actions_adddup2(&actions, stdoutfd[1], libc::STDOUT_FD)) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDOUT?;
-	if (options.combined_stdout_stderr)
+
+	// Only set up pipes if not inheriting stdio
+	if (!options.inherit_stdio)
 	{
-		if (posix::spawn_file_actions_adddup2(&actions, libc::STDOUT_FD, libc::STDERR_FD)) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDERR?;
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		if (posix::spawn_file_actions_addclose(&actions, stderrfd[0])) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDERR?;
-		if (posix::spawn_file_actions_adddup2(&actions, stderrfd[1], libc::STDERR_FD)) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDERR?;
+		if (posix::pipe(&stdinfd)) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDIN?;
+		if (posix::pipe(&stdoutfd)) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDOUT?;
+		if (!options.combined_stdout_stderr && posix::pipe(&stderrfd)) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDERR?;
+
+		if (posix::spawn_file_actions_addclose(&actions, stdinfd[1])) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDIN?;
+		if (posix::spawn_file_actions_adddup2(&actions, stdinfd[0], libc::STDIN_FD)) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDIN?;
+		if (posix::spawn_file_actions_addclose(&actions, stdoutfd[0])) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDOUT?;
+		if (posix::spawn_file_actions_adddup2(&actions, stdoutfd[1], libc::STDOUT_FD)) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDOUT?;
+
+		if (options.combined_stdout_stderr)
+		{
+			if (posix::spawn_file_actions_adddup2(&actions, libc::STDOUT_FD, libc::STDERR_FD)) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDERR?;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if (posix::spawn_file_actions_addclose(&actions, stderrfd[0])) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDERR?;
+			if (posix::spawn_file_actions_adddup2(&actions, stderrfd[1], libc::STDERR_FD)) return FAILED_TO_OPEN_STDERR?;
+		}
 	}
+
 	Pid_t child;
-	@pool()
+	@stack_mem(2048; Allocator mem)
 	{
-		ZString* command_line_copy = tcopy_command_line(command_line);
-		ZString* used_environment = options.inherit_environment ? posix::environ : tcopy_env(environment);
+    	ZString* command_line_copy = copy_command_line(mem, command_line);
+		ZString* used_environment = options.inherit_environment ? posix::environ : copy_env(mem, environment);
 		if (options.search_user_path)
 		{
 			if (posix::spawnp(&child, command_line_copy[0], &actions, null, command_line_copy, used_environment)) return FAILED_TO_START_PROCESS?;
@@ -315,21 +348,27 @@ fn SubProcess? create(String[] command_line, SubProcessOptions options = {}, Str
 			if (posix::spawnp(&child, command_line_copy[0], &actions, null, command_line_copy, used_environment)) return FAILED_TO_START_PROCESS?;
 		}
 	};
-	libc::close(stdinfd[0]);
-	CFile stdin = libc::fdopen(stdinfd[1], "wb");
-	libc::close(stdoutfd[1]);
-	CFile stdout = libc::fdopen(stdoutfd[0], "rb");
-	CFile stderr @noinit;
-	do
+
+	// Only set up file handles if not inheriting stdio
+	if (!options.inherit_stdio)
 	{
-		if (options.combined_stdout_stderr)
+		libc::close(stdinfd[0]);
+		stdin = libc::fdopen(stdinfd[1], "wb");
+		libc::close(stdoutfd[1]);
+		stdout = libc::fdopen(stdoutfd[0], "rb");
+
+		do
 		{
-			stderr = stdout;
-			break;
-		}
-		libc::close(stderrfd[1]);
-		stderr = libc::fdopen(stderrfd[0], "rb");
-	};
+			if (options.combined_stdout_stderr)
+			{
+				stderr = stdout;
+				break;
+			}
+			libc::close(stderrfd[1]);
+			stderr = libc::fdopen(stderrfd[0], "rb");
+		};
+	}
+
 	return {
 		.stdin_file = stdin,
 		.stdout_file = stdout,
@@ -357,11 +396,13 @@ fn CInt? SubProcess.join(&self) @if(env::POSIX)
 
 fn File SubProcess.stdout(&self)
 {
+	if (!self.stdout_file) return (File){}; // Return an empty File struct
 	return file::from_handle(self.stdout_file);
 }
 
 fn File SubProcess.stderr(&self)
 {
+	if (!self.stderr_file) return (File){}; // Return an empty File struct
 	return file::from_handle(self.stderr_file);
 }
 
@@ -450,6 +491,8 @@ fn usz? read_from_file_posix(CFile file, char* buffer, usz size) @if(env::POSIX)
 
 fn usz? SubProcess.read_stdout(&self, char* buffer, usz size)
 {
+	if (!self.stdout_file) return 0; // No output available when inheriting stdio
+
 	$if env::WIN32:
 		return read_from_file_win32(self.stdout_file, self.hEventOutput, buffer, size);
 	$else
@@ -457,8 +500,11 @@ fn usz? SubProcess.read_stdout(&self, char* buffer, usz size)
 	$endif
 }
 
+
 fn usz? SubProcess.read_stderr(&self, char* buffer, usz size)
 {
+	if (!self.stderr_file) return 0; // No output available when inheriting stdio
+
 	$if env::WIN32:
 		return read_from_file_win32(self.stderr_file, self.hEventError, buffer, size);
 	$else