Add deprecation silence notice.

- Multiple issues when rethrowing inside of expressions #2873

.clang-format

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+IndentWidth: 4
+UseCRLF: false
+IndentCaseLabels: true
+UseTab: ForIndentation
+TabWidth: 4
+BreakBeforeBraces: Allman
+AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine: Empty
+AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: WithoutElse
+SpaceBeforeAssignmentOperators: true
+SpaceBeforeCaseColon: false
+SpaceBeforeParens: ControlStatementsExceptControlMacros
+SpacesInCStyleCastParentheses: false
+SpacesInConditionalStatement: false
+SpacesInParentheses: false
+SpacesInSquareBrackets: false

.clang-tidy

@@ -1,21 +1,7 @@
 ---
 # Configure clang-tidy for this project.
 
-IndentWidth: 4
-UseCRLF: false
-IndentCaseLabels: true
-UseTab: UT_ForIndentation
-TabWidth: 4
-BreakBeforeBraces: Allman
-AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine: SBS_Empty
-AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: SIS_WithoutElse
-SpaceBeforeAssignmentOperators: true
-SpaceBeforeCaseColon: false
-SpaceBeforeParens: SBPO_ControlStatementsExceptControlMacros
-SpacesInCStyleCastParentheses: false
-SpacesInConditionalStatement: false
-SpacesInParentheses: false
-SpacesInSquareBrackets: false
+
 
 # Disabled:
 #  -google-readability-namespace-comments the *_CLIENT_NS is a macro, and
@@ -40,17 +26,19 @@ Checks: >
 
 # Turn all the warnings from the checks above into errors.
 WarningsAsErrors: "*"
-
 CheckOptions:
-  - { key: readability-function-cognitive-complexity.Threshold,    value: 100 }
-  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.StructCase,             value: CamelCase  }
-  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.FunctionCase,           value: lower_case  }
-  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.VariableCase,           value: lower_case }
-  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.MacroDefinitionCase,    value: UPPER_CASE }
-  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.EnumConstantCase,         value: UPPER_CASE }
-  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.ConstexprVariableCase,    value: CamelCase }
-  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.ConstexprVariablePrefix,  value: k         }
-  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.GlobalConstantCase,       value: CamelCase }
-  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.GlobalConstantPrefix,     value: k         }
-  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.StaticConstantCase,       value: CamelCase }
-  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.StaticConstantPrefix,     value: k         }
+  - { key: readability-function-cognitive-complexity.Threshold,        value: 100 }
+  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.StructCase,                   value: CamelCase  }
+  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.FunctionCase,                 value: lower_case  }
+  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.VariableCase,                 value: lower_case }
+  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.MacroDefinitionCase,          value: UPPER_CASE }
+  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.EnumConstantCase,             value: UPPER_CASE }
+  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.ConstexprVariableCase,        value: CamelCase }
+  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.ConstexprVariablePrefix,      value: k         }
+  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.GlobalConstantCase,           value: CamelCase }
+  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.GlobalConstantPrefix,         value: k         }
+  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.StaticConstantCase,           value: CamelCase }
+  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.StaticConstantPrefix,         value: k         }
+  - { key: readability-identifier-naming.MinimumParameterNameLength,   value: 0 }
+
+MinimumParameterNameLength: 0

.gitignore

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # Prerequisites
 *.d
+testrun
+benchmarkrun
 
 # Object files
 *.o
@@ -7,6 +9,8 @@
 *.obj
 *.elf
 *.ll
+*.wasm
+*.s
 
 # Linker output
 *.ilk
@@ -69,15 +73,21 @@ out/
 /cmake-build-debug/
 /cmake-build-release/
 
-# Emacs files
+# etags(Emacs), ctags, gtags
 TAGS
+GPATH
+GRTAGS
+GTAGS
+tags
 
 # Clangd LSP files
 /.cache/
 /compile_commands.json
 
-# 'nix build' resulting symlink
+# Nix
 result
+/.envrc
+/.direnv/
 
 # macOS
 .DS_Store
@@ -85,4 +95,9 @@ result
 # tests
 /test/tmp/*
 /test/testrun
-/test/test_suite_runner
+/test/test_suite_runner
+
+# patches, originals and rejects
+*.patch
+*.rej
+*.orig

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.20)
 
 set(C3_LLVM_MIN_VERSION 17)
-set(C3_LLVM_MAX_VERSION 21)
-set(C3_LLVM_DEFAULT_VERSION 19)
+set(C3_LLVM_MAX_VERSION 22)
+set(C3_LLVM_DEFAULT_VERSION 21)
 
 if (CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR STREQUAL CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR)
     message(FATAL_ERROR "In-tree build detected, please build in a separate directory")
@@ -56,29 +56,49 @@ set(CMAKE_FIND_PACKAGE_SORT_DIRECTION DEC)
 set(CMAKE_C_STANDARD 11)
 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 17)
 
-# Use /MT or /MTd
-set(CMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY "MultiThreaded$<$<CONFIG:Debug>:Debug>")
-
 if(MSVC)
     message(STATUS "MSVC version ${MSVC_VERSION}")
     add_compile_options(/utf-8)
+
+    if(C3_WITH_LLVM)
+        FetchContent_GetProperties(LLVM_Windows)
+        if(NOT LLVM_Windows_URL MATCHES "msvcrt")
+            set(MSVC_CRT_SUFFIX "")
+            message(STATUS "Detected STATIC LLVM (libcmt)")
+        else()
+            set(MSVC_CRT_SUFFIX "DLL")
+            message(STATUS "Detected DYNAMIC LLVM (msvcrt)")
+        endif()
+    endif()
+
+    # Force the Runtime to Release (/MT or /MD) even in Debug
+    # This is required to match our RelWithDebInfo LLVM builds
+    set(CMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY "MultiThreaded${MSVC_CRT_SUFFIX}")
+    set_property(GLOBAL PROPERTY MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY "MultiThreaded${MSVC_CRT_SUFFIX}")
+
+    add_compile_definitions(_ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL=0)
+
+    # Suppresses the LNK4098 mismatch warning in Debug builds
+    set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS_DEBUG} /NODEFAULTLIB:libcmtd /NODEFAULTLIB:msvcrtd")
 else()
     add_compile_options(-gdwarf-3 -fno-exceptions)
 
-    # add_compile_options(-fsanitize=address,undefined)
-    # add_link_options(-fsanitize=address,undefined)
+    #add_compile_options(-fsanitize=address,undefined)
+    #add_link_options(-fsanitize=address,undefined)
 endif()
 
 # Options
-set(C3_LINK_DYNAMIC         OFF      CACHE BOOL   "Link dynamically with LLVM/LLD libs")
-set(C3_WITH_LLVM            ON       CACHE BOOL   "Build with LLVM")
-set(C3_LLVM_VERSION         "auto"   CACHE STRING "Use LLVM version [default: auto]")
-set(C3_USE_MIMALLOC         OFF      CACHE BOOL   "Use built-in mimalloc")
-set(C3_MIMALLOC_TAG         "v1.7.3" CACHE STRING "Used version of mimalloc")
-set(C3_USE_TB               OFF      CACHE BOOL   "Use TB")
-set(C3_LLD_DIR              ""       CACHE STRING "Use custom LLD directory")
-set(C3_ENABLE_CLANGD_LSP    OFF      CACHE BOOL   "Enable/Disable output of compile commands during generation")
-set(LLVM_CRT_LIBRARY_DIR    ""       CACHE STRING "Use custom llvm's compiler-rt directory")
+set(C3_LINK_DYNAMIC         OFF                         CACHE BOOL   "Link dynamically with LLVM/LLD libs")
+set(C3_WITH_LLVM            ON                          CACHE BOOL   "Build with LLVM")
+set(C3_LLVM_VERSION         "auto"                      CACHE STRING "Use LLVM version [default: auto]")
+set(C3_USE_MIMALLOC         OFF                         CACHE BOOL   "Use built-in mimalloc")
+set(C3_MIMALLOC_TAG         "v1.7.3"                    CACHE STRING "Used version of mimalloc")
+set(C3_USE_TB               OFF                         CACHE BOOL   "Use TB")
+set(C3_LLD_DIR              ""                          CACHE STRING "Use custom LLD directory")
+set(C3_LLD_INCLUDE_DIR      ""                          CACHE STRING "Use custom LLD include directory")
+set(C3_ENABLE_CLANGD_LSP    OFF                         CACHE BOOL   "Enable/Disable output of compile commands during generation")
+set(LLVM_CRT_LIBRARY_DIR    ""                          CACHE STRING "Use custom llvm's compiler-rt directory")
+set(TCC_LIB_PATH            "/usr/lib/tcc/libtcc1.a"    CACHE STRING "Use custom libtcc1.a path")
 
 set(C3_OPTIONS
         C3_LINK_DYNAMIC
@@ -141,11 +161,11 @@ if(C3_WITH_LLVM)
         endif()
         FetchContent_Declare(
                 LLVM_Windows
-                URL https://github.com/c3lang/win-llvm/releases/download/llvm_19_1_5/llvm-19.1.5-windows-amd64-msvc17-libcmt.7z
+                URL https://github.com/c3lang/win-llvm/releases/download/llvm_21_1_8/llvm-21.1.8-windows-amd64-msvc17-libcmt.7z
         )
         FetchContent_Declare(
                 LLVM_Windows_debug
-                URL https://github.com/c3lang/win-llvm/releases/download/llvm_19_1_5/llvm-19.1.5-windows-amd64-msvc17-libcmt-dbg.7z
+                URL https://github.com/c3lang/win-llvm/releases/download/llvm_21_1_8/llvm-21.1.8-windows-amd64-msvc17-libcmt-dbg.7z
         )
         if(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug")
             message("Loading Windows LLVM debug libraries, this may take a while...")
@@ -262,20 +282,33 @@ if(C3_WITH_LLVM)
         find_library(LLD_COFF NAMES liblldCOFF.dylib lldCOFF.lib lldCOFF.a liblldCOFF.dll.a liblldCOFF.a PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
         find_library(LLD_COMMON NAMES liblldCommon.dylib lldCommon.lib lldCommon.a liblldCommon.dll.a liblldCommon.a PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
         find_library(LLD_ELF NAMES liblldELF.dylib lldELF.lib lldELF.a liblldELF.dll.a liblldELF.a PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
-        find_library(LLD_MACHO NAMES liblldMachO.dylib lldMachO.lib lldMachO.a liblldMachO.dll.a liblldMachO.a PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
+        if (NOT ${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} STREQUAL "OpenBSD")
+            find_library(LLD_MACHO NAMES liblldMachO.dylib lldMachO.lib lldMachO.a liblldMachO.dll.a liblldMachO.a PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
+        else()
+            set(LLD_MACHO "")
+        endif()
         find_library(LLD_MINGW NAMES liblldMinGW.dylib lldMinGW.lib lldMinGW.a liblldMinGW.dll.a liblldMinGW.a PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
         find_library(LLD_WASM NAMES liblldWasm.dylib lldWasm.lib lldWasm.a liblldWasm.dll.a liblldWasm.a PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
     else()
         message(STATUS "Looking for shared lld libraries in ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS}")
 
-        find_library(LLVM NAMES libLLVM.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
+        #find_library(LLVM NAMES libLLVM.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
+        if(UNIX AND NOT WIN32)
+            find_library(LLVM NAMES libLLVM.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} REQUIRED)
+        else()
+            find_library(LLVM NAMES libLLVM.a LLVM.lib PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} REQUIRED)
+        endif()        
         set(llvm_libs ${LLVM})
 
         # These don't seem to be reliable on windows.
         find_library(LLD_COFF NAMES liblldCOFF.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
         find_library(LLD_COMMON NAMES liblldCommon.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
         find_library(LLD_ELF NAMES liblldELF.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
-        find_library(LLD_MACHO NAMES liblldMachO.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
+        if (NOT ${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} STREQUAL "OpenBSD")
+            find_library(LLD_MACHO NAMES liblldMachO.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
+        else()
+            set(LLD_MACHO "")
+        endif()
         find_library(LLD_MINGW NAMES liblldMinGW.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
         find_library(LLD_WASM NAMES liblldWasm.so PATHS ${LLVM_LIBRARY_DIRS} NO_DEFAULT_PATH REQUIRED)
     endif()
@@ -382,6 +415,7 @@ add_executable(c3c
         src/utils/unzipper.c
         src/compiler/c_codegen.c
         src/compiler/decltable.c
+        src/compiler/methodtable.c
         src/compiler/mac_support.c
         src/compiler/windows_support.c
         src/compiler/codegen_asm.c
@@ -425,10 +459,18 @@ if(C3_WITH_LLVM)
     target_compile_definitions(c3c PUBLIC LLVM_AVAILABLE=1)
     add_library(c3c_wrappers STATIC wrapper/src/wrapper.cpp)
     if (MSVC)
+        # Use the same detected CRT for the wrapper
+        set_target_properties(c3c_wrappers PROPERTIES MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY "MultiThreaded${MSVC_CRT_SUFFIX}")
+        set_target_properties(miniz PROPERTIES MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY "MultiThreaded${MSVC_CRT_SUFFIX}")
+
         target_compile_options(c3c PRIVATE
                 "$<$<CONFIG:Debug>:/EHa>"
                 "$<$<CONFIG:Release>:/EHsc>")
     endif()
+
+    if(C3_LLD_INCLUDE_DIR)
+        target_include_directories(c3c_wrappers PRIVATE ${C3_LLD_INCLUDE_DIR})
+    endif()
 else()
     target_sources(c3c PRIVATE src/utils/hostinfo.c)
     target_compile_definitions(c3c PUBLIC LLVM_AVAILABLE=0)
@@ -512,7 +554,7 @@ endif ()
 
 if (CURL_FOUND)
     target_link_libraries(c3c ${CURL_LIBRARIES})
-    target_include_directories(c3c PRIVATE ${CURL_INCLUDES})
+    target_include_directories(c3c PRIVATE ${CURL_INCLUDE_DIRS})
     target_compile_definitions(c3c PUBLIC CURL_FOUND=1)
 else()
     target_compile_definitions(c3c PUBLIC CURL_FOUND=0)
@@ -542,13 +584,21 @@ if(MSVC)
     endif()
 
     if(C3_WITH_LLVM)
-        set(clang_lib_dir ${llvm_dir}/lib/clang/${C3_LLVM_VERSION}/lib/windows)
-        set(sanitizer_runtime_libraries
-                ${clang_lib_dir}/clang_rt.asan-x86_64.lib
-                ${clang_lib_dir}/clang_rt.asan_dynamic-x86_64.lib
-                ${clang_lib_dir}/clang_rt.asan_dynamic-x86_64.dll
-                ${clang_lib_dir}/clang_rt.asan_dynamic_runtime_thunk-x86_64.lib)
+        # The the sanitizer libs are in the folder "lib/clang/21/lib/windows/" but use the find anyway
+        file(GLOB_RECURSE FOUND_ASAN_LIB "${llvm_dir}/*clang_rt.asan_dynamic-x86_64.lib")
+        if(FOUND_ASAN_LIB)
+            list(GET FOUND_ASAN_LIB 0 _asan_path)
+            get_filename_component(_asan_dir "${_asan_path}" DIRECTORY)
+            set(sanitizer_runtime_libraries
+                    ${_asan_dir}/clang_rt.asan_dynamic-x86_64.lib
+                    ${_asan_dir}/clang_rt.asan_dynamic-x86_64.dll
+                    ${_asan_dir}/clang_rt.asan_dynamic_runtime_thunk-x86_64.lib)
+            message(STATUS "Found Sanitizer binaries at: ${_asan_dir}")
+        else()
+            message(WARNING "Could not find sanitizer runtime libraries in ${llvm_dir}")
+        endif()
     endif()
+
 else()
     if (C3_WITH_LLVM AND NOT LLVM_ENABLE_RTTI)
         target_compile_options(c3c_wrappers PRIVATE -fno-rtti)
@@ -562,10 +612,22 @@ else()
         -Wno-unused-function
         -Wno-unused-variable
         -Wno-unused-parameter
+        -Wno-char-subscripts
     )
     target_link_options(c3c PRIVATE -pthread)
 endif()
 
+if(CMAKE_C_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "TinyCC")
+    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -Wl,--no-eh-frame-hdr -z noexecstack")
+
+    # Link the static tcc runtime archive if it exists
+    if(EXISTS "${TCC_LIB_PATH}")
+        target_link_libraries(c3c "${TCC_LIB_PATH}")
+    else()
+        message(FATAL_ERROR "TCC runtime not found at ${TCC_LIB_PATH}; Ensure the path is correct.")
+    endif()
+endif()
+
 install(TARGETS c3c DESTINATION bin)
 install(DIRECTORY lib/ DESTINATION lib/c3)
 

CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ further defined and clarified by project maintainers.
 ## Enforcement
 
 Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be
-reported by contacting the project team at . All
+reported by contacting the project team at info@c3-lang.org. All
 complaints will be reviewed and investigated and will result in a response that
 is deemed necessary and appropriate to the circumstances. The project team is
 obligated to maintain confidentiality with regard to the reporter of an incident.

LICENSE

@@ -1,165 +1,20 @@
-                   GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
-                       Version 3, 29 June 2007
+Copyright (c) 2022-2025 Christoffer Lernö and contributors
 
- Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <https://fsf.org/>
- Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
- of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
 
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 
-  This version of the GNU Lesser General Public License incorporates
-the terms and conditions of version 3 of the GNU General Public
-License, supplemented by the additional permissions listed below.
-
-  0. Additional Definitions.
-
-  As used herein, "this License" refers to version 3 of the GNU Lesser
-General Public License, and the "GNU GPL" refers to version 3 of the GNU
-General Public License.
-
-  "The Library" refers to a covered work governed by this License,
-other than an Application or a Combined Work as defined below.
-
-  An "Application" is any work that makes use of an interface provided
-by the Library, but which is not otherwise based on the Library.
-Defining a subclass of a class defined by the Library is deemed a mode
-of using an interface provided by the Library.
-
-  A "Combined Work" is a work produced by combining or linking an
-Application with the Library.  The particular version of the Library
-with which the Combined Work was made is also called the "Linked
-Version".
-
-  The "Minimal Corresponding Source" for a Combined Work means the
-Corresponding Source for the Combined Work, excluding any source code
-for portions of the Combined Work that, considered in isolation, are
-based on the Application, and not on the Linked Version.
-
-  The "Corresponding Application Code" for a Combined Work means the
-object code and/or source code for the Application, including any data
-and utility programs needed for reproducing the Combined Work from the
-Application, but excluding the System Libraries of the Combined Work.
-
-  1. Exception to Section 3 of the GNU GPL.
-
-  You may convey a covered work under sections 3 and 4 of this License
-without being bound by section 3 of the GNU GPL.
-
-  2. Conveying Modified Versions.
-
-  If you modify a copy of the Library, and, in your modifications, a
-facility refers to a function or data to be supplied by an Application
-that uses the facility (other than as an argument passed when the
-facility is invoked), then you may convey a copy of the modified
-version:
-
-   a) under this License, provided that you make a good faith effort to
-   ensure that, in the event an Application does not supply the
-   function or data, the facility still operates, and performs
-   whatever part of its purpose remains meaningful, or
-
-   b) under the GNU GPL, with none of the additional permissions of
-   this License applicable to that copy.
-
-  3. Object Code Incorporating Material from Library Header Files.
-
-  The object code form of an Application may incorporate material from
-a header file that is part of the Library.  You may convey such object
-code under terms of your choice, provided that, if the incorporated
-material is not limited to numerical parameters, data structure
-layouts and accessors, or small macros, inline functions and templates
-(ten or fewer lines in length), you do both of the following:
-
-   a) Give prominent notice with each copy of the object code that the
-   Library is used in it and that the Library and its use are
-   covered by this License.
-
-   b) Accompany the object code with a copy of the GNU GPL and this license
-   document.
-
-  4. Combined Works.
-
-  You may convey a Combined Work under terms of your choice that,
-taken together, effectively do not restrict modification of the
-portions of the Library contained in the Combined Work and reverse
-engineering for debugging such modifications, if you also do each of
-the following:
-
-   a) Give prominent notice with each copy of the Combined Work that
-   the Library is used in it and that the Library and its use are
-   covered by this License.
-
-   b) Accompany the Combined Work with a copy of the GNU GPL and this license
-   document.
-
-   c) For a Combined Work that displays copyright notices during
-   execution, include the copyright notice for the Library among
-   these notices, as well as a reference directing the user to the
-   copies of the GNU GPL and this license document.
-
-   d) Do one of the following:
-
-       0) Convey the Minimal Corresponding Source under the terms of this
-       License, and the Corresponding Application Code in a form
-       suitable for, and under terms that permit, the user to
-       recombine or relink the Application with a modified version of
-       the Linked Version to produce a modified Combined Work, in the
-       manner specified by section 6 of the GNU GPL for conveying
-       Corresponding Source.
-
-       1) Use a suitable shared library mechanism for linking with the
-       Library.  A suitable mechanism is one that (a) uses at run time
-       a copy of the Library already present on the user's computer
-       system, and (b) will operate properly with a modified version
-       of the Library that is interface-compatible with the Linked
-       Version.
-
-   e) Provide Installation Information, but only if you would otherwise
-   be required to provide such information under section 6 of the
-   GNU GPL, and only to the extent that such information is
-   necessary to install and execute a modified version of the
-   Combined Work produced by recombining or relinking the
-   Application with a modified version of the Linked Version. (If
-   you use option 4d0, the Installation Information must accompany
-   the Minimal Corresponding Source and Corresponding Application
-   Code. If you use option 4d1, you must provide the Installation
-   Information in the manner specified by section 6 of the GNU GPL
-   for conveying Corresponding Source.)
-
-  5. Combined Libraries.
-
-  You may place library facilities that are a work based on the
-Library side by side in a single library together with other library
-facilities that are not Applications and are not covered by this
-License, and convey such a combined library under terms of your
-choice, if you do both of the following:
-
-   a) Accompany the combined library with a copy of the same work based
-   on the Library, uncombined with any other library facilities,
-   conveyed under the terms of this License.
-
-   b) Give prominent notice with the combined library that part of it
-   is a work based on the Library, and explaining where to find the
-   accompanying uncombined form of the same work.
-
-  6. Revised Versions of the GNU Lesser General Public License.
-
-  The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
-of the GNU Lesser General Public License from time to time. Such new
-versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
-differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
-
-  Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
-Library as you received it specifies that a certain numbered version
-of the GNU Lesser General Public License "or any later version"
-applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and
-conditions either of that published version or of any later version
-published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Library as you
-received it does not specify a version number of the GNU Lesser
-General Public License, you may choose any version of the GNU Lesser
-General Public License ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
-
-  If the Library as you received it specifies that a proxy can decide
-whether future versions of the GNU Lesser General Public License shall
-apply, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of any version is
-permanent authorization for you to choose that version for the
-Library.
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

LICENSE_SRC

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+                   GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+                       Version 3, 29 June 2007
+
+ Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <https://fsf.org/>
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+ of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+
+  This version of the GNU Lesser General Public License incorporates
+the terms and conditions of version 3 of the GNU General Public
+License, supplemented by the additional permissions listed below.
+
+  0. Additional Definitions.
+
+  As used herein, "this License" refers to version 3 of the GNU Lesser
+General Public License, and the "GNU GPL" refers to version 3 of the GNU
+General Public License.
+
+  "The Library" refers to a covered work governed by this License,
+other than an Application or a Combined Work as defined below.
+
+  An "Application" is any work that makes use of an interface provided
+by the Library, but which is not otherwise based on the Library.
+Defining a subclass of a class defined by the Library is deemed a mode
+of using an interface provided by the Library.
+
+  A "Combined Work" is a work produced by combining or linking an
+Application with the Library.  The particular version of the Library
+with which the Combined Work was made is also called the "Linked
+Version".
+
+  The "Minimal Corresponding Source" for a Combined Work means the
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+for portions of the Combined Work that, considered in isolation, are
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+
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+and utility programs needed for reproducing the Combined Work from the
+Application, but excluding the System Libraries of the Combined Work.
+
+  1. Exception to Section 3 of the GNU GPL.
+
+  You may convey a covered work under sections 3 and 4 of this License
+without being bound by section 3 of the GNU GPL.
+
+  2. Conveying Modified Versions.
+
+  If you modify a copy of the Library, and, in your modifications, a
+facility refers to a function or data to be supplied by an Application
+that uses the facility (other than as an argument passed when the
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+version:
+
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+   function or data, the facility still operates, and performs
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+
+   b) under the GNU GPL, with none of the additional permissions of
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+
+  3. Object Code Incorporating Material from Library Header Files.
+
+  The object code form of an Application may incorporate material from
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+(ten or fewer lines in length), you do both of the following:
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+   a) Give prominent notice with each copy of the object code that the
+   Library is used in it and that the Library and its use are
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+
+   a) Accompany the combined library with a copy of the same work based
+   on the Library, uncombined with any other library facilities,
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+
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+   is a work based on the Library, and explaining where to find the
+   accompanying uncombined form of the same work.
+
+  6. Revised Versions of the GNU Lesser General Public License.
+
+  The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
+of the GNU Lesser General Public License from time to time. Such new
+versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
+differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
+
+  Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
+Library as you received it specifies that a certain numbered version
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+
+  If the Library as you received it specifies that a proxy can decide
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+apply, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of any version is
+permanent authorization for you to choose that version for the
+Library.

LICENSE_STDLIB

@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-Copyright (c) 2022 Christoffer Lernö and contributors
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
-a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
-permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
-the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
-included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
-EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
-NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
-LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
-OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
-WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

README.md

@@ -8,10 +8,11 @@ for programmers who like C.
 
 Precompiled binaries for the following operating systems are available:
  
-- Windows x64 [download](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-windows.zip), [install instructions](#installing-on-windows-with-precompiled-binaries).
-- Debian x64 [download](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-linux.tar.gz), [install instructions](#installing-on-debian-with-precompiled-binaries).
-- Ubuntu x86 [download](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-ubuntu-20.tar.gz), [install instructions](#installing-on-ubuntu-with-precompiled-binaries).
-- MacOS Arm64 [download](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-macos.zip), [install instructions](#installing-on-macos-with-precompiled-binaries).
+- Windows x64 [download](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease-tag/c3-windows.zip), [install instructions](#installing-on-windows-with-precompiled-binaries).
+- Debian x64 [download](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease-tag/c3-linux.tar.gz), [install instructions](#installing-on-debian-with-precompiled-binaries).
+- Ubuntu x86 [download](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease-tag/c3-ubuntu-20.tar.gz), [install instructions](#installing-on-ubuntu-with-precompiled-binaries).
+- MacOS Arm64 [download](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease-tag/c3-macos.zip), [install instructions](#installing-on-macos-with-precompiled-binaries).
+- OpenBSD x64 [download](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease-tag/c3-openbsd.tar.gz), [install instructions](#installing-on-openbsd-with-precompiled-binaries).
 
 The manual for C3 can be found at [www.c3-lang.org](http://www.c3-lang.org).
 
@@ -35,10 +36,10 @@ whole new language.
 
 ### Example code
 
-The following code shows [generic modules](https://c3-lang.org/generic-programming/generics/) (more examples can be found at https://c3-lang.org/language-overview/examples/). 
+The following code shows [generics](https://c3-lang.org/generic-programming/generics/) (more examples can be found at https://c3-lang.org/language-overview/examples/). 
 
-```cpp
-module stack {Type};
+```c3
+module stack <Type>;
 // Above: the parameterized type is applied to the entire module.
 
 struct Stack
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ fn bool Stack.empty(Stack* this)
 
 Testing it out:
 
-```cpp
+```c3
 import stack;
 
 // Define our new types, the first will implicitly create 
@@ -141,7 +142,7 @@ fn void main()
 
 ### Current status
 
-The current stable version of the compiler is **version 0.7.3**.
+The current stable version of the compiler is **version 0.7.9**.
 
 The upcoming 0.7.x releases will focus on expanding the standard library,
 fixing bugs and improving compile time analysis. 
@@ -150,7 +151,7 @@ Follow the issues [here](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/issues).
 If you have suggestions on how to improve the language, either [file an issue](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/issues) 
 or discuss C3 on its dedicated Discord: [https://discord.gg/qN76R87](https://discord.gg/qN76R87).
 
-The compiler is currently verified to compile on Linux, Windows and MacOS.
+The compiler is currently verified to compile on Linux, OpenBSD, Windows and MacOS.
 
 **Support matrix**
 
@@ -171,17 +172,21 @@ The compiler is currently verified to compile on Linux, Windows and MacOS.
 | ELF freestanding Aarch64 | No                            | Untested                | No          | No       | No       | Yes*       |
 | ELF freestanding Riscv64 | No                            | Untested                | No          | No       | No       | Untested   |
 | ELF freestanding Riscv32 | No                            | Untested                | No          | No       | No       | Untested   |
+| ELF freestanding Xtensa* | No                            | Untested                | No          | No       | No       | Untested   |
 | FreeBSD x86              | Untested                      | Untested                | No          | Yes      | Untested | Yes*       |
 | FreeBSD x64              | Untested                      | Untested                | No          | Yes      | Untested | Yes*       |
 | NetBSD x86               | Untested                      | Untested                | No          | Yes      | Untested | Yes*       |
 | NetBSD x64               | Untested                      | Untested                | No          | Yes      | Untested | Yes*       |
 | OpenBSD x86              | Untested                      | Untested                | No          | Yes      | Untested | Yes*       |
-| OpenBSD x64              | Untested                      | Untested                | No          | Yes      | Untested | Yes*       |
+| OpenBSD x64              | Yes*                          | Yes                     | Yes*        | Yes      | Untested | Yes*       |
 | MCU x86                  | No                            | Untested                | No          | No       | No       | Yes*       |
 | Wasm32                   | No                            | Yes                     | No          | No       | No       | No         |
 | Wasm64                   | No                            | Untested                | No          | No       | No       | No         |
 
-*\* Inline asm is still a work in progress*
+*\* Inline asm is still a work in progress*<br>
+*\* OpenBSD 7.7 is the only tested version*<br>
+*\* OpenBSD has limited stacktrace, needs to be tested further*<br>
+*\* Xtensa support is enabled by compiling with `-DXTENSA_ENABLE`. The [espressif llvm fork](https://github.com/espressif/llvm-project) is recommended for best compatibility*
 
 More platforms will be supported in the future.
 
@@ -200,33 +205,72 @@ More platforms will be supported in the future.
 This installs the latest prerelease build, as opposed to the latest released version.
 
 #### Installing on Windows with precompiled binaries
-1. Download the zip file: [https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-windows.zip](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-windows.zip)
-(debug version [here](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-windows-debug.zip))
+1. Download the zip file: [https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease-tag/c3-windows.zip](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease-tag/c3-windows.zip)
+   (debug version [here](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease-tag/c3-windows-debug.zip))
 2. Unzip exe and standard lib.
 3. If you don't have Visual Studio 17 installed you can either do so, or run the `msvc_build_libraries.py` Python script which will download the necessary files to compile on Windows. 
 4. Run `c3c.exe`.
 
+#### Installing on Windows with the install script
+
+Open a PowerShell terminal (you may need to run it as an administrator) and run the following command:
+```bash
+iwr -useb https://raw.githubusercontent.com/c3lang/c3c/refs/heads/master/install/install.ps1 | iex
+```
+The script will inform you once the installation is successful and add the `~/.c3` directory to your PATH, which will allow you to run the c3c command from any location.
+
+You can choose another version with option `C3_VERSION`.
+For example, you can force the installation of the 0.7.4 version:
+```bash
+$env:C3_VERSION='0.7.4'; powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Command "iwr -useb https://raw.githubusercontent.com/c3lang/c3c/refs/heads/master/install/install.ps1 | iex"
+```
+
+If you don't have Visual Studio 17 installed you can either do so, or run the `msvc_build_libraries.py` Python script which will download the necessary files to compile on Windows.
+
+
 #### Installing on Debian with precompiled binaries
-1. Download tar file: [https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-linux.tar.gz](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-linux.tar.gz)
-   (debug version [here](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-linux-debug.tar.gz))
+1. Download tar file: [https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease-tag/c3-linux.tar.gz](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease-tag/c3-linux.tar.gz)
+   (debug version [here](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease-tag/c3-linux-debug.tar.gz))
 2. Unpack executable and standard lib.
 3. Run `./c3c`.
 
+#### Installing on Debian with the install script
+
+Open a terminal and run the following command:
+```bash
+curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/c3lang/c3c/refs/heads/master/install/install.sh | bash
+```
+The C3 compiler will be installed, and the script will also update your ~/.bashrc to include `~/.c3` in your PATH, allowing you to invoke the c3c command from anywhere. You might need to restart your terminal or source your shell for the changes to take effect.
+
+You can choose another version with option `C3_VERSION`.
+For example, you can force the installation of the 0.7.4 version:
+```bash
+curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/c3lang/c3c/refs/heads/master/install/install.sh | C3_VERSION=0.7.4 bash
+```
+
 #### Installing on Ubuntu with precompiled binaries
-1. Download tar file: [https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-ubuntu-20.tar.gz](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-ubuntu-20.tar.gz)
-   (debug version [here](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-ubuntu-20-debug.tar.gz))
+1. Download tar file: [https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease-tag/c3-ubuntu-20.tar.gz](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease-tag/c3-ubuntu-20.tar.gz)
+   (debug version [here](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease-tag/c3-ubuntu-20-debug.tar.gz))
 2. Unpack executable and standard lib.
 3. Run `./c3c`.
 
 #### Installing on MacOS with precompiled binaries
 1. Make sure you have XCode with command line tools installed.
-2. Download the zip file: [https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-macos.zip](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-macos.zip)
-   (debug version [here](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease/c3-macos-debug.zip))
+2. Download the zip file: [https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease-tag/c3-macos.zip](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease-tag/c3-macos.zip)
+   (debug version [here](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease-tag/c3-macos-debug.zip))
 3. Unzip executable and standard lib.
 4. Run `./c3c`.
 
 (*Note that there is a known issue with debug symbol generation on MacOS 13, see [issue #1086](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/issues/1086))
 
+#### Installing on OpenBSD with precompiled binaries
+1. Download tar file: [https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease-tag/c3-openbsd.tar.gz](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease-tag/c3-openbsd.tar.gz)
+   (debug version [here](https://github.com/c3lang/c3c/releases/download/latest-prerelease-tag/c3-openbsd-debug.tar.gz))
+2. Unpack executable and standard lib.
+3. Run `./c3c`.
+
+(*Note that this is specifically for OpenBSD 7.7, running it on any other version is prone to ABI breaks)
+
 #### Installing on Arch Linux
 Arch includes c3c in the official 'extra' repo. It can be easily installed the usual way:
 
@@ -253,6 +297,60 @@ cd c3c-git
 makepkg -si
 ```
 
+#### Installing via Nix
+
+You can access `c3c` via [flake.nix](./flake.nix), which will contain the latest commit of the compiler. To add `c3c` to your `flake.nix`, do the following:
+```nix
+{
+  inputs = {
+    nixpkgs.url = "github:nixos/nixpkgs?ref=nixpkgs-unstable";
+    flake-utils.url = "github:numtide/flake-utils";
+    c3c.url = "github:c3lang/c3c";
+    # Those are desired if you don't want to copy extra nixpkgs
+    c3c.inputs = {
+      nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
+      flake-utils.follows = "flake-utils";
+    };
+  };
+
+  outputs = { self, ... } @ inputs: inputs.flake-utils.lib.eachDefaultSystem (system: 
+    let 
+      pkgs = import inputs.nixpkgs { inherit system; };
+      c3c = inputs.c3c.packages.${system}.c3c;
+    in 
+    {
+      devShells.default = pkgs.mkShell {
+        buildInputs = [
+          pkgs.c3c
+        ];
+      };
+    }
+  );
+}
+```
+
+### Installing on Gentoo
+
+`c3c` is available in the [Gentoo GURU overlay](https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Project:GURU).
+
+Enable and sync the GURU repository (if not already done):
+
+```sh
+sudo eselect repository enable guru
+sudo emaint sync -r guru
+```
+
+Install `c3c` with:
+
+```sh
+sudo emerge -av dev-lang/c3c
+```
+
+* The compiler binary is installed to `/usr/bin/c3c`.
+* The standard library is installed to `/usr/lib/c3`.
+
+For Gentoo-specific issues, please use the [Gentoo Bugzilla](https://bugs.gentoo.org/) (Product: *GURU*).
+
 #### Building via Docker
 
 You can build `c3c` using an Ubuntu container. By default, the script will build through Ubuntu 22.04. You can specify the version by passing the `UBUNTU_VERSION` environment variable.
@@ -265,14 +363,15 @@ See the `build-with-docker.sh` script for more information on other configurable
 
 #### Installing on OS X using Homebrew
 
-2. Install CMake: `brew install cmake`
-3. Install LLVM 17+: `brew install llvm`
-4. Clone the C3C github repository: `git clone https://github.com/c3lang/c3c.git`
-5. Enter the C3C directory `cd c3c`.
-6. Create a build directory `mkdir build`
-7. Change directory to the build directory `cd build`
-8. Set up CMake build for debug: `cmake ..`
-9. Build: `cmake --build .`
+1. Install [Homebrew](https://brew.sh/)
+2. Install LLVM 17+: `brew install llvm`
+3. Install lld: `brew install lld`
+4. Install CMake: `brew install cmake`
+5. Clone the C3C github repository: `git clone https://github.com/c3lang/c3c.git`
+6. Enter the C3C directory `cd c3c`.
+7. Set up CMake build for debug: `cmake -B build -S .`
+8. Build: `cmake --build build`
+9. Change directory to the build directory `cd build`
 
 #### Installing on Windows using Scoop
 
@@ -285,7 +384,7 @@ scoop install c3
 #### Getting started with a "hello world"
 
 Create a `main.c3` file with:
-```c++
+```c3
 module hello_world;
 import std::io;
 
@@ -336,13 +435,12 @@ You should now have a `c3c` executable in `build-debug\Debug`.
 #### Compiling on Ubuntu 24.04 LTS
 
 1. Make sure you have a C compiler that handles C11 and a C++ compiler, such as GCC or Clang. Git also needs to be installed.
-2. Install LLVM 18 `sudo apt-get install cmake git clang zlib1g zlib1g-dev libllvm18 llvm llvm-dev llvm-runtime liblld-dev liblld-18 libpolly-18-dev`
+2. Install LLVM 18 `sudo apt-get install cmake git clang zlib1g zlib1g-dev libllvm18 llvm llvm-dev llvm-runtime liblld-dev liblld-18 libpolly-18-dev`. If you're using Ubuntu 25.04, also install `libpolly-20-dev`.
 3. Clone the C3C github repository: `git clone https://github.com/c3lang/c3c.git`
 4. Enter the C3C directory `cd c3c`.
-5. Create a build directory `mkdir build`
-6. Change directory to the build directory `cd build`
-7. Set up CMake build: `cmake ..`
-8. Build: `cmake --build .`
+5. Set up CMake build: `cmake -B build -S .`
+6. Build: `cmake --build build`
+7. Change directory to the build directory `cd build`
 
 You should now have a `c3c` executable.
 
@@ -355,13 +453,12 @@ You can try it out by running some sample code: `./c3c compile ../resources/exam
 2. Clone the C3C repository: `git clone https://github.com/c3lang/c3c.git`
     - If you only need the latest commit, you may want to make a shallow clone instead: `git clone https://github.com/c3lang/c3c.git --depth=1`
 3. Enter the directory: `cd c3c`
-4. Create a build directory: `mkdir build`
-5. Enter the build directory: `cd build`
-6. Create the CMake build cache: `cmake ..`
-7. Build: `cmake --build .`
+4. Create the CMake build cache: `cmake -B build -S .`
+5. Build: `cmake --build build`
+6. Enter the build directory: `cd build`
 
 Your c3c executable should have compiled properly. You may want to test it: `./c3c compile ../resources/examples/hash.c3`  
-For a sytem-wide installation, run the following as root: `cmake --install .`
+For a system-wide installation, run the following as root: `cmake --install .`
 
 
 #### Compiling on Fedora
@@ -371,15 +468,15 @@ For a sytem-wide installation, run the following as root: `cmake --install .`
 3. Clone the C3C repository: `git clone https://github.com/c3lang/c3c.git`
     - If you only need the latest commit, you may want to make a shallow clone: `git clone https://github.com/c3lang/c3c.git --depth=1`
 4. Enter the C3C directory: `cd c3c`
-5. Create a build directory and navigate into it: `mkdir build && cd build`
-6. Create the CMake build cache. The Fedora repositories provide `.so` libraries for lld, so you need to set the C3_LINK_DYNAMIC flag: `cmake .. -DC3_LINK_DYNAMIC=1`
-7. Build the project: `cmake --build .`
+5. Create the CMake build cache. The Fedora repositories provide `.so` libraries for lld, so you need to set the C3_LINK_DYNAMIC flag: `cmake -B build -S . -DC3_LINK_DYNAMIC=1`
+6. Build the project: `cmake --build build`
+7. Enter the build directory: `cd build`
 
 The c3c binary should be created in the build directory. You can try it out by running some sample code: `./c3c compile ../resources/examples/hash.c3`
 
 #### Compiling on Arch Linux
 
-1. Install required project dependencies: `sudo pacman -S curl lld llvm-libs clang cmake git libedit llvm`
+1. Install required project dependencies: `sudo pacman -S curl lld llvm-libs clang cmake git libedit llvm libxml2`
 2. Clone the C3C repository: `git clone https://github.com/c3lang/c3c.git`
     - If you only need the latest commit, you may want to make a shallow clone: `git clone https://github.com/c3lang/c3c.git --depth=1`
 3. Enter the C3C directory: `cd c3c`
@@ -389,32 +486,44 @@ cmake -B build \
     -D C3_LINK_DYNAMIC=ON \
     -D CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
 ```
-5. Build the project: `make -C build`.
+5. Build the project: `cmake --build build`.
 
 After compilation, the `c3c` binary will be located in the `build` directory. You can test it by compiling an example: `./build/c3c compile resources/examples/ls.c3`.
 
 6. To install the compiler globally: `sudo cmake --install build`
 
+#### Compiling on NixOS
+
+1. Enter nix shell, by typing `nix develop` in root directory
+2. Configure cmake via `cmake . -Bbuild $=C3_CMAKE_FLAGS`. Note: passing `C3_CMAKE_FLAGS` is needed in due to generate `compile_commands.json` and find missing libs.
+4. Build it `cmake --build build`
+5. Test it out: `./build/c3c -V`
+6. If you use `clangd` lsp server for your editor, it is recommended to make a symbolic link to `compile_command.json` in the root: `ln -s ./build/compile_commands.json compile_commands.json`
+
 #### Compiling on other Linux / Unix variants
 
 1. Install CMake.
 2. Install or compile LLVM and LLD *libraries* (version 17+ or higher)
 3. Clone the C3C github repository: `git clone https://github.com/c3lang/c3c.git`
 4. Enter the C3C directory `cd c3c`.
-5. Create a build directory `mkdir build`
-6. Change directory to the build directory `cd build`
-7. Set up CMake build for debug: `cmake ..`. At this point you may need to manually 
-provide the link path to the LLVM CMake directories, e.g. `cmake -DLLVM_DIR=/usr/local/opt/llvm/lib/cmake/llvm/ ..`
-8. Build: `cmake --build .`
+5. Set up CMake build for debug: `cmake -B build -S .`. At this point you may need to manually 
+provide the link path to the LLVM CMake directories, e.g. `cmake -B build -S . -DLLVM_DIR=/usr/local/opt/llvm/lib/cmake/llvm/`
+6. Build: `cmake --build build`
+7. Change directory to the build directory `cd build`
 
 *A note on compiling for Linux/Unix/MacOS: to be able to fetch vendor libraries
 libcurl is needed. The CMake script should detect it if it is available. Note that
-this functionality is non-essential and it is perfectly fine to user the compiler without it.*
+this functionality is non-essential and it is perfectly fine to use the compiler without it.*
 
 #### Licensing
 
-The C3 compiler is licensed under LGPL 3.0, the standard library itself is
-MIT licensed.
+Unless specified otherwise, the code in this repository is MIT licensed.
+The exception is the compiler source code (the source code under `src`),
+which is licensed under LGPL 3.0. 
+
+This means you are free to use all parts of standard library, 
+tests, benchmarks, grammar, examples and so on under the MIT license, including 
+using those libraries and tests if you build your own C3 compiler.
 
 #### Editor plugins
 
@@ -433,7 +542,12 @@ Editor plugins can be found at https://github.com/c3lang/editor-plugins.
 
 A huge **THANK YOU** goes out to all contributors and sponsors.
 
-A special thank you to sponsors [Caleb-o](https://github.com/Caleb-o) and [devdad](https://github.com/devdad) for going the extra mile.
+A special thank you to sponsors [Zack Puhl](https://github.com/NotsoanoNimus) and [konimarti](https://github.com/konimarti) for going the extra mile.
+
+And honorable mention goes to past sponsors:
+[Ygor Pontelo](https://github.com/ygorpontelo), [Simone Raimondi](https://github.com/SRaimondi),
+[Jan Válek](https://github.com/jan-valek), [Pierre Curto](https://github.com/pierrec), 
+[Caleb-o](https://github.com/Caleb-o) and [devdad](https://github.com/devdad)
 
 ## Star History
 

benchmarks/stdlib/collections/hashmap.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2025 Zack Puhl <github@xmit.xyz>. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+//
+// Some benchmark test ideas are sourced from this article on C++ hashmap benchmarking:
+//   https://martin.ankerl.com/2022/08/27/hashmap-bench-01/
+//
+module hashmap_benchmarks;
+
+import std::collections::map;
+import std::math::random;
+
+
+const DEFAULT_ITERATIONS = 16384;
+
+Lcg64Random rand;
+
+HashMap { int, int } modifying_numbers_random;
+
+fn void bench_setup() @init
+{
+	set_benchmark_warmup_iterations(3);
+	set_benchmark_max_iterations(DEFAULT_ITERATIONS);
+
+	// TODO: Cannot take the address of a @benchmark function. If we could, we could pass &insert_erase as a fn ptr and use the $qnameof CT eval internally.
+	set_benchmark_func_iterations($qnameof(insert_erase), 32);
+	set_benchmark_func_iterations($qnameof(random_access), 1024);
+
+    random::seed(&rand, 0x4528_21e6_38d0_1377);
+
+    for (usz i = 0; i < 1_000; ++i) modifying_numbers_random.set(rand.next_int(), rand.next_int());
+}
+
+
+// ==============================================================================================
+module hashmap_benchmarks @benchmark;
+
+import std::collections::map;
+
+import std::math::random;
+import std::encoding::base64;
+
+
+fn void generic_hash_speeds()
+{
+	(char){}.hash();
+	(char[<100>]){}.hash();
+	(char[100]){}.hash();
+	(ichar){}.hash();
+	(ichar[<100>]){}.hash();
+	(ichar[100]){}.hash();
+	(short){}.hash();
+	(short[<100>]){}.hash();
+	(short[100]){}.hash();
+	(ushort){}.hash();
+	(ushort[<100>]){}.hash();
+	(ushort[100]){}.hash();
+	(int){}.hash();
+	(int[<100>]){}.hash();
+	(int[100]){}.hash();
+	(uint){}.hash();
+	(uint[<100>]){}.hash();
+	(uint[100]){}.hash();
+	(long){}.hash();
+	(long[<20>]){}.hash();
+	(long[100]){}.hash();
+	(ulong){}.hash();
+	(ulong[<20>]){}.hash();
+	(ulong[100]){}.hash();
+	(int128){}.hash();
+	(int128[<20>]){}.hash();
+	(int128[100]){}.hash();
+	(uint128){}.hash();
+	(uint128[<20>]){}.hash();
+	(uint128[100]){}.hash();
+	(bool){}.hash();
+	(bool[<100>]){}.hash();
+	(bool[100]){}.hash();
+	String x = "abc";
+	char[] y = "abc";
+	assert(x.hash() == y.hash());
+	String z1 = "This is a much longer string than the above value because longer values lead to longer hashing times.";
+	char[] z2 = "This is a much longer string than the above value because longer values lead to longer hashing times.";
+	assert(z1.hash() == z2.hash());
+	assert(int.typeid.hash());
+}
+
+
+fn void hash_speeds_of_many_random_values() => @pool()
+{
+	var $arrsz = 10_000;
+	uint fake_checksum;
+
+	char[] chars = allocator::new_array(tmem, char, $arrsz)[:$arrsz];
+	foreach (&v : chars) *v = (char)random::next(&rand, uint.max);
+
+	ushort[] shorts = allocator::new_array(tmem, ushort, $arrsz)[:$arrsz];
+	foreach (&v : shorts) *v = (ushort)random::next(&rand, uint.max);
+
+	uint[] ints = allocator::new_array(tmem, uint, $arrsz)[:$arrsz];
+	foreach (&v : ints) *v = random::next(&rand, uint.max);
+
+	ulong[] longs = allocator::new_array(tmem, ulong, $arrsz)[:$arrsz];
+	foreach (&v : longs) *v = (ulong)random::next(&rand, uint.max);
+
+	uint128[] vwideints = allocator::new_array(tmem, uint128, $arrsz)[:$arrsz];
+	foreach (&v : vwideints) *v = (uint128)random::next(&rand, uint.max);
+
+	char[48][] zstrs = allocator::new_array(tmem, char[48], $arrsz)[:$arrsz];
+
+	String[] strs = mem::temp_array(String, $arrsz);
+	foreach (x, &v : zstrs)
+	{
+		foreach (&c : (*v)[:random::next(&rand, 48)]) *c = (char)random::next(&rand, char.max);
+		strs[x] = ((ZString)&v[0]).str_view();
+	}
+
+	runtime::@start_benchmark();
+	foreach (v : chars) fake_checksum += v.hash();
+	foreach (v : shorts) fake_checksum += v.hash();
+	foreach (v : ints) fake_checksum += v.hash();
+	foreach (v : longs) fake_checksum += v.hash();
+	foreach (v : vwideints) fake_checksum += v.hash();
+	foreach (v : strs) fake_checksum += v.hash();
+	runtime::@end_benchmark();
+}
+
+
+fn void modifying_numbers_init_from_map() => @pool()
+{
+	HashMap { int, int } v;
+	v.tinit_from_map(&modifying_numbers_random);
+	v.free();
+}
+
+
+fn void insert_erase() => @pool()
+{
+	uint iters = 1_000_000;
+	HashMap { int, int } v;
+	v.tinit();
+
+	runtime::@start_benchmark();
+	for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i) v[i] = i;
+	for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i) v.remove(i);
+
+	runtime::@end_benchmark();
+
+	v.free();
+}
+
+
+fn void random_access() => @pool()
+{
+	HashMap { int, int } v;
+	v.tinit();
+
+	uint bound = 10_000;
+	usz pseudo_checksum = 0;
+
+	for (uint i = 0; i < bound; ++i) v[i] = i;
+
+	runtime::@start_benchmark();
+	for (uint i = 0; i < 1_000_000; ++i) pseudo_checksum += (v[i.hash() % bound] ?? 0);
+	runtime::@end_benchmark();
+
+	v.free();
+}
+
+
+fn void random_access_erase() => @pool()
+{
+	HashMap { int, int } v;
+	v.tinit();
+
+	uint bound = 10_000;
+
+	for (uint i = 0; i < bound; ++i) v[i] = i;
+
+	runtime::@start_benchmark();
+	for (uint i = 0; i < bound; ++i)
+	{
+		v[i.hash() % bound] = i;   // supplant an entry
+
+		v.remove(random::next(&rand, bound));   // remove a random entry
+	}
+	runtime::@end_benchmark();
+
+	v.free();
+}
+
+
+fn void random_access_string_keys() => @pool()
+{
+	HashMap { String, ulong } v;
+	v.tinit();
+
+	usz pseudo_checksum = 0;
+	String[] saved = mem::temp_array(String, 5_000);
+
+	for (usz i = 0; i < saved.len; ++i)
+	{
+		ulong hash = i.hash();
+		String b64key = base64::tencode(@as_char_view(hash));
+
+		v[b64key] = hash;
+
+		if (i < saved.len) saved[i] = b64key;
+	}
+
+	runtime::@start_benchmark();
+	for (usz i = 0; i < saved.len; ++i)
+	{
+		pseudo_checksum += v[ saved[random::next(&rand, saved.len)] ]!! % 512;
+	}
+	runtime::@end_benchmark();
+
+	v.free();
+}

benchmarks/stdlib/collections/linkedlist.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+module linkedlist_benchmarks;
+
+import std::collections::linkedlist;
+
+
+LinkedList{int} long_list;
+const HAY = 2;
+const NEEDLE = 1000;
+
+fn void bench_setup() @init
+{
+	set_benchmark_warmup_iterations(3);
+	set_benchmark_max_iterations(4096);
+
+    int[*] haystack = { [0..999] = HAY };
+    long_list = linkedlist::@new{int}(mem, haystack[..]);
+    long_list.push(NEEDLE);
+    long_list.push_all(haystack[..]);
+}
+
+
+// ==============================================================================================
+module linkedlist_benchmarks @benchmark;
+
+String die_str = "Failed to find the value `1`. Is something broken?";
+
+
+fn void foreach_iterator()
+{
+    foreach (v : long_list.array_view()) if (v == NEEDLE) return;
+    runtime::@kill_benchmark(die_str);
+}
+
+fn void foreach_r_iterator()
+{
+    foreach_r (v : long_list.array_view()) if (v == NEEDLE) return;
+    runtime::@kill_benchmark(die_str);
+}

benchmarks/stdlib/core/string_trim.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+module string_trim_wars;
+
+const String WHITESPACE_TARGET = "    \n\t\r\f\va \tbcde\v\f\r\t\n    ";
+const String WHITESPACE_NUMERIC_TARGET = " 25290   0969  99a \tbcde12332 34 43          0000";
+
+fn void initialize_bench() @init
+{
+	set_benchmark_warmup_iterations(64);
+	set_benchmark_max_iterations(1 << 24);
+}
+
+macro void trim_bench($trim_str, String $target = WHITESPACE_TARGET) => @pool()
+{
+	String s1;
+	String s2 = $target.tcopy();
+
+	runtime::@start_benchmark();
+
+	$switch:
+	$case $typeof($trim_str) == String:
+		s1 = s2.trim($trim_str);
+	$case $typeof($trim_str) == AsciiCharset:
+		s1 = s2.trim_charset($trim_str);
+	$default: $error "Unable to determine the right String `trim` operation to use.";
+	$endswitch
+
+	@volatile_load(s1);
+
+	runtime::@end_benchmark();
+}
+
+
+module string_trim_wars @benchmark;
+
+fn void trim_control() => trim_bench(" ");   // only spaces
+
+fn void trim_whitespace_default() => trim_bench("\t\n\r ");   // default set
+fn void trim_whitespace_default_ordered() => trim_bench(" \n\t\r");   // default \w set, but ordered by expected freq
+
+fn void trim_whitespace_bad() => trim_bench("\f\v\n\t\r ");   // bad-perf ordering, all \w
+
+fn void trim_whitespace_ordered_extended() => trim_bench(" \n\t\r\f\v");   // proposed ordering, all \w
+fn void trim_charset_whitespace() => trim_bench(ascii::WHITESPACE_SET);   // use charset, all \w
+
+fn void trim_many() => trim_bench(" \n\t\r\f\v0123456789", WHITESPACE_NUMERIC_TARGET);   // ordered, all \w + num
+fn void trim_charset_many() => trim_bench(ascii::WHITESPACE_SET | ascii::NUMBER_SET, WHITESPACE_NUMERIC_TARGET);   // set, all \w + num

benchmarks/stdlib/crypto/aes_bench.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+module std::crypto::aes_bench;
+
+import std::crypto::aes;
+
+fn void init() @init
+{
+	set_benchmark_warmup_iterations(5);
+	set_benchmark_max_iterations(10_000);
+}
+
+
+AesType aes   = AES256;
+char[] key    = x"603deb1015ca71be2b73aef0857d77811f352c073b6108d72d9810a30914dff4";
+char[] text   = x"6bc1bee22e409f96e93d7e117393172aae2d8a571e03ac9c9eb76fac45af8e5130c81c46a35ce411e5fbc1191a0a52eff69f2445df4f9b17ad2b417be66c3710";
+char[] cipher = x"601ec313775789a5b7a7f504bbf3d228f443e3ca4d62b59aca84e990cacaf5c52b0930daa23de94ce87017ba2d84988ddfc9c58db67aada613c2dd08457941a6";
+char[16] iv     = x"f0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9fafbfcfdfeff";
+
+fn void bench_ctr_xcrypt() @benchmark
+{
+	char[64] out;
+	Aes ctx;
+
+	// encrypt
+	ctx.init(aes, key, iv);
+	ctx.encrypt_buffer(text, &out);
+
+	// decrypt
+	ctx.init(aes, key, iv);
+	ctx.decrypt_buffer(cipher, &out);
+}
+

benchmarks/stdlib/crypto/chacha20.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2025 Zack Puhl <github@xmit.xyz>. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+module chacha20_benchmarks;
+
+import std::crypto::chacha20;
+
+
+fn void initialize_bench() @init
+{
+	set_benchmark_warmup_iterations(3);
+	set_benchmark_max_iterations(1024);
+}
+
+const char[] KEY = x'98bef1469be7269837a45bfbc92a5a6ac762507cf96443bf33b96b1bd4c6f8f6';
+const char[] NONCE = x'44e792d63335abb1582e9253';
+const uint COUNTER = 42;
+
+char[] one_mb @align(ulong.sizeof) = { [0..1024*1024] = 0xA5 };
+
+// This doesn't test both encryption + decryption, because it's a symmetric operation that shares
+//   a single common data transformation. Testing one limb is enough.
+fn void gogo_chacha20() @benchmark
+{
+	chacha20::encrypt_mut(one_mb[..], KEY, NONCE, COUNTER);
+}
+
+// Check what the speed of an unligned buffer looks like.
+fn void gogo_chacha20_unaligned() @benchmark => @pool()
+{
+    char[] copy = mem::talloc_array(char, one_mb.len + 3);
+    char[] im_off_slightly = copy[3..];
+    copy[3..] = one_mb[..];
+    assert((usz)im_off_slightly.ptr % usz.sizeof > 0);
+
+    runtime::@start_benchmark();
+	chacha20::encrypt_mut(im_off_slightly, KEY, NONCE, COUNTER);
+    runtime::@end_benchmark();
+}

benchmarks/stdlib/crypto/crypto_shootout.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2025 Zack Puhl <github@xmit.xyz>. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+module crypto_hash_benchmarks;
+
+import std::collections::pair;
+
+
+const usz COMMON_ITERATIONS = 1 << 17;
+
+char* common_1mib_ptr;
+char[] common_16;
+char[] common_256;
+char[] common_4kib;
+char[] common_1mib;
+
+fn void initialize_bench() @init
+{
+	set_benchmark_warmup_iterations(3);
+	set_benchmark_max_iterations(COMMON_ITERATIONS + 3);
+
+	common_1mib_ptr = mem::alloc_array(char, 1024*1024);
+	common_1mib = common_1mib_ptr[:1024*1024];
+	common_1mib[..] = 0xA5;
+
+	common_16 = common_1mib[:16];
+	common_256 = common_1mib[:256];
+	common_4kib = common_1mib[:4096];
+
+	static String[] function_prefixes = {
+		$qnameof(md5_16)[..^4],
+		$qnameof(sha1_16)[..^4],
+		$qnameof(sha2_256_16)[..^4],
+		$qnameof(sha2_512_16)[..^4],
+		$qnameof(blake2s_256_16)[..^4],
+		$qnameof(blake2b_256_16)[..^4],
+		$qnameof(blake3_16)[..^4],
+		$qnameof(ripemd_160_16)[..^4],
+		$qnameof(whirlpool_16)[..^4],
+		$qnameof(streebog_256_16)[..^4],
+		$qnameof(streebog_512_16)[..^4],
+	};
+
+	static Pair{ String, uint }[] to_iters = {
+		{ "_4kib", 1 << 15 },
+		{ "_1mib", 1024 },
+	};
+
+	foreach (p : to_iters)
+	{
+		foreach (name : function_prefixes) set_benchmark_func_iterations(name.tconcat(p.first), p.second);
+	}
+}
+
+fn void teardown_bench() @finalizer
+{
+	mem::free(common_1mib_ptr);
+}
+
+
+// =======================================================================================
+module crypto_hash_benchmarks @benchmark;
+
+import std::hash;
+
+
+fn void md5_16() => md5::hash(common_16);
+fn void sha1_16() => sha1::hash(common_16);
+fn void sha2_256_16() => sha256::hash(common_16);
+fn void sha2_512_16() => sha512::hash(common_16);
+fn void blake2s_256_16() => blake2::s(256, common_16);
+fn void blake2b_256_16() => blake2::b(256, common_16);
+fn void blake3_16() => blake3::hash(common_16);
+fn void ripemd_160_16() => ripemd::hash{160}(common_16);
+fn void whirlpool_16() => whirlpool::hash(common_16);
+fn void streebog_256_16() => streebog::hash_256(common_16);
+fn void streebog_512_16() => streebog::hash_512(common_16);
+
+fn void md5_256() => md5::hash(common_256);
+fn void sha1_256() => sha1::hash(common_256);
+fn void sha2_256_256() => sha256::hash(common_256);
+fn void sha2_512_256() => sha512::hash(common_256);
+fn void blake2s_256_256() => blake2::s(256, common_256);
+fn void blake2b_256_256() => blake2::b(256, common_256);
+fn void blake3_256() => blake3::hash(common_256);
+fn void ripemd_160_256() => ripemd::hash{160}(common_256);
+fn void whirlpool_256() => whirlpool::hash(common_256);
+fn void streebog_256_256() => streebog::hash_256(common_256);
+fn void streebog_512_256() => streebog::hash_512(common_256);
+
+fn void md5_4kib() => md5::hash(common_4kib);
+fn void sha1_4kib() => sha1::hash(common_4kib);
+fn void sha2_256_4kib() => sha256::hash(common_4kib);
+fn void sha2_512_4kib() => sha512::hash(common_4kib);
+fn void blake2s_256_4kib() => blake2::s(256, common_4kib);
+fn void blake2b_256_4kib() => blake2::b(256, common_4kib);
+fn void blake3_4kib() => blake3::hash(common_4kib);
+fn void ripemd_160_4kib() => ripemd::hash{160}(common_4kib);
+fn void whirlpool_4kib() => whirlpool::hash(common_4kib);
+fn void streebog_256_4kib() => streebog::hash_256(common_4kib);
+fn void streebog_512_4kib() => streebog::hash_512(common_4kib);
+
+fn void md5_1mib() => md5::hash(common_1mib);
+fn void sha1_1mib() => sha1::hash(common_1mib);
+fn void sha2_256_1mib() => sha256::hash(common_1mib);
+fn void sha2_512_1mib() => sha512::hash(common_1mib);
+fn void blake2s_256_1mib() => blake2::s(256, common_1mib);
+fn void blake2b_256_1mib() => blake2::b(256, common_1mib);
+fn void blake3_1mib() => blake3::hash(common_1mib);
+fn void ripemd_160_1mib() => ripemd::hash{160}(common_1mib);
+fn void whirlpool_1mib() => whirlpool::hash(common_1mib);
+fn void streebog_256_1mib() => streebog::hash_256(common_1mib);
+fn void streebog_512_1mib() => streebog::hash_512(common_1mib);

benchmarks/stdlib/hash/non_crypto_shootout.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2025 Zack Puhl <github@xmit.xyz>. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+module non_crypto_benchmarks;
+
+
+const usz COMMON_ITERATIONS = 1 << 18;
+
+const char[] COMMON_1 = { 0xA5 };
+const char[] COMMON_4 = { 0xA5, 0xA5, 0xA5, 0xA5, };
+const char[] COMMON_8 = { [0..7] = 0xA5 };
+const char[] COMMON_16 = { [0..15] = 0xA5 };
+const char[] COMMON_32 = { [0..31] = 0xA5 };
+const char[] COMMON_64 = { [0..63] = 0xA5 };
+const char[] COMMON_128 = { [0..127] = 0xA5 };
+const char[] COMMON_1024 = { [0..1023] = 0xA5 };
+
+
+fn void initialize_bench() @init
+{
+	set_benchmark_warmup_iterations(3);
+	set_benchmark_max_iterations(COMMON_ITERATIONS + 3);
+}
+
+
+// =======================================================================================
+module non_crypto_benchmarks @benchmark;
+
+import std::hash;
+
+
+fn void fnv64a_1() => fnv64a::hash(COMMON_1);
+fn void fnv32a_1() => fnv32a::hash(COMMON_1);
+fn void wyhash2_1() => wyhash2::hash(COMMON_1);
+fn void metro64_1() => metro64::hash(COMMON_1);
+fn void metro128_1() => metro128::hash(COMMON_1);
+fn void a5hash_1() => a5hash::hash(COMMON_1);
+fn void komi_1() => komi::hash(COMMON_1);
+
+fn void fnv64a_4() => fnv64a::hash(COMMON_4);
+fn void fnv32a_4() => fnv32a::hash(COMMON_4);
+fn void wyhash2_4() => wyhash2::hash(COMMON_4);
+fn void metro64_4() => metro64::hash(COMMON_4);
+fn void metro128_4() => metro128::hash(COMMON_4);
+fn void a5hash_4() => a5hash::hash(COMMON_4);
+fn void komi_4() => komi::hash(COMMON_4);
+
+fn void fnv64a_8() => fnv64a::hash(COMMON_8);
+fn void fnv32a_8() => fnv32a::hash(COMMON_8);
+fn void wyhash2_8() => wyhash2::hash(COMMON_8);
+fn void metro64_8() => metro64::hash(COMMON_8);
+fn void metro128_8() => metro128::hash(COMMON_8);
+fn void a5hash_8() => a5hash::hash(COMMON_8);
+fn void komi_8() => komi::hash(COMMON_8);
+
+fn void fnv64a_16() => fnv64a::hash(COMMON_16);
+fn void fnv32a_16() => fnv32a::hash(COMMON_16);
+fn void wyhash2_16() => wyhash2::hash(COMMON_16);
+fn void metro64_16() => metro64::hash(COMMON_16);
+fn void metro128_16() => metro128::hash(COMMON_16);
+fn void a5hash_16() => a5hash::hash(COMMON_16);
+fn void komi_16() => komi::hash(COMMON_16);
+
+fn void fnv64a_32() => fnv64a::hash(COMMON_32);
+fn void fnv32a_32() => fnv32a::hash(COMMON_32);
+// NOTE: wyhash2 cannot be used on inputs > 16 bytes.
+fn void metro64_32() => metro64::hash(COMMON_32);
+fn void metro128_32() => metro128::hash(COMMON_32);
+fn void a5hash_32() => a5hash::hash(COMMON_32);
+fn void komi_32() => komi::hash(COMMON_32);
+
+fn void fnv64a_64() => fnv64a::hash(COMMON_64);
+fn void fnv32a_64() => fnv32a::hash(COMMON_64);
+// NOTE: wyhash2 cannot be used on inputs > 16 bytes.
+fn void metro64_64() => metro64::hash(COMMON_64);
+fn void metro128_64() => metro128::hash(COMMON_64);
+fn void a5hash_64() => a5hash::hash(COMMON_64);
+fn void komi_64() => komi::hash(COMMON_64);
+
+fn void fnv64a_128() => fnv64a::hash(COMMON_128);
+fn void fnv32a_128() => fnv32a::hash(COMMON_128);
+// NOTE: wyhash2 cannot be used on inputs > 16 bytes.
+fn void metro64_128() => metro64::hash(COMMON_128);
+fn void metro128_128() => metro128::hash(COMMON_128);
+fn void a5hash_128() => a5hash::hash(COMMON_128);
+fn void komi_128() => komi::hash(COMMON_128);
+
+fn void fnv64a_1024() => fnv64a::hash(COMMON_1024);
+fn void fnv32a_1024() => fnv32a::hash(COMMON_1024);
+// NOTE: wyhash2 cannot be used on inputs > 16 bytes.
+fn void metro64_1024() => metro64::hash(COMMON_1024);
+fn void metro128_1024() => metro128::hash(COMMON_1024);
+fn void a5hash_1024() => a5hash::hash(COMMON_1024);
+fn void komi_1024() => komi::hash(COMMON_1024);

benchmarks/stdlib/hash/ripemd.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2025 Zack Puhl <github@xmit.xyz>. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+module ripemd_bench;
+
+fn void initialize_bench() @init
+{
+	set_benchmark_warmup_iterations(3);
+	set_benchmark_max_iterations(256);
+
+    input = mem::alloc_array(char, BUFSZ);
+    input[:BUFSZ] = (char[]){ [0..BUFSZ-1] = 0xA5 }[..];
+    input_slice = input[:BUFSZ];
+}
+
+fn void teardown_bench() @finalizer
+{
+    mem::free(input);
+    input = null;
+}
+
+char* input;
+char[] input_slice;
+const usz BUFSZ = 1024 * 1024;
+
+module ripemd_bench @benchmark;
+
+import std::hash;
+
+fn void ripemd_128()
+{
+    runtime::@start_benchmark();
+    char[*] myset = ripemd::hash{128}(input_slice);
+    runtime::@end_benchmark();
+    mem::zero_volatile(myset[..]);
+}
+
+fn void ripemd_160()
+{
+    runtime::@start_benchmark();
+    char[*] myset = ripemd::hash{160}(input_slice);
+    runtime::@end_benchmark();
+    mem::zero_volatile(myset[..]);
+}
+
+fn void ripemd_256()
+{
+    runtime::@start_benchmark();
+    char[*] myset = ripemd::hash{256}(input_slice);
+    runtime::@end_benchmark();
+    mem::zero_volatile(myset[..]);
+}
+
+fn void ripemd_320()
+{
+    runtime::@start_benchmark();
+    char[*] myset = ripemd::hash{320}(input_slice);
+    runtime::@end_benchmark();
+    mem::zero_volatile(myset[..]);
+}
+
+fn void compared_with_sha256()
+{
+    runtime::@start_benchmark();
+    char[*] myset = sha256::hash(input_slice);
+    runtime::@end_benchmark();
+    mem::zero_volatile(myset[..]);
+}
+
+fn void compared_with_whirlpool()
+{
+    runtime::@start_benchmark();
+    char[*] myset = whirlpool::hash(input_slice);
+    runtime::@end_benchmark();
+    mem::zero_volatile(myset[..]);
+}

benchmarks/stdlib/hash/streebog.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2025 Zack Puhl <github@xmit.xyz>. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+module streebog_bench;
+
+fn void initialize_bench() @init
+{
+	set_benchmark_warmup_iterations(3);
+	set_benchmark_max_iterations(256);
+}
+
+const char[] INPUT = { [0..1024*1024] = 0xA5 };
+const char[*] EXPECTED_256 = x'694676905b7cf099755db1cc186f741f0fd1877aaaa4badcbfb305537f986971';
+const char[*] EXPECTED_512 = x'fe21d08857ea97e79035d1e5c9ba5130786e8d1875bc74d628349560d94d6bdff0b0dcd2f6347eb8b3f0239b6cca76b5028c0ff45f631fcdf77b1d551dd079f3';
+
+
+module streebog_bench @benchmark;
+
+import std::hash;
+
+fn void get_in_the_bog_256()
+{
+    runtime::@start_benchmark();
+    char[*] myset = streebog::hash_256(INPUT);
+    runtime::@end_benchmark();
+    mem::zero_volatile(myset[..]);
+}
+
+fn void get_in_the_bog_512()
+{
+    runtime::@start_benchmark();
+    char[*] myset = streebog::hash_512(INPUT);
+    runtime::@end_benchmark();
+    mem::zero_volatile(myset[..]);
+}
+
+fn void compared_with_sha256()
+{
+    runtime::@start_benchmark();
+    char[*] myset = sha256::hash(INPUT);
+    runtime::@end_benchmark();
+    mem::zero_volatile(myset[..]);
+}
+
+fn void compared_with_whirlpool()
+{
+    runtime::@start_benchmark();
+    char[*] myset = whirlpool::hash(INPUT);
+    runtime::@end_benchmark();
+    mem::zero_volatile(myset[..]);
+}

build-with-docker.sh

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/bin/bash
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
 
 : ${DOCKER:=docker}
 : ${IMAGE:="c3c-builder"}
@@ -41,4 +41,4 @@ exec $DOCKER run -i --rm \
             -DCMAKE_DLLTOOL=llvm-dlltool-$LLVM_VERSION \
             -DC3_LLVM_VERSION=auto && \
     cmake --build build && \
-    cp -r build/c3c build/lib bin"
+    cp -r build/c3c build/lib bin"

docker/Dockerfile

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ ENV LLVM_DEV_VERSION=20
 
 ARG CMAKE_VERSION=3.20
 
-RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y wget gnupg software-properties-common zlib1g zlib1g-dev python3 ninja-build curl g++ && \
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y wget gnupg software-properties-common zlib1g zlib1g-dev python3 ninja-build curl g++ libcurl4-openssl-dev && \
     wget https://github.com/Kitware/CMake/releases/download/v${CMAKE_VERSION}/cmake-$CMAKE_VERSION-linux-x86_64.sh && \
     mkdir -p /opt/cmake && \
     sh cmake-${CMAKE_VERSION}-linux-x86_64.sh --prefix=/opt/cmake --skip-license && \
@@ -46,4 +46,4 @@ RUN groupadd -g 1337 c3c && \
 USER c3c
 ENV PATH="/opt/cmake/bin:${PATH}"
 
-WORKDIR /home/c3c
+WORKDIR /home/c3c

flake.nix

@@ -6,29 +6,27 @@
     flake-utils.url = "github:numtide/flake-utils";
   };
 
-  outputs = { self, ... } @ inputs: inputs.flake-utils.lib.eachDefaultSystem 
+  outputs = { self, ... }@inputs: inputs.flake-utils.lib.eachDefaultSystem 
   (system: 
     let pkgs = import inputs.nixpkgs { inherit system; }; 
-        call = set: pkgs.callPackage ./nix/default.nix ( 
-          set // { 
-            rev = self.rev or "unknown"; 
-          } 
-        );
+        c3cBuild = set: pkgs.callPackage ./nix/default.nix (set // { 
+          rev = self.rev or "unknown"; 
+        });
     in {
       packages = {
         default = self.packages.${system}.c3c;
 
-        c3c = call {};
+        c3c = c3cBuild {};
         
-        c3c-checks = pkgs.callPackage ./nix/default.nix { 
+        c3c-checks = c3cBuild { 
           checks = true; 
         };
 
-        c3c-debug = pkgs.callPackage ./nix/default.nix { 
+        c3c-debug = c3cBuild { 
           debug = true; 
         };
 
-        c3c-debug-checks = pkgs.callPackage ./nix/default.nix { 
+        c3c-debug-checks = c3cBuild { 
           debug = true; 
           checks = true; 
         };

install/install.ps1

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+<#
+.SYNOPSIS
+    C3 install script.
+.DESCRIPTION
+    This script installs C3 on Windows from the command line.
+.PARAMETER C3Version
+    Specifies the version of C3 to install.
+    Default is 'latest'. Can also be set via environment variable 'C3_VERSION'.
+.PARAMETER C3Home
+    Specifies C3's installation directory.
+    Default is '$Env:USERPROFILE\.c3'. Can also be set via environment variable 'C3_HOME'.
+.PARAMETER NoPathUpdate
+    If specified, the script will not modify the PATH environment variable.
+.PARAMETER C3Repourl
+    Specifies the repository URL of C3.
+    Default is 'https://github.com/c3lang/c3c'. Can also be set via environment variable 'C3_REPOURL'.
+.LINK
+    https://c3-lang.org/
+.LINK
+    https://github.com/c3lang/c3c
+#>
+
+# Script parameters with defaults
+param (
+    [string] $C3Version = 'latest',
+    [string] $C3Home = "$Env:USERPROFILE\.c3",
+    [switch] $NoPathUpdate,
+    [string] $C3Repourl = 'https://github.com/c3lang/c3c'
+)
+
+# Enable strict mode for better error handling
+Set-StrictMode -Version Latest
+
+# Function to broadcast environment variable changes to Windows system
+function Publish-Env {
+    # Add P/Invoke type if it does not exist
+    if (-not ("Win32.NativeMethods" -as [Type])) {
+        Add-Type -Namespace Win32 -Name NativeMethods -MemberDefinition @"
+[DllImport("user32.dll", SetLastError = true, CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
+public static extern IntPtr SendMessageTimeout(
+    IntPtr hWnd, uint Msg, UIntPtr wParam, string lParam,
+    uint fuFlags, uint uTimeout, out UIntPtr lpdwResult);
+"@
+    }
+
+    # Constants for broadcasting environment changes
+    $HWND_BROADCAST = [IntPtr] 0xffff
+    $WM_SETTINGCHANGE = 0x1a
+    $result = [UIntPtr]::Zero
+
+    # Broadcast the message to all windows
+    [Win32.Nativemethods]::SendMessageTimeout($HWND_BROADCAST,
+        $WM_SETTINGCHANGE,
+        [UIntPtr]::Zero,
+        "Environment",
+        2,
+        5000,
+        [ref] $result
+    ) | Out-Null
+}
+
+# Function to write or update an environment variable in the registry
+function Write-Env {
+    param(
+        [String] $name,
+        [String] $val,
+        [Switch] $global
+    )
+
+    # Determine the registry key based on scope (user or system)
+    $RegisterKey = if ($global) {
+        Get-Item -Path 'HKLM:\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager'
+    } else {
+        Get-Item -Path 'HKCU:'
+    }
+
+    $EnvRegisterKey = $RegisterKey.OpenSubKey('Environment', $true)
+
+    # If value is null, delete the variable
+    if ($null -eq $val) {
+        $EnvRegisterKey.DeleteValue($name)
+    } else {
+        # Determine the correct registry value type
+        $RegistryValueKind = if ($val.Contains('%')) {
+            [Microsoft.Win32.RegistryValueKind]::ExpandString
+        } elseif ($EnvRegisterKey.GetValue($name)) {
+            $EnvRegisterKey.GetValueKind($name)
+        } else {
+            [Microsoft.Win32.RegistryValueKind]::String
+        }
+        $EnvRegisterKey.SetValue($name, $val, $RegistryValueKind)
+    }
+
+    # Broadcast the change to the system
+    Publish-Env
+}
+
+# Function to get an environment variable from the registry
+function Get-Env {
+    param(
+        [String] $name,
+        [Switch] $global
+    )
+
+    # Determine registry key based on scope
+    $RegisterKey = if ($global) {
+        Get-Item -Path 'HKLM:\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager'
+    } else {
+        Get-Item -Path 'HKCU:'
+    }
+
+    $EnvRegisterKey = $RegisterKey.OpenSubKey('Environment')
+    $RegistryValueOption = [Microsoft.Win32.RegistryValueOptions]::DoNotExpandEnvironmentNames
+
+    # Retrieve the value without expanding environment variables
+    $EnvRegisterKey.GetValue($name, $null, $RegistryValueOption)
+}
+
+# Override defaults if environment variables exist
+if ($Env:C3_VERSION) { $C3Version = $Env:C3_VERSION }
+if ($Env:C3_HOME) { $C3Home = $Env:C3_HOME }
+if ($Env:C3_NO_PATH_UPDATE) { $NoPathUpdate = $true }
+if ($Env:C3_REPOURL) { $C3Repourl = $Env:C3_REPOURL -replace '/$', '' }
+
+# Set binary name
+$BINARY = "c3-windows"
+
+# Determine the download URL based on version
+if ($C3Version -eq 'latest') {
+    $DOWNLOAD_URL = "$C3Repourl/releases/latest/download/$BINARY.zip"
+} else {
+    # Ensure version starts with 'v'
+    $C3Version = "v" + ($C3Version -replace '^v', '')
+    $DOWNLOAD_URL = "$C3Repourl/releases/download/$C3Version/$BINARY.zip"
+}
+
+$BinDir = $C3Home
+
+Write-Host "This script will automatically download and install C3 ($C3Version) for you."
+Write-Host "Getting it from this url: $DOWNLOAD_URL"
+Write-Host "The binary will be installed into '$BinDir'"
+
+# Create temporary file for download
+$TEMP_FILE = [System.IO.Path]::GetTempFileName()
+
+try {
+    # Download the binary
+    Invoke-WebRequest -Uri $DOWNLOAD_URL -OutFile $TEMP_FILE
+
+    # Remove previous installation if it exists
+    if (Test-Path -Path $BinDir) {
+        Remove-Item -Path $BinDir -Recurse -Force | Out-Null
+    }
+
+    # Rename temp file to .zip
+    $ZIP_FILE = $TEMP_FILE + ".zip"
+    Rename-Item -Path $TEMP_FILE -NewName $ZIP_FILE
+
+    # Extract downloaded zip
+    Expand-Archive -Path $ZIP_FILE -DestinationPath $Env:USERPROFILE -Force
+
+    # Rename extracted folder to target installation directory
+    Rename-Item -Path "$Env:USERPROFILE/c3-windows-Release" -NewName $BinDir
+} catch {
+    Write-Host "Error: '$DOWNLOAD_URL' is not available or failed to download"
+    exit 1
+} finally {
+    # Cleanup temporary zip file
+    Remove-Item -Path $ZIP_FILE
+}
+
+# Update PATH environment variable if requested
+if (!$NoPathUpdate) {
+    $PATH = Get-Env 'PATH'
+    if ($PATH -notlike "*$BinDir*") {
+        Write-Output "Adding $BinDir to PATH"
+
+        # Persist PATH for future sessions
+        Write-Env -name 'PATH' -val "$BinDir;$PATH"
+
+        # Update PATH for current session
+        $Env:PATH = "$BinDir;$PATH"
+        Write-Output "You may need to restart your shell"
+    } else {
+        Write-Output "$BinDir is already in PATH"
+    }
+} else {
+    Write-Output "You may need to update your PATH manually to use c3"
+}

install/install.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail  # Exit on error, unset variables, and fail pipelines on any error
+
+__wrap__() {
+    # Version of C3 to install (default: latest)
+    VERSION="${C3_VERSION:-latest}"
+    # Installation directory (default: ~/.c3)
+    C3_HOME="${C3_HOME:-$HOME/.c3}"
+    # Expand '~' if present
+    C3_HOME="${C3_HOME/#\~/$HOME}"
+    BIN_DIR="$C3_HOME"
+    # C3 compiler repository URL
+    REPO="c3lang/c3c"
+    REPOURL="${C3_REPOURL:-https://github.com/$REPO}"
+
+    detect_platform() {
+        # Detects the operating system
+        local os_type
+        os_type="$(uname -s | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')"
+
+        case "$os_type" in
+            darwin)  # macOS
+                echo "macos"
+                ;;
+            msys*|mingw*|cygwin*)  # Windows (Git Bash / MSYS / Cygwin)
+                IS_MSYS=true
+                echo "windows"
+                ;;
+            *)
+                echo $os_type
+                ;;
+        esac
+    }
+
+    # Determine platform string
+    PLATFORM="$(detect_platform)"
+
+    # File extension for the archive (ZIP for Windows, TAR.GZ for others)
+    EXT=".tar.gz"
+    BINARY="c3-${PLATFORM}"
+    if [[ "${IS_MSYS:-false}" == true ]]; then
+        EXT=".zip"
+    fi
+
+    # Determine the download URL (latest release or specific version)
+    if [[ "$VERSION" == "latest" ]]; then
+        URL="${REPOURL%/}/releases/latest/download/${BINARY}${EXT}"
+    else
+        URL="${REPOURL%/}/releases/download/v${VERSION#v}/${BINARY}${EXT}"
+    fi
+
+    # Temporary file for the downloaded archive
+    TEMP_FILE="$(mktemp "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/.C3_install.XXXXXXXX")"
+    trap 'rm -f "$TEMP_FILE"' EXIT  # Ensure temp file is deleted on exit
+
+    download_file() {
+        # Download the archive using curl or wget
+        # Check that the curl version is not 8.8.0, which is broken for --write-out
+        # https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/13845
+        if command -v curl >/dev/null && [[ "$(curl --version | awk 'NR==1{print $2}')" != "8.8.0" ]]; then
+            curl -SL "$URL" -o "$TEMP_FILE"
+        elif command -v wget >/dev/null; then
+            wget -O "$TEMP_FILE" "$URL"
+        else
+            echo "Error: curl or wget is required." >&2
+            exit 1
+        fi
+    }
+
+    echo "Downloading C3 ($VERSION) from $URL..."
+    download_file
+
+    # Remove existing installation and extract the new one
+    rm -rf "$BIN_DIR"
+    if [[ "$EXT" == ".zip" ]]; then
+        unzip "$TEMP_FILE" -d "$HOME"
+    else
+        tar -xzf "$TEMP_FILE" -C "$HOME"
+    fi
+
+    # Move extracted folder to installation directory
+    mv "$HOME/c3" "$BIN_DIR"
+    chmod +x "$BIN_DIR/c3c"  # Ensure compiler binary is executable
+    echo "✅ Installation completed in $BIN_DIR"
+
+    # Update PATH unless suppressed by environment variable
+    if [ -n "${C3_NO_PATH_UPDATE:-}" ]; then
+        echo "No path update because C3_NO_PATH_UPDATE is set"
+    else
+        update_shell() {
+            FILE="$1"
+            LINE="$2"
+
+            # Create shell config file if missing
+            if [ ! -f "$FILE" ]; then
+                touch "$FILE"
+            fi
+
+            # Add the PATH line if not already present
+            if ! grep -Fxq "$LINE" "$FILE"; then
+                echo "Updating '${FILE}'"
+                echo "$LINE" >>"$FILE"
+                echo "Please restart or source your shell."
+            fi
+        }
+
+        # Detect the current shell and add C3 to its PATH
+        case "$(basename "${SHELL-}")" in
+        bash)
+            # Default to bashrc as that is used in non login shells instead of the profile.
+            LINE="export PATH=\"${BIN_DIR}:\$PATH\""
+            update_shell ~/.bashrc "$LINE"
+            ;;
+        fish)
+            LINE="fish_add_path ${BIN_DIR}"
+            update_shell ~/.config/fish/config.fish "$LINE"
+            ;;
+        zsh)
+            LINE="export PATH=\"${BIN_DIR}:\$PATH\""
+            update_shell ~/.zshrc "$LINE"
+            ;;
+        tcsh)
+            LINE="set path = ( ${BIN_DIR} \$path )"
+            update_shell ~/.tcshrc "$LINE"
+            ;;
+        '')
+            echo "warn: Could not detect shell type." >&2
+            echo "      Please permanently add '${BIN_DIR}' to your \$PATH to enable the 'c3c' command." >&2
+            ;;
+        *)
+            echo "warn: Could not update shell $(basename "$SHELL")" >&2
+            echo "      Please permanently add '${BIN_DIR}' to your \$PATH to enable the 'c3c' command." >&2
+            ;;
+        esac
+    fi
+}
+__wrap__

lib/std/atomic.c3

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2023-2025 Eduardo José Gómez Hernández. All rights reserved.
 // Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
 // a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
-module std::atomic::types{Type};
+module std::atomic::types <Type>;
 
 struct Atomic
 {
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ macro Type Atomic.or(&self, Type value, AtomicOrdering ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT
 	return @atomic_exec(atomic::fetch_or, data, value, ordering);
 }
 
-fn Type Atomic.xor(&self, Type value, AtomicOrdering ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT) @if(types::flat_kind(Type) != FLOAT)
+macro Type Atomic.xor(&self, Type value, AtomicOrdering ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT) @if(types::flat_kind(Type) != FLOAT)
 {
 	Type* data = &self.data;
 	return @atomic_exec(atomic::fetch_xor, data, value, ordering);
@@ -171,10 +171,12 @@ macro bool is_native_atomic_type($Type)
 			$case SIGNED_INT:
 			$case UNSIGNED_INT:
 			$case POINTER:
+			$case FUNC:
 			$case FLOAT:
 			$case BOOL:
 				return true;
 			$case DISTINCT:
+			$case CONST_ENUM:
 				return is_native_atomic_type($Type.inner);
 			$default:
 				return false;
@@ -192,7 +194,7 @@ macro bool is_native_atomic_type($Type)
  @require $defined(*ptr) : "Expected a pointer"
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require $defined(*ptr + y) : "+ must be defined between the values."
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro fetch_add(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatile = false, usz $alignment = 0)
 {
@@ -212,7 +214,7 @@ macro fetch_add(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatil
  @require $defined(*ptr) : "Expected a pointer"
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require $defined(*ptr - y) : "- must be defined between the values."
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro fetch_sub(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatile = false, usz $alignment = 0)
 {
@@ -231,13 +233,13 @@ macro fetch_sub(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatil
  @require $defined(*ptr) : "Expected a pointer"
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require $defined(*ptr * y) : "* must be defined between the values."
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro fetch_mul(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
 {
 	var $load_ordering = $ordering;
 	$if $ordering == RELEASE || $ordering == ACQUIRE_RELEASE:
-	    $load_ordering = AtomicOrdering.SEQ_CONSISTENT;
+	    $load_ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT;
 	$endif
 	
 	var $StorageType = types::lower_to_atomic_compatible_type($typeof(*ptr));
@@ -271,13 +273,13 @@ macro fetch_mul(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
  @require $defined(*ptr) : "Expected a pointer"
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require $defined(*ptr * y) : "/ must be defined between the values."
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro fetch_div(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
 {
 	var $load_ordering = $ordering;
 	$if $ordering == RELEASE || $ordering == ACQUIRE_RELEASE:
-	    $load_ordering = AtomicOrdering.SEQ_CONSISTENT;
+	    $load_ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT;
 	$endif
 	
 	var $StorageType = types::lower_to_atomic_compatible_type($typeof(*ptr));
@@ -312,7 +314,7 @@ macro fetch_div(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
  @require $defined(*ptr) : "Expected a pointer"
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require $defined(*ptr | y) : "| must be defined between the values."
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro fetch_or(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatile = false, usz $alignment = 0)
 {
@@ -329,7 +331,7 @@ macro fetch_or(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatile
  @require $defined(*ptr) : "Expected a pointer"
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require $defined(*ptr ^ y) : "^ must be defined between the values."
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro fetch_xor(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatile = false, usz $alignment = 0)
 {
@@ -346,7 +348,7 @@ macro fetch_xor(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatil
  @require $defined(*ptr) : "Expected a pointer"
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require $defined(*ptr ^ y) : "& must be defined between the values."
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro fetch_and(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatile = false, usz $alignment = 0)
 {
@@ -363,13 +365,13 @@ macro fetch_and(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatil
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require types::is_int($typeof(*ptr)) : "Only integer pointers may be used."
  @require types::is_int($typeof(y)) : "The value for shift right must be an integer"
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro fetch_shift_right(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
 {
 	var $load_ordering = $ordering;
 	$if $ordering == RELEASE || $ordering == ACQUIRE_RELEASE:
-	    $load_ordering = AtomicOrdering.SEQ_CONSISTENT;
+	    $load_ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT;
 	$endif
 	
 	var $StorageType = types::lower_to_atomic_compatible_type($typeof(*ptr));
@@ -405,13 +407,13 @@ macro fetch_shift_right(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require types::is_int($typeof(*ptr)) : "Only integer pointers may be used."
  @require types::is_int($typeof(y)) : "The value for shift left must be an integer"
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro fetch_shift_left(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
 {
 	var $load_ordering = $ordering;
 	$if $ordering == RELEASE || $ordering == ACQUIRE_RELEASE:
-	    $load_ordering = AtomicOrdering.SEQ_CONSISTENT;
+	    $load_ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT;
 	$endif
 	
 	var $StorageType = types::lower_to_atomic_compatible_type($typeof(*ptr));
@@ -446,7 +448,7 @@ macro fetch_shift_left(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require types::flat_kind($typeof(*ptr)) == BOOL : "Only bool pointers may be used."
 
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro flag_set(ptr, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
 {
@@ -454,7 +456,7 @@ macro flag_set(ptr, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
 	$typeof(*ptr) new_value = true;
 	var $load_ordering = $ordering;
 	$if $ordering == RELEASE || $ordering == ACQUIRE_RELEASE:
-	    $load_ordering = AtomicOrdering.SEQ_CONSISTENT;
+	    $load_ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT;
 	$endif
 	do
 	{
@@ -473,7 +475,7 @@ macro flag_set(ptr, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
  @require $defined(*ptr) : "Expected a pointer"
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require types::flat_kind($typeof(*ptr)) == BOOL : "Only bool pointers may be used."
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro flag_clear(ptr, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
 {
@@ -481,7 +483,7 @@ macro flag_clear(ptr, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
 	$typeof(*ptr) new_value = false;
 	var $load_ordering = $ordering;
 	$if $ordering == RELEASE || $ordering == ACQUIRE_RELEASE:
-	    $load_ordering = AtomicOrdering.SEQ_CONSISTENT;
+	    $load_ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT;
 	$endif
 	do
 	{
@@ -501,7 +503,7 @@ macro flag_clear(ptr, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT)
  @require $defined(*ptr) : "Expected a pointer"
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require $defined(*ptr > y) : "Only values that are comparable with > may be used"
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro fetch_max(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatile = false, usz $alignment = 0)
 {
@@ -520,7 +522,7 @@ macro fetch_max(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatil
  @require $defined(*ptr) : "Expected a pointer"
  @require @is_native_atomic_value(*ptr) : "Only types that are native atomic may be used."
  @require $defined(*ptr > y) : "Only values that are comparable with > may be used"
- @require $ordering != AtomicOrdering.NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != AtomicOrdering.UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
+ @require $ordering != NOT_ATOMIC && $ordering != UNORDERED : "Acquire ordering is not valid."
 *>
 macro fetch_min(ptr, y, AtomicOrdering $ordering = SEQ_CONSISTENT, bool $volatile = false, usz $alignment = 0)
 {

lib/std/atomic_nolibc.c3

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ fn CInt __atomic_compare_exchange(CInt size, any ptr, any expected, any desired,
 				nextcase;
 			$endif
 		default:
-			unreachable("Unsuported size (%d) for atomic_compare_exchange", size);
+			unreachable("Unsupported size (%d) for atomic_compare_exchange", size);
 	}
 	return 0;
-}
+}

lib/std/collections/anylist.c3

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 // Use of self source code is governed by the MIT license
 // a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
 module std::collections::anylist;
-import std::io,std::math;
+import std::collections::interfacelist;
 
-alias AnyPredicate = fn bool(any value);
-alias AnyTest = fn bool(any type, any context);
+alias AnyPredicate = InterfacePredicate {any};
+alias AnyTest = InterfaceTest {any};
 
 <*
  The AnyList contains a heterogenous set of types. Anything placed in the
@@ -18,282 +18,7 @@ alias AnyTest = fn bool(any type, any context);
  If we're not doing pop, then things are easier, since we can just hand over
  the existing any.
 *>
-struct AnyList (Printable)
-{
-	usz size;
-	usz capacity;
-	Allocator allocator;
-	any* entries;
-}
-
-
-<*
- Initialize the list. If not initialized then it will use the temp allocator
- when something is pushed to it.
-
- @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
- @param initial_capacity : "The initial capacity to reserve, defaults to 16"
-*>
-fn AnyList* AnyList.init(&self, Allocator allocator, usz initial_capacity = 16)
-{
-	self.allocator = allocator;
-	self.size = 0;
-	if (initial_capacity > 0)
-	{
-		initial_capacity = math::next_power_of_2(initial_capacity);
-		self.entries = allocator::alloc_array(allocator, any, initial_capacity);
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		self.entries = null;
-	}
-	self.capacity = initial_capacity;
-	return self;
-}
-
-<*
- Initialize the list using the temp allocator.
-
- @param initial_capacity : "The initial capacity to reserve"
-*>
-fn AnyList* AnyList.tinit(&self, usz initial_capacity = 16)
-{
-	return self.init(tmem, initial_capacity) @inline;
-}
-
-fn bool AnyList.is_initialized(&self) @inline => self.allocator != null;
-
-<*
- Push an element on the list by cloning it.
-*>
-macro void AnyList.push(&self, element)
-{
-	if (!self.allocator) self.allocator = tmem;
-	self._append(allocator::clone(self.allocator, element));
-}
-
-<*
- Free a retained element removed using *_retained.
-*>
-fn void AnyList.free_element(&self, any element) @inline
-{
-	allocator::free(self.allocator, element.ptr);
-}
-
-<*
- Pop a value who's type is known. If the type is incorrect, this
- will still pop the element.
-
- @param $Type : "The type we assume the value has"
- @return "The last value as the type given"
- @return? TYPE_MISMATCH, NO_MORE_ELEMENT
-*>
-macro AnyList.pop(&self, $Type)
-{
-	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
-	defer self.free_element(self.entries[self.size]);
-	return *anycast(self.entries[--self.size], $Type);
-}
-
-<*
- Copy the last value, pop it and return the copy of it.
-
- @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use for copying"
- @return "A copy of the last value if it exists"
- @return? NO_MORE_ELEMENT
-*>
-fn any? AnyList.copy_pop(&self, Allocator allocator)
-{
-	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
-	defer self.free_element(self.entries[self.size]);
-	return allocator::clone_any(allocator, self.entries[--self.size]);
-}
-
-
-<*
- Copy the last value, pop it and return the copy of it.
-
- @return "A temp copy of the last value if it exists"
- @return? NO_MORE_ELEMENT
-*>
-fn any? AnyList.tcopy_pop(&self) => self.copy_pop(tmem);
-
-
-<*
- Pop the last value. It must later be released using `list.free_element()`.
-
- @return "The last value if it exists"
- @return? NO_MORE_ELEMENT
-*>
-fn any? AnyList.pop_retained(&self)
-{
-	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
-	return self.entries[--self.size];
-}
-
-<*
- Remove all elements in the list.
-*>
-fn void AnyList.clear(&self)
-{
-	for (usz i = 0; i < self.size; i++)
-	{
-		self.free_element(self.entries[i]);
-	}
-	self.size = 0;
-}
-
-<*
- Pop a value who's type is known. If the type is incorrect, this
- will still pop the element.
-
- @param $Type : "The type we assume the value has"
- @return "The first value as the type given"
- @return? TYPE_MISMATCH, NO_MORE_ELEMENT
-*>
-macro AnyList.pop_first(&self, $Type)
-{
-	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
-	defer self.remove_at(0);
-	return *anycast(self.entries[0], $Type);
-}
-
-<*
- Pop the first value. It must later be released using `list.free_element()`.
-
- @return "The first value if it exists"
- @return? NO_MORE_ELEMENT
-*>
-fn any? AnyList.pop_first_retained(&self)
-{
-	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
-	defer self.remove_at(0);
-	return self.entries[0];
-}
-
-
-<*
- Copy the first value, pop it and return the copy of it.
-
- @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use for copying"
- @return "A copy of the first value if it exists"
- @return? NO_MORE_ELEMENT
-*>
-fn any? AnyList.copy_pop_first(&self, Allocator allocator)
-{
-	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
-	defer self.free_element(self.entries[self.size]);
-	defer self.remove_at(0);
-	return allocator::clone_any(allocator, self.entries[0]);
-}
-
-<*
- Copy the first value, pop it and return the temp copy of it.
-
- @return "A temp copy of the first value if it exists"
- @return? NO_MORE_ELEMENT
-*>
-fn any? AnyList.tcopy_pop_first(&self) => self.copy_pop_first(tmem);
-
-<*
- Remove the element at the particular index.
-
- @param index : "The index of the element to remove"
- @require index < self.size
-*>
-fn void AnyList.remove_at(&self, usz index)
-{
-	if (!--self.size || index == self.size) return;
-	self.free_element(self.entries[index]);
-	self.entries[index .. self.size - 1] = self.entries[index + 1 .. self.size];
-}
-
-<*
- Add all the elements in another AnyList.
-
- @param [&in] other_list : "The list to add"
-*>
-fn void AnyList.add_all(&self, AnyList* other_list)
-{
-	if (!other_list.size) return;
-	self.reserve(other_list.size);
-	foreach (value : other_list)
-	{
-		self.entries[self.size++] = allocator::clone_any(self.allocator, value);
-	}
-}
-
-<*
- Reverse the order of the elements in the list.
-*>
-fn void AnyList.reverse(&self)
-{
-	if (self.size < 2) return;
-	usz half = self.size / 2U;
-	usz end = self.size - 1;
-	for (usz i = 0; i < half; i++)
-	{
-		self.swap(i, end - i);
-	}
-}
-
-<*
- Return a view of the data as a slice.
-
- @return "The slice view"
-*>
-fn any[] AnyList.array_view(&self)
-{
-	return self.entries[:self.size];
-}
-
-<*
- Push an element to the front of the list.
-
- @param value : "The value to push to the list"
-*>
-macro void AnyList.push_front(&self, value)
-{
-	self.insert_at(0, value);
-}
-
-<*
- Insert an element at a particular index.
-
- @param index : "the index where the element should be inserted"
- @param type : "the value to insert"
- @require index <= self.size : "The index is out of bounds"
-*>
-macro void AnyList.insert_at(&self, usz index, type)
-{
-	if (index == self.size)
-	{
-		self.push(type);
-		return;
-	}
-	any value = allocator::copy(self.allocator, type);
-	self._insert_at(self, index, value);
-}
-
-<*
- Remove the last element in the list. The list may not be empty.
-
- @require self.size > 0 : "The list was already empty"
-*>
-fn void AnyList.remove_last(&self)
-{
-	self.free_element(self.entries[--self.size]);
-}
-
-<*
- Remove the first element in the list, the list may not be empty.
-
- @require self.size > 0
-*>
-fn void AnyList.remove_first(&self)
-{
-	self.remove_at(0);
-}
+typedef AnyList = inline InterfaceList {any};
 
 <*
  Return the first element by value, assuming it is the given type.
@@ -313,10 +38,7 @@ macro AnyList.first(&self, $Type)
  @return "The first element"
  @return? NO_MORE_ELEMENT
 *>
-fn any? AnyList.first_any(&self) @inline
-{
-	return self.size ? self.entries[0] : NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
-}
+fn any? AnyList.first_any(&self) @inline => InterfaceList {any}.first(self);
 
 <*
  Return the last element by value, assuming it is the given type.
@@ -336,29 +58,36 @@ macro AnyList.last(&self, $Type)
  @return "The last element"
  @return? NO_MORE_ELEMENT
 *>
-fn any? AnyList.last_any(&self) @inline
+fn any? AnyList.last_any(&self) @inline => InterfaceList {any}.last(self);
+
+<*
+ Pop a value who's type is known. If the type is incorrect, this
+ will still pop the element.
+
+ @param $Type : "The type we assume the value has"
+ @return "The last value as the type given"
+ @return? TYPE_MISMATCH, NO_MORE_ELEMENT
+*>
+macro AnyList.pop(&self, $Type)
 {
-	return self.size ? self.entries[self.size - 1] : NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
+	defer self.free_element(self.entries[self.size]);
+	return *anycast(self.entries[--self.size], $Type);
 }
 
 <*
- Return whether the list is empty.
+ Pop a value who's type is known. If the type is incorrect, this
+ will still pop the element.
 
- @return "True if the list is empty"
+ @param $Type : "The type we assume the value has"
+ @return "The first value as the type given"
+ @return? TYPE_MISMATCH, NO_MORE_ELEMENT
 *>
-fn bool AnyList.is_empty(&self) @inline
+macro AnyList.pop_first(&self, $Type)
 {
-	return !self.size;
-}
-
-<*
- Return the length of the list.
-
- @return "The number of elements in the list"
-*>
-fn usz AnyList.len(&self) @operator(len) @inline
-{
-	return self.size;
+	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
+	defer self.remove_at(0);
+	return *anycast(self.entries[0], $Type);
 }
 
 <*
@@ -383,222 +112,11 @@ macro AnyList.get(&self, usz index, $Type)
  @return? TYPE_MISMATCH, NO_MORE_ELEMENT
  @require index < self.size : "Index out of range"
 *>
-fn any AnyList.get_any(&self, usz index) @inline @operator([])
-{
-	return self.entries[index];
-}
+fn any AnyList.get_any(&self, usz index) @inline @operator([]) => InterfaceList {any}.get(self, index);
 
 <*
- Completely free and clear a list.
+ Return the length of the list.
+
+ @return "The number of elements in the list"
 *>
-fn void AnyList.free(&self)
-{
-	if (!self.allocator) return;
-	self.clear();
-	allocator::free(self.allocator, self.entries);
-	self.capacity = 0;
-	self.entries = null;
-}
-
-<*
- Swap two elements in a list.
-
- @param i : "Index of one of the elements"
- @param j : "Index of the other element"
- @require i < self.size : "The first index is out of range"
- @require j < self.size : "The second index is out of range"
-*>
-fn void AnyList.swap(&self, usz i, usz j)
-{
-	any temp = self.entries[i];
-	self.entries[i] = self.entries[j];
-	self.entries[j] = temp;
-}
-
-<*
- Print the list to a formatter.
-*>
-fn usz? AnyList.to_format(&self, Formatter* formatter) @dynamic
-{
-	switch (self.size)
-	{
-		case 0:
-			return formatter.print("[]")!;
-		case 1:
-			return formatter.printf("[%s]", self.entries[0])!;
-		default:
-			usz n = formatter.print("[")!;
-			foreach (i, element : self.entries[:self.size])
-			{
-				if (i != 0) formatter.print(", ")!;
-				n += formatter.printf("%s", element)!;
-			}
-			n += formatter.print("]")!;
-			return n;
-	}
-}
-
-<*
- Remove any elements matching the predicate.
-
- @param filter : "The function to determine if it should be removed or not"
- @return "the number of deleted elements"
-*>
-fn usz AnyList.remove_if(&self, AnyPredicate filter)
-{
-	return self._remove_if(filter, false);
-}
-
-<*
- Retain the elements matching the predicate.
-
- @param selection : "The function to determine if it should be kept or not"
- @return "the number of deleted elements"
-*>
-fn usz AnyList.retain_if(&self, AnyPredicate selection)
-{
-	return self._remove_if(selection, true);
-}
-
-<*
- Remove any elements matching the predicate.
-
- @param filter : "The function to determine if it should be removed or not"
- @param context : "The context to the function"
- @return "the number of deleted elements"
-*>
-fn usz AnyList.remove_using_test(&self, AnyTest filter, any context)
-{
-	return self._remove_using_test(filter, false, context);
-}
-
-<*
- Retain any elements matching the predicate.
-
- @param selection : "The function to determine if it should be retained or not"
- @param context : "The context to the function"
- @return "the number of deleted elements"
-*>
-fn usz AnyList.retain_using_test(&self, AnyTest selection, any context)
-{
-	return self._remove_using_test(selection, true, context);
-}
-
-
-<*
- Reserve memory so that at least the `min_capacity` exists.
-
- @param min_capacity : "The min capacity to hold"
-*>
-fn void AnyList.reserve(&self, usz min_capacity)
-{
-	if (!min_capacity) return;
-	if (self.capacity >= min_capacity) return;
-	if (!self.allocator) self.allocator = tmem;
-	min_capacity = math::next_power_of_2(min_capacity);
-	self.entries = allocator::realloc(self.allocator, self.entries, any.sizeof * min_capacity);
-	self.capacity = min_capacity;
-}
-
-<*
- Set the element at any index.
-
- @param index : "The index where to set the value."
- @param value : "The value to set"
- @require index <= self.size : "Index out of range"
-*>
-macro void AnyList.set(&self, usz index, value)
-{
-	if (index == self.size)
-	{
-		self.push(value);
-		return;
-	}
-	self.free_element(self.entries[index]);
-	self.entries[index] = allocator::copy(self.allocator, value);
-}
-
-// -- private
-
-fn void AnyList.ensure_capacity(&self, usz added = 1) @inline @private
-{
-	usz new_size = self.size + added;
-	if (self.capacity >= new_size) return;
-
-	assert(new_size < usz.max / 2U);
-	usz new_capacity = self.capacity ? 2U * self.capacity : 16U;
-	while (new_capacity < new_size) new_capacity *= 2U;
-	self.reserve(new_capacity);
-}
-
-fn void AnyList._append(&self, any element) @local
-{
-	self.ensure_capacity();
-	self.entries[self.size++] = element;
-}
-
-<*
- @require index < self.size
-*>
-fn void AnyList._insert_at(&self, usz index, any value) @local
-{
-	self.ensure_capacity();
-	for (usz i = self.size; i > index; i--)
-	{
-		self.entries[i] = self.entries[i - 1];
-	}
-	self.size++;
-	self.entries[index] = value;
-}
-
-macro usz AnyList._remove_using_test(&self, AnyTest filter, bool $invert, ctx) @local
-{
-	usz size = self.size;
-	for (usz i = size, usz k = size; k > 0; k = i)
-	{
-		// Find last index of item to be deleted.
-		$if $invert:
-			while (i > 0 && !filter(&self.entries[i - 1], ctx)) i--;
-		$else
-			while (i > 0 && filter(&self.entries[i - 1], ctx)) i--;
-		$endif
-		// Remove the items from this index up to the one not to be deleted.
-		usz n = self.size - k;
-		for (usz j = i; j < k; j++) self.free_element(self.entries[j]);
-		self.entries[i:n] = self.entries[k:n];
-		self.size -= k - i;
-		// Find last index of item not to be deleted.
-		$if $invert:
-			while (i > 0 && filter(&self.entries[i - 1], ctx)) i--;
-		$else
-			while (i > 0 && !filter(&self.entries[i - 1], ctx)) i--;
-		$endif
-	}
-	return size - self.size;
-}
-
-macro usz AnyList._remove_if(&self, AnyPredicate filter, bool $invert) @local
-{
-	usz size = self.size;
-	for (usz i = size, usz k = size; k > 0; k = i)
-	{
-		// Find last index of item to be deleted.
-		$if $invert:
-			while (i > 0 && !filter(&self.entries[i - 1])) i--;
-		$else
-			while (i > 0 && filter(&self.entries[i - 1])) i--;
-		$endif
-		// Remove the items from this index up to the one not to be deleted.
-		usz n = self.size - k;
-		for (usz j = i; j < k; j++) self.free_element(self.entries[j]);
-		self.entries[i:n] = self.entries[k:n];
-		self.size -= k - i;
-		// Find last index of item not to be deleted.
-		$if $invert:
-			while (i > 0 && filter(&self.entries[i - 1])) i--;
-		$else
-			while (i > 0 && !filter(&self.entries[i - 1])) i--;
-		$endif
-	}
-	return size - self.size;
-}
+fn usz AnyList.len(&self) @operator(len) @inline => InterfaceList {any}.len(self);

lib/std/collections/bitset.c3

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 <*
  @require SIZE > 0 : "The size of the bitset in bits must be at least 1"
 *>
-module std::collections::bitset {SIZE};
+module std::collections::bitset <SIZE>;
 
 const BITS = uint.sizeof * 8;
 const SZ = (SIZE + BITS - 1) / BITS;
@@ -136,6 +136,7 @@ fn void BitSet.unset(&self, usz i)
  @param i : "The index of the bit"
 
  @require i < SIZE : "Index was out of range"
+ @pure
 *>
 fn bool BitSet.get(&self, usz i) @operator([]) @inline
 {
@@ -144,6 +145,11 @@ fn bool BitSet.get(&self, usz i) @operator([]) @inline
 	return self.data[q] & (1 << r) != 0;
 }
 
+<*
+ Return the number of bits.
+
+ @pure
+*>
 fn usz BitSet.len(&self) @operator(len) @inline
 {
 	return SZ * BITS;
@@ -166,7 +172,7 @@ fn void BitSet.set_bool(&self, usz i, bool value) @operator([]=) @inline
 <*
  @require Type.kindof == UNSIGNED_INT
 *>
-module std::collections::growablebitset{Type};
+module std::collections::growablebitset <Type>;
 import std::collections::list;
 
 const BITS = Type.sizeof * 8;

lib/std/collections/elastic_array.c3

@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@
 <*
  @require MAX_SIZE >= 1 : `The size must be at least 1 element big.`
 *>
-module std::collections::elastic_array {Type, MAX_SIZE};
+module std::collections::elastic_array <Type, MAX_SIZE>;
 import std::io, std::math, std::collections::list_common;
 
 alias ElementPredicate = fn bool(Type *type);
 alias ElementTest = fn bool(Type *type, any context);
 const ELEMENT_IS_EQUATABLE = types::is_equatable_type(Type);
 const ELEMENT_IS_POINTER = Type.kindof == POINTER;
-macro type_is_overaligned() => Type.alignof > mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT;
+macro bool type_is_overaligned() => Type.alignof > mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT;
 
 struct ElasticArray (Printable)
 {
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ fn String ElasticArray.to_tstring(&self)
 
 fn void? ElasticArray.push_try(&self, Type element) @inline
 {
-	if (self.size == MAX_SIZE) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+	if (self.size == MAX_SIZE) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
 	self.entries[self.size++] = element;
 }
 
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ fn void ElasticArray.push(&self, Type element) @inline
 
 fn Type? ElasticArray.pop(&self)
 {
-	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
 	return self.entries[--self.size];
 }
 
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ fn void ElasticArray.clear(&self)
 *>
 fn Type? ElasticArray.pop_first(&self)
 {
-	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
 	defer self.remove_at(0);
 	return self.entries[0];
 }
@@ -121,7 +121,24 @@ fn usz ElasticArray.add_all_to_limit(&self, ElasticArray* other_list)
 
  @param [in] array
 *>
-fn usz ElasticArray.add_array_to_limit(&self, Type[] array)
+fn usz ElasticArray.add_array_to_limit(&self, Type[] array) @deprecated("Use push_all_to_limit")
+{
+	if (!array.len) return 0;
+	foreach (i, &value : array)
+	{
+		if (self.size == MAX_SIZE) return array.len - i;
+		self.entries[self.size++] = *value;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+<*
+ Add as many values from this array as possible, returning the
+ number of elements that didn't fit.
+
+ @param [in] array
+*>
+fn usz ElasticArray.push_all_to_limit(&self, Type[] array)
 {
 	if (!array.len) return 0;
 	foreach (i, &value : array)
@@ -139,7 +156,7 @@ fn usz ElasticArray.add_array_to_limit(&self, Type[] array)
  @require array.len + self.size <= MAX_SIZE : `Size would exceed max.`
  @ensure self.size >= array.len
 *>
-fn void ElasticArray.add_array(&self, Type[] array)
+fn void ElasticArray.add_array(&self, Type[] array) @deprecated("Use push_all")
 {
 	if (!array.len) return;
 	foreach (&value : array)
@@ -148,6 +165,21 @@ fn void ElasticArray.add_array(&self, Type[] array)
 	}
 }
 
+<*
+ Add the values of an array to this list.
+
+ @param [in] array
+ @require array.len + self.size <= MAX_SIZE : `Size would exceed max.`
+ @ensure self.size >= array.len
+*>
+fn void ElasticArray.push_all(&self, Type[] array)
+{
+	if (!array.len) return;
+	foreach (&value : array)
+	{
+		self.entries[self.size++] = *value;
+	}
+}
 
 
 <*
@@ -209,7 +241,7 @@ fn void? ElasticArray.push_front_try(&self, Type type) @inline
 *>
 fn void? ElasticArray.insert_at_try(&self, usz index, Type value)
 {
-	if (self.size == MAX_SIZE) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+	if (self.size == MAX_SIZE) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
 	self.insert_at(index, value);
 }
 
@@ -237,25 +269,25 @@ fn void ElasticArray.set_at(&self, usz index, Type type)
 
 fn void? ElasticArray.remove_last(&self) @maydiscard
 {
-	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
 	self.size--;
 }
 
 fn void? ElasticArray.remove_first(&self) @maydiscard
 {
-	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
 	self.remove_at(0);
 }
 
 fn Type? ElasticArray.first(&self)
 {
-	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
 	return self.entries[0];
 }
 
 fn Type? ElasticArray.last(&self)
 {
-	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
 	return self.entries[self.size - 1];
 }
 
@@ -336,7 +368,7 @@ fn usz? ElasticArray.index_of(&self, Type type) @if(ELEMENT_IS_EQUATABLE)
 	{
 		if (equals(v, type)) return i;
 	}
-	return NOT_FOUND?;
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
 }
 
 fn usz? ElasticArray.rindex_of(&self, Type type) @if(ELEMENT_IS_EQUATABLE)
@@ -345,7 +377,7 @@ fn usz? ElasticArray.rindex_of(&self, Type type) @if(ELEMENT_IS_EQUATABLE)
 	{
 		if (equals(v, type)) return i;
 	}
-	return NOT_FOUND?;
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
 }
 
 fn bool ElasticArray.equals(&self, ElasticArray other_list) @if(ELEMENT_IS_EQUATABLE)
@@ -426,4 +458,4 @@ fn usz ElasticArray.compact_count(&self) @if(ELEMENT_IS_POINTER)
 fn usz ElasticArray.compact(&self) @if(ELEMENT_IS_POINTER)
 {
 	return list_common::list_compact(self);
-}
+}

lib/std/collections/enummap.c3

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 <*
  @require Enum.kindof == TypeKind.ENUM : "Only enums may be used with an enummap"
+ @require Enum.values.len > 0 : "Only non-empty enums may be used with enummap"
 *>
-module std::collections::enummap{Enum, ValueType};
+module std::collections::enummap <Enum, ValueType>;
 import std::io;
 
 struct EnumMap (Printable)

lib/std/collections/enumset.c3

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 <*
  @require Enum.kindof == TypeKind.ENUM : "Only enums may be used with an enumset"
 *>
-module std::collections::enumset{Enum};
+module std::collections::enumset <Enum>;
 import std::io;
 
 const ENUM_COUNT @private = Enum.values.len;

lib/std/collections/hashmap.c3

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 <*
  @require $defined((Key){}.hash()) : `No .hash function found on the key`
 *>
-module std::collections::map{Key, Value};
+module std::collections::map <Key, Value>;
 import std::math;
 import std::io @norecurse;
 
@@ -30,8 +30,10 @@ struct HashMap (Printable)
 {
 	Entry*[] table;
 	Allocator allocator;
-	uint count; // Number of elements
-	uint threshold; // Resize limit
+	<* Last inserted LinkedEntry *>
+	uint count;
+	<* Resize limit *>
+	uint threshold;
 	float load_factor;
 }
 
@@ -90,7 +92,7 @@ macro HashMap* HashMap.init_with_key_values(&self, Allocator allocator, ..., uin
 *>
 macro HashMap* HashMap.tinit_with_key_values(&self, ..., uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
 {
-	return self.tinit_with_key_values(tmem, capacity, load_factor);
+	return self.init_with_key_values(tmem, $vasplat, capacity: capacity, load_factor: load_factor);
 }
 
 <*
@@ -173,29 +175,48 @@ fn usz HashMap.len(&map) @inline
 
 fn Value*? HashMap.get_ref(&map, Key key)
 {
-	if (!map.count) return NOT_FOUND?;
+	if (!map.count) return NOT_FOUND~;
 	uint hash = rehash(key.hash());
 	for (Entry *e = map.table[index_for(hash, map.table.len)]; e != null; e = e.next)
 	{
 		if (e.hash == hash && equals(key, e.key)) return &e.value;
 	}
-	return NOT_FOUND?;
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
+}
+
+fn Value* HashMap.get_or_create_ref(&map, Key key) @operator(&[])
+{
+	uint hash = rehash(key.hash());
+	if (map.count)
+	{
+		for (Entry *e = map.table[index_for(hash, map.table.len)]; e != null; e = e.next)
+		{
+			if (e.hash == hash && equals(key, e.key)) return &e.value;
+		}
+	}
+	map.set(key, {});
+	for (Entry *e = map.table[index_for(hash, map.table.len)]; e != null; e = e.next)
+    {
+    	if (e.hash == hash && equals(key, e.key)) return &e.value;
+    }
+	unreachable();
 }
 
 fn Entry*? HashMap.get_entry(&map, Key key)
 {
-	if (!map.count) return NOT_FOUND?;
+	if (!map.count) return NOT_FOUND~;
 	uint hash = rehash(key.hash());
 	for (Entry *e = map.table[index_for(hash, map.table.len)]; e != null; e = e.next)
 	{
 		if (e.hash == hash && equals(key, e.key)) return e;
 	}
-	return NOT_FOUND?;
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
 }
 
 <*
- Get the value or update and
- @require $assignable(#expr, Value)
+ Get the value or set it to the value
+
+ @require $defined(Value val = #expr)
 *>
 macro Value HashMap.@get_or_set(&map, Key key, Value #expr)
 {
@@ -229,15 +250,15 @@ fn bool HashMap.has_key(&map, Key key)
 fn bool HashMap.set(&map, Key key, Value value) @operator([]=)
 {
 	// If the map isn't initialized, use the defaults to initialize it.
-    switch (map.allocator.ptr)
-    {
-    	case &dummy:
-    	    map.init(mem);
-    	case null:
-    	    map.tinit();
-    	default:
-    		break;
-    }
+	switch (map.allocator.ptr)
+	{
+		case &dummy:
+			map.init(mem);
+		case null:
+			map.tinit();
+		default:
+			break;
+	}
 	uint hash = rehash(key.hash());
 	uint index = index_for(hash, map.table.len);
 	for (Entry *e = map.table[index]; e != null; e = e.next)
@@ -254,7 +275,7 @@ fn bool HashMap.set(&map, Key key, Value value) @operator([]=)
 
 fn void? HashMap.remove(&map, Key key) @maydiscard
 {
-	if (!map.remove_entry_for_key(key)) return NOT_FOUND?;
+	if (!map.remove_entry_for_key(key)) return NOT_FOUND~;
 }
 
 fn void HashMap.clear(&map)
@@ -332,10 +353,7 @@ macro HashMap.@each_entry(map; @body(entry))
 	}
 }
 
-fn Value[] HashMap.tvalues(&map)
-{
-	return map.values(tmem) @inline;
-}
+fn Value[] HashMap.tvalues(&self) => self.values(tmem) @inline;
 
 fn Value[] HashMap.values(&self, Allocator allocator)
 {
@@ -421,7 +439,7 @@ fn usz? HashMap.to_format(&self, Formatter* f) @dynamic
 	{
 		if (len > 2) len += f.print(", ")!;
 		len += f.printf("%s: %s", entry.key, entry.value)!;
-    };
+	};
 	return len + f.print(" }");
 }
 
@@ -589,4 +607,4 @@ macro uint index_for(uint hash, uint capacity) @private
 	return hash & (capacity - 1);
 }
 
-int dummy @local;
+int dummy @local;

lib/std/collections/hashset.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,654 @@
+<*
+ @require $defined((Value){}.hash()) : `No .hash function found on the value`
+*>
+module std::collections::set <Value>;
+import std::math;
+import std::io @norecurse;
+
+const uint DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
+const uint MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1u << 31;
+const float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75;
+
+const Allocator SET_HEAP_ALLOCATOR = (Allocator)&dummy;
+
+<* Copy the ONHEAP allocator to initialize to a set that is heap allocated *>
+const HashSet ONHEAP = { .allocator = SET_HEAP_ALLOCATOR };
+
+struct Entry
+{
+	uint hash;
+	Value value;
+	Entry* next;
+}
+
+struct HashSet (Printable)
+{
+	Entry*[] table;
+	Allocator allocator;
+	<* Number of elements *>
+	usz count;
+	<* Resize limit *>
+	usz threshold;
+	float load_factor;
+}
+
+fn usz HashSet.len(&self) @operator(len) => self.count;
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn HashSet* HashSet.init(&self, Allocator allocator, usz capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	capacity = math::next_power_of_2(capacity);
+	self.allocator = allocator;
+	self.threshold = (usz) (capacity * load_factor);
+	self.load_factor = load_factor;
+	self.table = allocator::new_array(allocator, Entry*, capacity);
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn HashSet* HashSet.tinit(&self, uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	return self.init(tmem, capacity, load_factor) @inline;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+macro HashSet* HashSet.init_with_values(&self, Allocator allocator, ..., uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	self.init(allocator, capacity, load_factor);
+	$for var $i = 0; $i < $vacount; $i++:
+		self.add($vaarg[$i]);
+	$endfor
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+macro HashSet* HashSet.tinit_with_values(&self, ..., uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	return self.init_with_values(tmem, $vasplat, capacity: capacity, load_factor: load_factor);
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [in] values : "The values for the HashSet"
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn HashSet* HashSet.init_from_values(&self, Allocator allocator, Value[] values, uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	self.init(allocator, capacity, load_factor);
+	foreach (v : values) self.add(v);
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [in] values : "The values for the HashSet entries"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn HashSet* HashSet.tinit_from_values(&self, Value[] values, uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	return self.init_from_values(tmem, values, capacity, load_factor);
+}
+
+<*
+ Has this hash set been initialized yet?
+
+ @param [&in] set : "The hash set we are testing"
+ @return "Returns true if it has been initialized, false otherwise"
+*>
+fn bool HashSet.is_initialized(&set)
+{
+	return set.allocator && set.allocator.ptr != &dummy;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @param [&in] other_set : "The set to copy from."
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+*>
+fn HashSet* HashSet.init_from_set(&self, Allocator allocator, HashSet* other_set)
+{
+	self.init(allocator, other_set.table.len, other_set.load_factor);
+	self.put_all_for_create(other_set);
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&in] other_set : "The set to copy from."
+ @require !set.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+*>
+fn HashSet* HashSet.tinit_from_set(&set, HashSet* other_set)
+{
+	return set.init_from_set(tmem, other_set) @inline;
+}
+
+<*
+ Check if the set is empty
+
+ @return "true if it is empty"
+ @pure
+*>
+fn bool HashSet.is_empty(&set) @inline
+{
+	return !set.count;
+}
+
+<*
+ Add all elements in the slice to the set.
+
+ @param [in] list
+ @return "The number of new elements added"
+ @ensure total <= list.len
+*>
+fn usz HashSet.add_all(&set, Value[] list)
+{
+	usz total;
+	foreach (v : list)
+	{
+		if (set.add(v)) total++;
+	}
+	return total;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&in] other
+ @return "The number of new elements added"
+ @ensure return <= other.count
+*>
+fn usz HashSet.add_all_from(&set, HashSet* other)
+{
+	usz total;
+	other.@each(;Value value)
+	{
+		if (set.add(value)) total++;
+	};
+	return total;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param value : "The value to add"
+ @return "true if the value didn't exist in the set"
+*>
+fn bool HashSet.add(&set, Value value)
+{
+	// If the set isn't initialized, use the defaults to initialize it.
+	switch (set.allocator.ptr)
+	{
+		case &dummy:
+			set.init(mem);
+		case null:
+			set.tinit();
+		default:
+			break;
+	}
+	uint hash = rehash(value.hash());
+	uint index = index_for(hash, set.table.len);
+	for (Entry *e = set.table[index]; e != null; e = e.next)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(value, e.value)) return false;
+	}
+	set.add_entry(hash, value, index);
+	return true;
+}
+
+<*
+ Iterate over all the values in the set
+*>
+macro HashSet.@each(set; @body(value))
+{
+	if (!set.count) return;
+	foreach (Entry* entry : set.table)
+	{
+		while (entry)
+		{
+			@body(entry.value);
+			entry = entry.next;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ Check if the set contains the given value.
+
+ @param value : "The value to check"
+ @return "true if it exists in the set"
+*>
+fn bool HashSet.contains(&set, Value value)
+{
+	if (!set.count) return false;
+	uint hash = rehash(value.hash());
+	for (Entry *e = set.table[index_for(hash, set.table.len)]; e != null; e = e.next)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(value, e.value)) return true;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+<*
+ Remove a single value from the set.
+
+ @param value : "The value to remove"
+ @return? NOT_FOUND : "If the entry is not found"
+*>
+fn void? HashSet.remove(&set, Value value) @maydiscard
+{
+	if (!set.remove_entry_for_value(value)) return NOT_FOUND~;
+}
+
+fn usz HashSet.remove_all(&set, Value[] values)
+{
+	usz total;
+	foreach (v : values)
+	{
+		if (set.remove_entry_for_value(v)) total++;
+	}
+	return total;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&in] other : "Other set"
+*>
+fn usz HashSet.remove_all_from(&set, HashSet* other)
+{
+	usz total;
+	other.@each(;Value val)
+    {
+		if (set.remove_entry_for_value(val)) total++;
+    };
+    return total;
+}
+
+<*
+ Free all memory allocated by the hash set.
+*>
+fn void HashSet.free(&set)
+{
+	if (!set.is_initialized()) return;
+	set.clear();
+	set.free_internal(set.table.ptr);
+	*set = {};
+}
+
+<*
+ Clear all elements from the set while keeping the underlying storage
+
+ @ensure set.count == 0
+*>
+fn void HashSet.clear(&set)
+{
+	if (!set.count) return;
+
+	foreach (Entry** &entry_ref : set.table)
+	{
+		Entry* entry = *entry_ref;
+		if (!entry) continue;
+
+		Entry *next = entry.next;
+		while (next)
+		{
+			Entry *to_delete = next;
+			next = next.next;
+			set.free_entry(to_delete);
+		}
+
+		set.free_entry(entry);
+		*entry_ref = null;
+	}
+	set.count = 0;
+}
+
+fn void HashSet.reserve(&set, usz capacity)
+{
+	if (capacity > set.threshold)
+	{
+		set.resize(math::next_power_of_2(capacity));
+	}
+}
+
+fn Value[] HashSet.tvalues(&self) => self.values(tmem) @inline;
+
+fn Value[] HashSet.values(&self, Allocator allocator)
+{
+	if (!self.count) return {};
+	Value[] list = allocator::alloc_array(allocator, Value, self.count);
+	usz index = 0;
+	foreach (Entry* entry : self.table)
+	{
+		while (entry)
+		{
+			list[index++] = entry.value;
+			entry = entry.next;
+		}
+	}
+	return list;
+}
+
+// --- Set Operations ---
+
+<*
+ Returns the union of two sets (A | B)
+
+ @param [&in] other : "The other set to union with"
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "Allocator for the new set"
+ @return "A new set containing the union of both sets"
+*>
+fn HashSet HashSet.set_union(&self, Allocator allocator, HashSet* other)
+{
+	usz new_capacity = math::next_power_of_2(self.count + other.count);
+	HashSet result;
+	result.init(allocator, new_capacity, self.load_factor);
+	result.add_all_from(self);
+	result.add_all_from(other);
+	return result;
+}
+
+fn HashSet HashSet.tset_union(&self, HashSet* other) => self.set_union(tmem, other);
+
+<*
+ Returns the intersection of the two sets (A & B)
+
+ @param [&in] other : "The other set to intersect with"
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "Allocator for the new set"
+ @return "A new set containing the intersection of both sets"
+*>
+fn HashSet HashSet.intersection(&self, Allocator allocator, HashSet* other)
+{
+	HashSet result;
+	result.init(allocator, math::min(self.table.len, other.table.len), self.load_factor);
+
+	// Iterate through the smaller set for efficiency
+	HashSet* smaller = self.count <= other.count ? self : other;
+	HashSet* larger = self.count > other.count ? self : other;
+
+	smaller.@each(;Value value)
+	{
+		if (larger.contains(value)) result.add(value);
+	};
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+fn HashSet HashSet.tintersection(&self, HashSet* other) => self.intersection(tmem, other);
+
+<*
+ Return this set - other, so (A & ~B)
+
+ @param [&in] other : "The other set to compare with"
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "Allocator for the new set"
+ @return "A new set containing elements in this set but not in the other"
+*>
+fn HashSet HashSet.difference(&self, Allocator allocator, HashSet* other)
+{
+	HashSet result;
+	result.init(allocator, self.table.len, self.load_factor);
+	self.@each(;Value value)
+	{
+		if (!other.contains(value))
+		{
+			result.add(value);
+		}
+	};
+	return result;
+}
+
+fn HashSet HashSet.tdifference(&self, HashSet* other) => self.difference(tmem, other) @inline;
+
+<*
+ Return (A ^ B)
+
+ @param [&in] other : "The other set to compare with"
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "Allocator for the new set"
+ @return "A new set containing elements in this set or the other, but not both"
+*>
+fn HashSet HashSet.symmetric_difference(&self, Allocator allocator, HashSet* other)
+{
+	HashSet result;
+	result.init(allocator, self.table.len, self.load_factor);
+	result.add_all_from(self);
+	other.@each(;Value value)
+	{
+		if (!result.add(value))
+		{
+			result.remove(value);
+		}
+	};
+	return result;
+}
+
+fn HashSet HashSet.tsymmetric_difference(&self, HashSet* other) => self.symmetric_difference(tmem, other) @inline;
+
+<*
+ Check if this hash set is a subset of another set.
+
+ @param [&in] other : "The other set to check against"
+ @return "True if all elements of this set are in the other set"
+*>
+fn bool HashSet.is_subset(&self, HashSet* other)
+{
+	if (self.count == 0) return true;
+	if (self.count > other.count) return false;
+
+	self.@each(;Value value)
+	{
+		if (!other.contains(value)) return false;
+	};
+	return true;
+}
+
+
+// --- private methods
+
+fn void HashSet.add_entry(&set, uint hash, Value value, uint bucket_index) @private
+{
+	Entry* entry = allocator::new(set.allocator, Entry, { .hash = hash, .value = value, .next = set.table[bucket_index] });
+	set.table[bucket_index] = entry;
+	if (set.count++ >= set.threshold)
+	{
+		set.resize(set.table.len * 2);
+	}
+}
+
+fn void HashSet.resize(&self, usz new_capacity) @private
+{
+	Entry*[] old_table = self.table;
+	usz old_capacity = old_table.len;
+	if (old_capacity == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
+	{
+		self.threshold = uint.max;
+		return;
+	}
+	Entry*[] new_table = allocator::new_array(self.allocator, Entry*, new_capacity);
+	self.transfer(new_table);
+	self.table = new_table;
+	self.free_internal(old_table.ptr);
+	self.threshold = (uint)(new_capacity * self.load_factor);
+}
+
+fn usz? HashSet.to_format(&self, Formatter* f) @dynamic
+{
+	usz len;
+	len += f.print("{ ")!;
+	self.@each(; Value value)
+	{
+		if (len > 2) len += f.print(", ")!;
+		len += f.printf("%s", value)!;
+	};
+	return len + f.print(" }");
+}
+
+fn void HashSet.transfer(&self, Entry*[] new_table) @private
+{
+	Entry*[] src = self.table;
+	uint new_capacity = new_table.len;
+	foreach (uint j, Entry *e : src)
+	{
+		if (!e) continue;
+		do
+		{
+			Entry* next = e.next;
+			uint i = index_for(e.hash, new_capacity);
+			e.next = new_table[i];
+			new_table[i] = e;
+			e = next;
+		}
+		while (e);
+	}
+}
+
+fn void HashSet.put_all_for_create(&set, HashSet* other_set) @private
+{
+	if (!other_set.count) return;
+	foreach (Entry *e : other_set.table)
+	{
+		while (e)
+		{
+			set.put_for_create(e.value);
+			e = e.next;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+fn void HashSet.put_for_create(&set, Value value) @private
+{
+	uint hash = rehash(value.hash());
+	uint i = index_for(hash, set.table.len);
+	for (Entry *e = set.table[i]; e != null; e = e.next)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(value, e.value))
+		{
+			// Value already exists, no need to do anything
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+	set.create_entry(hash, value, i);
+}
+
+fn void HashSet.free_internal(&self, void* ptr) @inline @private
+{
+	allocator::free(self.allocator, ptr);
+}
+
+fn void HashSet.create_entry(&set, uint hash, Value value, int bucket_index) @private
+{
+	Entry* entry = allocator::new(set.allocator, Entry, {
+		.hash = hash,
+		.value = value,
+		.next = set.table[bucket_index]
+	});
+	set.table[bucket_index] = entry;
+	set.count++;
+}
+
+<*
+ Removes the entry for the specified value if present
+ @return "true if found and removed, false otherwise"
+*>
+fn bool HashSet.remove_entry_for_value(&set, Value value) @private
+{
+	if (!set.count) return false;
+	uint hash = rehash(value.hash());
+	uint i = index_for(hash, set.table.len);
+	Entry* prev = set.table[i];
+	Entry* e = prev;
+	while (e)
+	{
+		Entry *next = e.next;
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(value, e.value))
+		{
+			set.count--;
+			if (prev == e)
+			{
+				set.table[i] = next;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				prev.next = next;
+			}
+			set.free_entry(e);
+			return true;
+		}
+		prev = e;
+		e = next;
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+fn void HashSet.free_entry(&set, Entry *entry) @private
+{
+	allocator::free(set.allocator, entry);
+}
+
+struct HashSetIterator
+{
+	HashSet* set;
+	usz bucket_index;
+	Entry* current;
+}
+
+fn HashSetIterator HashSet.iter(&set) => { .set = set, .bucket_index = 0, .current = null };
+
+fn Value? HashSetIterator.next(&self)
+{
+	if (self.current)
+	{
+		Value value = self.current.value;
+		self.current = self.current.next;
+		return value;
+	}
+
+	while (self.bucket_index < self.set.table.len)
+	{
+		self.current = self.set.table[self.bucket_index++];
+		if (self.current)
+		{
+			Value value = self.current.value;
+			self.current = self.current.next;
+			return value;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
+}
+
+fn usz HashSetIterator.len(&self) @operator(len)
+{
+	return self.set.count;
+}
+
+<* @pure *>
+fn uint rehash(uint hash) @inline @private
+{
+	hash ^= (hash >> 20) ^ (hash >> 12);
+	return hash ^ ((hash >> 7) ^ (hash >> 4));
+}
+
+macro uint index_for(uint hash, uint capacity) @private => hash & (capacity - 1);
+
+int dummy @local;

lib/std/collections/interfacelist.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,539 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2024-2025 Christoffer Lerno. All rights reserved.
+// Use of self source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+<*
+ @require Type.kindof == INTERFACE || Type.kindof == ANY : "The kind of an interfacelist must be an interface or `any`"
+*>
+module std::collections::interfacelist <Type>;
+import std::io,std::math;
+
+alias InterfacePredicate = fn bool(Type value);
+alias InterfaceTest = fn bool(Type type, Type context);
+
+<*
+ The InterfaceList contains a heterogenous set of types implementing an interface. anything placed in the
+ list will shallowly copied in order to be stored as the interface. This means
+ that the list will copy and free its elements.
+
+ However, because we're getting interface values back when we pop, those operations
+ need to take an allocator, as we can only copy then pop then return the copy.
+
+ If we're not doing pop, then things are easier, since we can just hand over
+ the existing value.
+*>
+struct InterfaceList (Printable)
+{
+	usz size;
+	usz capacity;
+	Allocator allocator;
+	Type* entries;
+}
+
+
+<*
+ Initialize the list. If not initialized then it will use the temp allocator
+ when something is pushed to it.
+
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @param initial_capacity : "The initial capacity to reserve, defaults to 16"
+*>
+fn InterfaceList* InterfaceList.init(&self, Allocator allocator, usz initial_capacity = 16)
+{
+	self.allocator = allocator;
+	self.size = 0;
+	if (initial_capacity > 0)
+	{
+		initial_capacity = math::next_power_of_2(initial_capacity);
+		self.entries = allocator::alloc_array(allocator, Type, initial_capacity);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		self.entries = null;
+	}
+	self.capacity = initial_capacity;
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ Initialize the list using the temp allocator.
+
+ @param initial_capacity : "The initial capacity to reserve"
+*>
+fn InterfaceList* InterfaceList.tinit(&self, usz initial_capacity = 16)
+{
+	return self.init(tmem, initial_capacity) @inline;
+}
+
+fn bool InterfaceList.is_initialized(&self) @inline => self.allocator != null;
+
+<*
+ Push an element on the list by cloning it.
+ @require $defined(Type t = &element) : "Element must implement the interface"
+*>
+macro void InterfaceList.push(&self, element)
+{
+	if (!self.allocator) self.allocator = tmem;
+	self._append(allocator::clone(self.allocator, element));
+}
+
+<*
+ Free a retained element removed using *_retained.
+*>
+fn void InterfaceList.free_element(&self, Type element) @inline
+{
+	allocator::free(self.allocator, element.ptr);
+}
+
+<*
+ Copy the last value, pop it and return the copy of it.
+
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use for copying"
+ @return "A copy of the last value if it exists"
+ @return? NO_MORE_ELEMENT
+*>
+fn Type? InterfaceList.copy_pop(&self, Allocator allocator)
+{
+	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
+	defer self.free_element(self.entries[self.size]);
+	return (Type)allocator::clone_any(allocator, self.entries[--self.size]);
+}
+
+<*
+ Copy the last value, pop it and return the copy of it.
+
+ @return "A temp copy of the last value if it exists"
+ @return? NO_MORE_ELEMENT
+*>
+fn Type? InterfaceList.tcopy_pop(&self) => self.copy_pop(tmem);
+
+<*
+ Pop the last value. It must later be released using `list.free_element()`.
+
+ @return "The last value if it exists"
+ @return? NO_MORE_ELEMENT
+*>
+fn Type? InterfaceList.pop_retained(&self)
+{
+	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
+	return self.entries[--self.size];
+}
+
+<*
+ Remove all elements in the list.
+*>
+fn void InterfaceList.clear(&self)
+{
+	for (usz i = 0; i < self.size; i++)
+	{
+		self.free_element(self.entries[i]);
+	}
+	self.size = 0;
+}
+
+<*
+ Pop the first value. It must later be released using `list.free_element()`.
+
+ @return "The first value if it exists"
+ @return? NO_MORE_ELEMENT
+*>
+fn Type? InterfaceList.pop_first_retained(&self)
+{
+	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
+	defer self.remove_at(0);
+	return self.entries[0];
+}
+
+<*
+ Copy the first value, pop it and return the copy of it.
+
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use for copying"
+ @return "A copy of the first value if it exists"
+ @return? NO_MORE_ELEMENT
+*>
+fn Type? InterfaceList.copy_pop_first(&self, Allocator allocator)
+{
+	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
+	defer self.free_element(self.entries[self.size]);
+	defer self.remove_at(0);
+	return (Type)allocator::clone_any(allocator, self.entries[0]);
+}
+
+<*
+ Copy the first value, pop it and return the temp copy of it.
+
+ @return "A temp copy of the first value if it exists"
+ @return? NO_MORE_ELEMENT
+*>
+fn Type? InterfaceList.tcopy_pop_first(&self) => self.copy_pop_first(tmem);
+
+<*
+ Remove the element at the particular index.
+
+ @param index : "The index of the element to remove"
+ @require index < self.size
+*>
+fn void InterfaceList.remove_at(&self, usz index)
+{
+	if (!--self.size || index == self.size) return;
+	self.free_element(self.entries[index]);
+	self.entries[index .. self.size - 1] = self.entries[index + 1 .. self.size];
+}
+
+<*
+ Add all the elements in another InterfaceList.
+
+ @param [&in] other_list : "The list to add"
+*>
+fn void InterfaceList.add_all(&self, InterfaceList* other_list)
+{
+	if (!other_list.size) return;
+	self.reserve(other_list.size);
+	foreach (value : other_list)
+	{
+		self.entries[self.size++] = (Type)allocator::clone_any(self.allocator, value);
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ Reverse the order of the elements in the list.
+*>
+fn void InterfaceList.reverse(&self)
+{
+	if (self.size < 2) return;
+	usz half = self.size / 2U;
+	usz end = self.size - 1;
+	for (usz i = 0; i < half; i++)
+	{
+		self.swap(i, end - i);
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ Return a view of the data as a slice.
+
+ @return "The slice view"
+*>
+fn Type[] InterfaceList.array_view(&self)
+{
+	return self.entries[:self.size];
+}
+
+<*
+ Push an element to the front of the list.
+
+ @param value : "The value to push to the list"
+ @require $defined(Type t = &value) : "Value must implement the interface"
+*>
+macro void InterfaceList.push_front(&self, value)
+{
+	self.insert_at(0, value);
+}
+
+<*
+ Insert an element at a particular index.
+
+ @param index : "the index where the element should be inserted"
+ @param type : "the value to insert"
+ @require index <= self.size : "The index is out of bounds"
+ @require $defined(Type t = &type) : "Type must implement the interface"
+*>
+macro void InterfaceList.insert_at(&self, usz index, type)
+{
+	if (index == self.size)
+	{
+		self.push(type);
+		return;
+	}
+	Type value = allocator::clone(self.allocator, type);
+	self._insert_at(self, index, value);
+}
+
+<*
+ Remove the last element in the list. The list may not be empty.
+
+ @require self.size > 0 : "The list was already empty"
+*>
+fn void InterfaceList.remove_last(&self)
+{
+	self.free_element(self.entries[--self.size]);
+}
+
+<*
+ Remove the first element in the list, the list may not be empty.
+
+ @require self.size > 0
+*>
+fn void InterfaceList.remove_first(&self)
+{
+	self.remove_at(0);
+}
+
+<*
+ Return the first element
+
+ @return "The first element"
+ @return? NO_MORE_ELEMENT
+*>
+fn Type? InterfaceList.first(&self) @inline
+{
+	return self.size ? self.entries[0] : NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
+}
+
+<*
+ Return the last element
+
+ @return "The last element"
+ @return? NO_MORE_ELEMENT
+*>
+fn Type? InterfaceList.last(&self) @inline
+{
+	return self.size ? self.entries[self.size - 1] : NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
+}
+
+<*
+ Return whether the list is empty.
+
+ @return "True if the list is empty"
+*>
+fn bool InterfaceList.is_empty(&self) @inline
+{
+	return !self.size;
+}
+
+<*
+ Return the length of the list.
+
+ @return "The number of elements in the list"
+*>
+fn usz InterfaceList.len(&self) @operator(len) @inline
+{
+	return self.size;
+}
+
+<*
+ Return an element in the list.
+
+ @param index : "The index of the element to retrieve"
+ @return "The element at the index"
+ @return? TYPE_MISMATCH, NO_MORE_ELEMENT
+ @require index < self.size : "Index out of range"
+*>
+fn Type InterfaceList.get(&self, usz index) @inline @operator([])
+{
+	return self.entries[index];
+}
+
+<*
+ Completely free and clear a list.
+*>
+fn void InterfaceList.free(&self)
+{
+	if (!self.allocator) return;
+	self.clear();
+	allocator::free(self.allocator, self.entries);
+	self.capacity = 0;
+	self.entries = null;
+}
+
+<*
+ Swap two elements in a list.
+
+ @param i : "Index of one of the elements"
+ @param j : "Index of the other element"
+ @require i < self.size : "The first index is out of range"
+ @require j < self.size : "The second index is out of range"
+*>
+fn void InterfaceList.swap(&self, usz i, usz j)
+{
+	Type temp = self.entries[i];
+	self.entries[i] = self.entries[j];
+	self.entries[j] = temp;
+}
+
+<*
+ Print the list to a formatter.
+*>
+fn usz? InterfaceList.to_format(&self, Formatter* formatter) @dynamic
+{
+	switch (self.size)
+	{
+		case 0:
+			return formatter.print("[]")!;
+		case 1:
+			return formatter.printf("[%s]", self.entries[0])!;
+		default:
+			usz n = formatter.print("[")!;
+			foreach (i, element : self.entries[:self.size])
+			{
+				if (i != 0) formatter.print(", ")!;
+				n += formatter.printf("%s", element)!;
+			}
+			n += formatter.print("]")!;
+			return n;
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ Remove Type elements matching the predicate.
+
+ @param filter : "The function to determine if it should be removed or not"
+ @return "the number of deleted elements"
+*>
+fn usz InterfaceList.remove_if(&self, InterfacePredicate filter)
+{
+	return self._remove_if(filter, false);
+}
+
+<*
+ Retain the elements matching the predicate.
+
+ @param selection : "The function to determine if it should be kept or not"
+ @return "the number of deleted elements"
+*>
+fn usz InterfaceList.retain_if(&self, InterfacePredicate selection)
+{
+	return self._remove_if(selection, true);
+}
+
+<*
+ Remove Type elements matching the predicate.
+
+ @param filter : "The function to determine if it should be removed or not"
+ @param context : "The context to the function"
+ @return "the number of deleted elements"
+*>
+fn usz InterfaceList.remove_using_test(&self, InterfaceTest filter, Type context)
+{
+	return self._remove_using_test(filter, false, context);
+}
+
+<*
+ Retain Type elements matching the predicate.
+
+ @param selection : "The function to determine if it should be retained or not"
+ @param context : "The context to the function"
+ @return "the number of deleted elements"
+*>
+fn usz InterfaceList.retain_using_test(&self, InterfaceTest selection, Type context)
+{
+	return self._remove_using_test(selection, true, context);
+}
+
+<*
+ Reserve memory so that at least the `min_capacity` exists.
+
+ @param min_capacity : "The min capacity to hold"
+*>
+fn void InterfaceList.reserve(&self, usz min_capacity)
+{
+	if (!min_capacity) return;
+	if (self.capacity >= min_capacity) return;
+	if (!self.allocator) self.allocator = tmem;
+	min_capacity = math::next_power_of_2(min_capacity);
+	self.entries = allocator::realloc(self.allocator, self.entries, Type.sizeof * min_capacity);
+	self.capacity = min_capacity;
+}
+
+<*
+ Set the element at Type index.
+
+ @param index : "The index where to set the value."
+ @param value : "The value to set"
+ @require index <= self.size : "Index out of range"
+ @require $defined(Type t = &value) : "Value must implement the interface"
+*>
+macro void InterfaceList.set(&self, usz index, value)
+{
+	if (index == self.size)
+	{
+		self.push(value);
+		return;
+	}
+	self.free_element(self.entries[index]);
+	self.entries[index] = allocator::clone(self.allocator, value);
+}
+
+// -- private
+
+fn void InterfaceList.ensure_capacity(&self, usz added = 1) @inline @private
+{
+	usz new_size = self.size + added;
+	if (self.capacity >= new_size) return;
+
+	assert(new_size < usz.max / 2U);
+	usz new_capacity = self.capacity ? 2U * self.capacity : 16U;
+	while (new_capacity < new_size) new_capacity *= 2U;
+	self.reserve(new_capacity);
+}
+
+fn void InterfaceList._append(&self, Type element) @local
+{
+	self.ensure_capacity();
+	self.entries[self.size++] = element;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require index < self.size
+*>
+fn void InterfaceList._insert_at(&self, usz index, Type value) @local
+{
+	self.ensure_capacity();
+	for (usz i = self.size; i > index; i--)
+	{
+		self.entries[i] = self.entries[i - 1];
+	}
+	self.size++;
+	self.entries[index] = value;
+}
+
+macro usz InterfaceList._remove_using_test(&self, InterfaceTest filter, bool $invert, ctx) @local
+{
+	usz size = self.size;
+	for (usz i = size, usz k = size; k > 0; k = i)
+	{
+		// Find last index of item to be deleted.
+		$if $invert:
+			while (i > 0 && !filter(self.entries[i - 1], ctx)) i--;
+		$else
+			while (i > 0 && filter(self.entries[i - 1], ctx)) i--;
+		$endif
+		// Remove the items from this index up to the one not to be deleted.
+		usz n = self.size - k;
+		for (usz j = i; j < k; j++) self.free_element(self.entries[j]);
+		self.entries[i:n] = self.entries[k:n];
+		self.size -= k - i;
+		// Find last index of item not to be deleted.
+		$if $invert:
+			while (i > 0 && filter(self.entries[i - 1], ctx)) i--;
+		$else
+			while (i > 0 && !filter(self.entries[i - 1], ctx)) i--;
+		$endif
+	}
+	return size - self.size;
+}
+
+macro usz InterfaceList._remove_if(&self, InterfacePredicate filter, bool $invert) @local
+{
+	usz size = self.size;
+	for (usz i = size, usz k = size; k > 0; k = i)
+	{
+		// Find last index of item to be deleted.
+		$if $invert:
+			while (i > 0 && !filter(self.entries[i - 1])) i--;
+		$else
+			while (i > 0 && filter(self.entries[i - 1])) i--;
+		$endif
+		// Remove the items from this index up to the one not to be deleted.
+		usz n = self.size - k;
+		for (usz j = i; j < k; j++) self.free_element(self.entries[j]);
+		self.entries[i:n] = self.entries[k:n];
+		self.size -= k - i;
+		// Find last index of item not to be deleted.
+		$if $invert:
+			while (i > 0 && filter(self.entries[i - 1])) i--;
+		$else
+			while (i > 0 && !filter(self.entries[i - 1])) i--;
+		$endif
+	}
+	return size - self.size;
+}

lib/std/collections/linked_blockingqueue.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+module std::collections::blockingqueue <Value>;
+import std::thread, std::time;
+
+
+const INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
+
+struct QueueEntry 
+{
+	Value value;
+	<* Next in queue order *>
+	QueueEntry* next;
+	<* Previous in queue order *>
+	QueueEntry* prev;
+}
+
+struct LinkedBlockingQueue 
+{
+	<* First element in queue *>
+	QueueEntry* head;
+	<* Last element in queue *>
+	QueueEntry* tail;
+	<* Current number of elements *>
+	usz count;
+	<* Maximum capacity (0 for unbounded) *>
+	usz capacity;
+	Mutex lock;
+	ConditionVariable not_empty;
+	ConditionVariable not_full;
+	Allocator allocator;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @param capacity : "Maximum capacity (0 for unbounded)"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Queue was already initialized"
+*>
+fn LinkedBlockingQueue* LinkedBlockingQueue.init(&self, Allocator allocator, usz capacity = 0)
+{
+	self.allocator = allocator;
+	self.capacity = capacity;
+	self.count = 0;
+	self.head = null;
+	self.tail = null;
+
+	self.lock.init()!!;
+	self.not_empty.init()!!;
+	self.not_full.init()!!;
+	return self;
+}
+
+fn LinkedBlockingQueue* LinkedBlockingQueue.tinit(&self, usz capacity = 0)
+{
+	return self.init(tmem, capacity) @inline;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require self.is_initialized() : "Queue must be initialized"
+*>
+fn void LinkedBlockingQueue.free(&self)
+{
+	self.lock.@in_lock()
+	{
+		// Free all remaining entries
+		QueueEntry* entry = self.head;
+		while (entry != null)
+		{
+			QueueEntry* next = entry.next;
+			allocator::free(self.allocator, entry);
+			entry = next;
+		}
+	};
+
+	self.lock.destroy();
+	self.not_empty.destroy();
+	self.not_full.destroy();
+}
+
+fn void LinkedBlockingQueue.link_entry(&self, QueueEntry* entry) @private 
+{
+	entry.next = null;
+	entry.prev = self.tail;
+
+	if (self.tail == null)
+	{
+		// First element in queue
+		self.head = entry;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		// Append to tail
+		self.tail.next = entry;
+	}
+	self.tail = entry;
+	self.count++;
+}
+
+
+fn QueueEntry* LinkedBlockingQueue.unlink_head(&self) @private 
+{
+	if (self.head == null) return null;
+
+	QueueEntry* entry = self.head;
+	self.head = entry.next;
+
+	if (self.head != null)
+	{
+		self.head.prev = null;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		// Queue is now empty
+		self.tail = null;
+	}
+
+	self.count--;
+	return entry;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param value : "Value to add to the queue"
+ @require self.is_initialized() : "Queue must be initialized"
+*>
+fn void LinkedBlockingQueue.push(&self, Value value)
+{
+	self.lock.@in_lock()
+	{
+		while (self.capacity > 0 && self.count >= self.capacity)
+		{
+			self.not_full.wait(&self.lock);
+		}
+
+		QueueEntry* entry = allocator::new(self.allocator, QueueEntry, {
+			.value = value,
+			.next = null,
+			.prev = null
+		});
+		self.link_entry(entry);
+
+		// Signal that queue is no longer empty
+		self.not_empty.signal();
+	};
+}
+
+<*
+ Get a value from the queue, blocking if there is no element in the queue.
+
+ @require self.is_initialized() : "Queue must be initialized"
+ @return "The removed value"
+*>
+fn Value LinkedBlockingQueue.poll(&self)
+{
+	self.lock.@in_lock()
+	{
+		while (self.count == 0)
+		{
+			self.not_empty.wait(&self.lock);
+		}
+
+		QueueEntry* entry = self.unlink_head();
+		Value value = entry.value;
+		allocator::free(self.allocator, entry);
+		if (self.capacity > 0)
+		{
+			self.not_full.signal();
+		}
+		return value;
+	};
+}
+
+<*
+ Pop an element from the queue, fail is it is empty.
+
+ @require self.is_initialized() : "Queue must be initialized"
+ @return "The removed value"
+ @return? NO_MORE_ELEMENT : "If the queue is empty"
+*>
+fn Value? LinkedBlockingQueue.pop(&self)
+{
+	self.lock.@in_lock()
+	{
+		if (self.count == 0) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
+
+		QueueEntry* entry = self.unlink_head();
+		Value value = entry.value;
+		allocator::free(self.allocator, entry);
+
+		if (self.capacity > 0)
+		{
+			self.not_full.signal();
+		}
+		return value;
+	};
+}
+
+<*
+ Poll with a timeout.
+
+ @param timeout : "Timeout in microseconds"
+ @require self.is_initialized() : "Queue must be initialized"
+ @return "The removed value or null if timeout occurred"
+ @return? NO_MORE_ELEMENT : "If we reached the timeout"
+*>
+fn Value? LinkedBlockingQueue.poll_timeout(&self, Duration timeout)
+{
+	self.lock.@in_lock()
+	{
+		// Use while loop to handle spurious wakeups
+		if (!self.count)
+		{
+			Time start = time::now();
+			Time end = start + timeout;
+			while (!self.count)
+			{
+        		if (end <= time::now()) break;
+        		if (catch self.not_empty.wait_until(&self.lock, end)) break;
+			}
+			if (!self.count) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
+		}
+
+		QueueEntry* entry = self.unlink_head();
+		Value value = entry.value;
+		allocator::free(self.allocator, entry);
+
+		// Must signal not_full after removing an item
+		if (self.capacity > 0)
+		{
+			self.not_full.signal();
+		}
+		return value;
+	};
+}
+
+
+<*
+ @require self.is_initialized() : "Queue must be initialized"
+ @return "Current size of the queue"
+*>
+fn usz LinkedBlockingQueue.size(&self)
+{
+	self.lock.@in_lock()
+	{
+		return self.count;
+	};
+}
+
+<*
+ @require self.is_initialized() : "Queue must be initialized"
+ @return "True if queue is empty"
+*>
+fn bool LinkedBlockingQueue.is_empty(&self)
+{
+	self.lock.@in_lock()
+	{
+		return self.count == 0;
+	};
+}
+
+<*
+ Try to push, return CAPACITY_EXCEEDED if the queue is full.
+
+ @param value : "Value to add to the queue"
+ @require self.is_initialized() : "Queue must be initialized"
+ @return? CAPACITY_EXCEEDED : "If the queue is full"
+*>
+fn void? LinkedBlockingQueue.try_push(&self, Value value)
+{
+	self.lock.@in_lock()
+	{
+		if (self.capacity > 0 && self.count >= self.capacity) return CAPACITY_EXCEEDED~;
+
+		QueueEntry* entry = allocator::new(self.allocator, QueueEntry, {
+			.value = value,
+			.next = null,
+			.prev = null
+		});
+		self.link_entry(entry);
+		self.not_empty.signal();
+	};
+}
+
+<*
+ Try to push, return CAPACITY_EXCEEDED if the queue is still full after timeout is reached.
+
+ @param value : "Value to add to the queue"
+ @param timeout : "Timeout in microseconds"
+ @require self.is_initialized() : "Queue must be initialized"
+ @return? CAPACITY_EXCEEDED : "If the queue is full"
+*>
+fn void? LinkedBlockingQueue.push_timeout(&self, Value value, Duration timeout)
+{
+	self.lock.@in_lock()
+	{
+		if (self.capacity > 0 && self.count >= self.capacity)
+		{
+			Time start = time::now();
+			Time end = start + timeout;
+        	while (self.capacity > 0 && self.count >= self.capacity)
+			{
+        		if (end <= time::now()) break;
+				if (catch self.not_empty.wait_until(&self.lock, end)) break;
+			}
+			if (self.capacity > 0 && self.count >= self.capacity) return CAPACITY_EXCEEDED~;
+		}
+
+		QueueEntry* entry = allocator::new(self.allocator, QueueEntry, {
+			.value = value,
+			.next = null,
+			.prev = null
+		});
+		self.link_entry(entry);
+		self.not_empty.signal();
+	};
+}
+
+<*
+ @require self.is_initialized() : "Queue must be initialized"
+ @return "The head value or NO_MORE_ELEMENT~ if queue is empty"
+*>
+fn Value? LinkedBlockingQueue.peek(&self)
+{
+	self.lock.@in_lock()
+	{
+		return (self.head != null) ? self.head.value : NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
+	};
+}
+
+<*
+ @return "True if queue is initialized"
+*>
+fn bool LinkedBlockingQueue.is_initialized(&self)
+{
+	return self.allocator && self.lock.initialized;
+}

lib/std/collections/linked_hashmap.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,651 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023 Christoffer Lerno. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+<*
+ @require $defined((Key){}.hash()) : `No .hash function found on the key`
+*>
+module std::collections::map <Key, Value>;
+import std::math;
+import std::io @norecurse;
+
+const LinkedHashMap LINKEDONHEAP = { .allocator = MAP_HEAP_ALLOCATOR };
+
+struct LinkedEntry
+{
+	uint hash;
+	Key key;
+	Value value;
+	<* For bucket chain *>
+	LinkedEntry* next;
+	<* Previous in insertion order *>
+	LinkedEntry* before;
+	<* Next in insertion order *>
+	LinkedEntry* after;
+}
+
+struct LinkedHashMap (Printable)
+{
+	LinkedEntry*[] table;
+	Allocator allocator;
+	usz count;
+	usz threshold;
+	float load_factor;
+	<* First inserted LinkedEntry *>
+	LinkedEntry* head;
+	<* Last inserted LinkedEntry *>
+	LinkedEntry* tail;
+}
+
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Map was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashMap* LinkedHashMap.init(&self, Allocator allocator, usz capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	capacity = math::next_power_of_2(capacity);
+	self.allocator = allocator;
+	self.load_factor = load_factor;
+	self.threshold = (usz)(capacity * load_factor);
+	self.table = allocator::new_array(allocator, LinkedEntry*, capacity);
+	self.head = null;
+	self.tail = null;
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Map was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashMap* LinkedHashMap.tinit(&self, usz capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	return self.init(tmem, capacity, load_factor) @inline;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @require $vacount % 2 == 0 : "There must be an even number of arguments provided for keys and values"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Map was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+macro LinkedHashMap* LinkedHashMap.init_with_key_values(&self, Allocator allocator, ..., uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	self.init(allocator, capacity, load_factor);
+	$for var $i = 0; $i < $vacount; $i += 2:
+		self.set($vaarg[$i], $vaarg[$i + 1]);
+	$endfor
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require $vacount % 2 == 0 : "There must be an even number of arguments provided for keys and values"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Map was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+macro LinkedHashMap* LinkedHashMap.tinit_with_key_values(&self, ..., uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	return self.init_with_key_values(tmem, $vasplat, capacity: capacity, load_factor: load_factor);
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [in] keys : "The keys for the LinkedHashMap entries"
+ @param [in] values : "The values for the LinkedHashMap entries"
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @require keys.len == values.len : "Both keys and values arrays must be the same length"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Map was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashMap* LinkedHashMap.init_from_keys_and_values(&self, Allocator allocator, Key[] keys, Value[] values, uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	assert(keys.len == values.len);
+	self.init(allocator, capacity, load_factor);
+	for (usz i = 0; i < keys.len; i++)
+	{
+		self.set(keys[i], values[i]);
+	}
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [in] keys : "The keys for the LinkedHashMap entries"
+ @param [in] values : "The values for the LinkedHashMap entries"
+ @require keys.len == values.len : "Both keys and values arrays must be the same length"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Map was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashMap* LinkedHashMap.tinit_from_keys_and_values(&self, Key[] keys, Value[] values, uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	return self.init_from_keys_and_values(tmem, keys, values, capacity, load_factor);
+}
+
+<*
+ Has this hash map been initialized yet?
+
+ @param [&in] map : "The hash map we are testing"
+ @return "Returns true if it has been initialized, false otherwise"
+*>
+fn bool LinkedHashMap.is_initialized(&map)
+{
+	return map.allocator && map.allocator.ptr != &dummy;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @param [&in] other_map : "The map to copy from."
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Map was already initialized"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashMap* LinkedHashMap.init_from_map(&self, Allocator allocator, LinkedHashMap* other_map)
+{
+	self.init(allocator, other_map.table.len, other_map.load_factor);
+	self.put_all_for_create(other_map);
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&in] other_map : "The map to copy from."
+ @require !map.is_initialized() : "Map was already initialized"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashMap* LinkedHashMap.tinit_from_map(&map, LinkedHashMap* other_map)
+{
+	return map.init_from_map(tmem, other_map) @inline;
+}
+
+fn bool LinkedHashMap.is_empty(&map) @inline
+{
+	return !map.count;
+}
+
+fn usz LinkedHashMap.len(&map) @inline => map.count;
+
+fn Value*? LinkedHashMap.get_ref(&map, Key key)
+{
+	if (!map.count) return NOT_FOUND~;
+	uint hash = rehash(key.hash());
+	for (LinkedEntry *e = map.table[index_for(hash, map.table.len)]; e != null; e = e.next)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(key, e.key)) return &e.value;
+	}
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
+}
+
+fn LinkedEntry*? LinkedHashMap.get_entry(&map, Key key)
+{
+	if (!map.count) return NOT_FOUND~;
+	uint hash = rehash(key.hash());
+	for (LinkedEntry *e = map.table[index_for(hash, map.table.len)]; e != null; e = e.next)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(key, e.key)) return e;
+	}
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
+}
+
+<*
+ Get the value or set it to the value
+
+ @require $defined(Value val = #expr)
+*>
+macro Value LinkedHashMap.@get_or_set(&map, Key key, Value #expr)
+{
+	if (!map.count)
+	{
+		Value val = #expr;
+		map.set(key, val);
+		return val;
+	}
+	uint hash = rehash(key.hash());
+	uint index = index_for(hash, map.table.len);
+	for (LinkedEntry *e = map.table[index]; e != null; e = e.next)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(key, e.key)) return e.value;
+	}
+	Value val = #expr;
+	map.add_entry(hash, key, val, index);
+	return val;
+}
+
+fn Value? LinkedHashMap.get(&map, Key key) @operator([]) => *map.get_ref(key) @inline;
+
+fn bool LinkedHashMap.has_key(&map, Key key) => @ok(map.get_ref(key));
+
+fn bool LinkedHashMap.set(&map, Key key, Value value) @operator([]=)
+{
+	// If the map isn't initialized, use the defaults to initialize it.
+	switch (map.allocator.ptr)
+	{
+		case &dummy:
+			map.init(mem);
+		case null:
+			map.tinit();
+		default:
+			break;
+	}
+	uint hash = rehash(key.hash());
+	uint index = index_for(hash, map.table.len);
+	for (LinkedEntry *e = map.table[index]; e != null; e = e.next)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(key, e.key))
+		{
+			e.value = value;
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+	map.add_entry(hash, key, value, index);
+	return false;
+}
+
+fn void? LinkedHashMap.remove(&map, Key key) @maydiscard
+{
+	if (!map.remove_entry_for_key(key)) return NOT_FOUND~;
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashMap.clear(&map)
+{
+	if (!map.count) return;
+
+	LinkedEntry* entry = map.head;
+	while (entry)
+	{
+		LinkedEntry* next = entry.after;
+		map.free_entry(entry);
+		entry = next;
+	}
+
+	foreach (LinkedEntry** &bucket : map.table)
+	{
+		*bucket = null;
+	}
+
+	map.count = 0;
+	map.head = null;
+	map.tail = null;
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashMap.free(&map)
+{
+	if (!map.is_initialized()) return;
+	map.clear();
+	map.free_internal(map.table.ptr);
+	map.table = {};
+}
+
+fn Key[] LinkedHashMap.tkeys(&self)
+{
+	return self.keys(tmem) @inline;
+}
+
+fn Key[] LinkedHashMap.keys(&self, Allocator allocator)
+{
+	if (!self.count) return {};
+
+	Key[] list = allocator::alloc_array(allocator, Key, self.count);
+	usz index = 0;
+
+	LinkedEntry* entry = self.head;
+	while (entry)
+	{
+		$if COPY_KEYS:
+			list[index++] = entry.key.copy(allocator);
+		$else
+			list[index++] = entry.key;
+		$endif
+		entry = entry.after;
+	}
+	return list;
+}
+
+macro LinkedHashMap.@each(map; @body(key, value))
+{
+	map.@each_entry(; LinkedEntry* entry)
+	{
+		@body(entry.key, entry.value);
+	};
+}
+
+macro LinkedHashMap.@each_entry(map; @body(entry))
+{
+	LinkedEntry* entry = map.head;
+	while (entry)
+	{
+		@body(entry);
+		entry = entry.after;
+	}
+}
+
+fn Value[] LinkedHashMap.tvalues(&map) => map.values(tmem) @inline;
+
+fn Value[] LinkedHashMap.values(&self, Allocator allocator)
+{
+	if (!self.count) return {};
+	Value[] list = allocator::alloc_array(allocator, Value, self.count);
+	usz index = 0;
+	LinkedEntry* entry = self.head;
+	while (entry)
+	{
+		list[index++] = entry.value;
+		entry = entry.after;
+	}
+	return list;
+}
+
+fn bool LinkedHashMap.has_value(&map, Value v) @if(VALUE_IS_EQUATABLE)
+{
+	if (!map.count) return false;
+
+	LinkedEntry* entry = map.head;
+	while (entry)
+	{
+		if (equals(v, entry.value)) return true;
+		entry = entry.after;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+fn LinkedHashMapIterator LinkedHashMap.iter(&self) => { .map = self, .current = self.head, .started = false };
+
+fn LinkedHashMapValueIterator LinkedHashMap.value_iter(&self) => { .map = self, .current = self.head, .started = false };
+
+fn LinkedHashMapKeyIterator LinkedHashMap.key_iter(&self) => { .map = self, .current = self.head, .started = false };
+
+fn bool LinkedHashMapIterator.next(&self)
+{
+	if (!self.started)
+	{
+		self.current = self.map.head;
+		self.started = true;
+	}
+	else if (self.current)
+	{
+		self.current = self.current.after;
+	}
+	return self.current != null;
+}
+
+fn LinkedEntry*? LinkedHashMapIterator.get(&self)
+{
+	return self.current ? self.current : NOT_FOUND~;
+}
+
+fn Value*? LinkedHashMapValueIterator.get(&self)
+{
+	return self.current ? &self.current.value : NOT_FOUND~;
+}
+
+fn Key*? LinkedHashMapKeyIterator.get(&self)
+{
+	return self.current ? &self.current.key : NOT_FOUND~;
+}
+
+fn bool LinkedHashMapIterator.has_next(&self)
+{
+	if (!self.started) return self.map.head != null;
+	return self.current && self.current.after != null;
+}
+
+// --- private methods
+
+fn void LinkedHashMap.add_entry(&map, uint hash, Key key, Value value, uint bucket_index) @private
+{
+	$if COPY_KEYS:
+	key = key.copy(map.allocator);
+	$endif
+
+	LinkedEntry* entry = allocator::new(map.allocator, LinkedEntry, {
+		.hash = hash,
+		.key = key,
+		.value = value,
+		.next = map.table[bucket_index],
+		.before = map.tail,
+		.after = null
+	});
+
+	// Update bucket chain
+	map.table[bucket_index] = entry;
+
+	// Update linked list
+	if (map.tail)
+	{
+		map.tail.after = entry;
+		entry.before = map.tail;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		map.head = entry;
+	}
+	map.tail = entry;
+
+	if (map.count++ >= map.threshold)
+	{
+		map.resize(map.table.len * 2);
+	}
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashMap.resize(&map, uint new_capacity) @private
+{
+	LinkedEntry*[] old_table = map.table;
+	uint old_capacity = old_table.len;
+
+	if (old_capacity == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
+	{
+		map.threshold = uint.max;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	LinkedEntry*[] new_table = allocator::new_array(map.allocator, LinkedEntry*, new_capacity);
+	map.table = new_table;
+	map.threshold = (uint)(new_capacity * map.load_factor);
+
+	// Rehash all entries - linked list order remains unchanged
+	foreach (uint i, LinkedEntry *e : old_table)
+	{
+		if (!e) continue;
+
+		// Split the bucket chain into two chains based on new bit
+		LinkedEntry* lo_head = null;
+		LinkedEntry* lo_tail = null;
+		LinkedEntry* hi_head = null;
+		LinkedEntry* hi_tail = null;
+
+		do
+		{
+			LinkedEntry* next = e.next;
+			if ((e.hash & old_capacity) == 0)
+			{
+				if (!lo_tail)
+				{
+					lo_head = e;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					lo_tail.next = e;
+				}
+				lo_tail = e;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				if (!hi_tail)
+				{
+					hi_head = e;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					hi_tail.next = e;
+				}
+				hi_tail = e;
+			}
+			e.next = null;
+			e = next;
+		}
+		while (e);
+
+		if (lo_tail)
+		{
+			lo_tail.next = null;
+			new_table[i] = lo_head;
+		}
+		if (hi_tail)
+		{
+			hi_tail.next = null;
+			new_table[i + old_capacity] = hi_head;
+		}
+	}
+
+	map.free_internal(old_table.ptr);
+}
+
+fn usz? LinkedHashMap.to_format(&self, Formatter* f) @dynamic
+{
+	usz len;
+	len += f.print("{ ")!;
+	self.@each_entry(; LinkedEntry* entry)
+	{
+		if (len > 2) len += f.print(", ")!;
+		len += f.printf("%s: %s", entry.key, entry.value)!;
+	};
+	return len + f.print(" }");
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashMap.transfer(&map, LinkedEntry*[] new_table) @private
+{
+	LinkedEntry*[] src = map.table;
+	uint new_capacity = new_table.len;
+	foreach (uint j, LinkedEntry *e : src)
+	{
+		if (!e) continue;
+		do
+		{
+			LinkedEntry* next = e.next;
+			uint i = index_for(e.hash, new_capacity);
+			e.next = new_table[i];
+			new_table[i] = e;
+			e = next;
+		}
+		while (e);
+	}
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashMap.put_all_for_create(&map, LinkedHashMap* other_map) @private
+{
+	if (!other_map.count) return;
+	other_map.@each(; Key key, Value value) {
+		map.set(key, value);
+	};
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashMap.put_for_create(&map, Key key, Value value) @private
+{
+	uint hash = rehash(key.hash());
+	uint i = index_for(hash, map.table.len);
+	for (LinkedEntry *e = map.table[i]; e != null; e = e.next)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(key, e.key))
+		{
+			e.value = value;
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+	map.create_entry(hash, key, value, i);
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashMap.free_internal(&map, void* ptr) @inline @private
+{
+	allocator::free(map.allocator, ptr);
+}
+
+fn bool LinkedHashMap.remove_entry_for_key(&map, Key key) @private
+{
+	if (!map.count) return false;
+
+	uint hash = rehash(key.hash());
+	uint i = index_for(hash, map.table.len);
+	LinkedEntry* prev = null;
+	LinkedEntry* e = map.table[i];
+
+	while (e)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(key, e.key))
+		{
+			if (prev)
+			{
+				prev.next = e.next;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				map.table[i] = e.next;
+			}
+
+			if (e.before)
+			{
+				e.before.after = e.after;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				map.head = e.after;
+			}
+
+			if (e.after)
+			{
+				e.after.before = e.before;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				map.tail = e.before;
+			}
+
+			map.count--;
+			map.free_entry(e);
+			return true;
+		}
+		prev = e;
+		e = e.next;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashMap.create_entry(&map, uint hash, Key key, Value value, int bucket_index) @private
+{
+	LinkedEntry *e = map.table[bucket_index];
+	$if COPY_KEYS:
+	key = key.copy(map.allocator);
+	$endif
+	LinkedEntry* entry = allocator::new(map.allocator, LinkedEntry, { .hash = hash, .key = key, .value = value, .next = map.table[bucket_index] });
+	map.table[bucket_index] = entry;
+	map.count++;
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashMap.free_entry(&self, LinkedEntry *entry) @local
+{
+	$if COPY_KEYS:
+	allocator::free(self.allocator, entry.key);
+	$endif
+	self.free_internal(entry);
+}
+
+
+struct LinkedHashMapIterator
+{
+	LinkedHashMap* map;
+	LinkedEntry* current;
+	bool started;
+}
+
+typedef LinkedHashMapValueIterator = inline LinkedHashMapIterator;
+typedef LinkedHashMapKeyIterator = inline LinkedHashMapIterator;
+
+fn usz LinkedHashMapValueIterator.len(self) @operator(len) => self.map.count;
+fn usz LinkedHashMapKeyIterator.len(self) @operator(len) => self.map.count;
+fn usz LinkedHashMapIterator.len(self) @operator(len) => self.map.count;
+
+int dummy @local;

lib/std/collections/linked_hashset.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,730 @@
+<*
+ @require $defined((Value){}.hash()) : `No .hash function found on the value`
+*>
+module std::collections::set <Value>;
+import std::math;
+import std::io @norecurse;
+
+const LinkedHashSet LINKEDONHEAP = { .allocator = SET_HEAP_ALLOCATOR };
+
+struct LinkedEntry
+{
+	uint hash;
+	Value value;
+	<* For bucket chain *>
+	LinkedEntry* next;
+	<* Previous in insertion order *>
+	LinkedEntry* before;
+	<* Next in insertion order *>
+	LinkedEntry* after;
+}
+
+struct LinkedHashSet (Printable)
+{
+	LinkedEntry*[] table;
+	Allocator allocator;
+	<* Number of elements *>
+	usz count;
+	<* Resize limit *>
+	usz threshold;
+	float load_factor;
+	<* Resize limit *>
+	LinkedEntry* head;
+	<* First inserted LinkedEntry *>
+	LinkedEntry* tail;
+}
+
+fn usz LinkedHashSet.len(&self) @operator(len) => self.count;
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashSet* LinkedHashSet.init(&self, Allocator allocator, usz capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	capacity = math::next_power_of_2(capacity);
+	self.allocator = allocator;
+	self.threshold = (usz)(capacity * load_factor);
+	self.load_factor = load_factor;
+	self.table = allocator::new_array(allocator, LinkedEntry*, capacity);
+
+	self.head = null;
+	self.tail = null;
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashSet* LinkedHashSet.tinit(&self, usz capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	return self.init(tmem, capacity, load_factor) @inline;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+macro LinkedHashSet* LinkedHashSet.init_with_values(&self, Allocator allocator, ..., uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	self.init(allocator, capacity, load_factor);
+	$for var $i = 0; $i < $vacount; $i++:
+		self.add($vaarg[$i]);
+	$endfor
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+macro LinkedHashSet* LinkedHashSet.tinit_with_values(&self, ..., uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	return self.init_with_values(tmem, $vasplat, capacity: capacity, load_factor: load_factor);
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [in] values : "The values for the LinkedHashSet"
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashSet* LinkedHashSet.init_from_values(&self, Allocator allocator, Value[] values, uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	self.init(allocator, capacity, load_factor);
+	foreach (v : values) self.add(v);
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [in] values : "The values for the LinkedHashSet entries"
+ @require capacity > 0 : "The capacity must be 1 or higher"
+ @require load_factor > 0.0 : "The load factor must be higher than 0"
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+ @require capacity < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : "Capacity cannot exceed maximum"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashSet* LinkedHashSet.tinit_from_values(&self, Value[] values, uint capacity = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, float load_factor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR)
+{
+	return self.init_from_values(tmem, values, capacity, load_factor);
+}
+
+<*
+ Has this linked hash set been initialized yet?
+
+ @param [&in] set : "The linked hash set we are testing"
+ @return "Returns true if it has been initialized, false otherwise"
+*>
+fn bool LinkedHashSet.is_initialized(&set)
+{
+	return set.allocator && set.allocator.ptr != &dummy;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @param [&in] other_set : "The set to copy from."
+ @require !self.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashSet* LinkedHashSet.init_from_set(&self, Allocator allocator, LinkedHashSet* other_set)
+{
+	self.init(allocator, other_set.table.len, other_set.load_factor);
+	LinkedEntry* entry = other_set.head;
+	while (entry) // Save insertion order
+	{
+		self.put_for_create(entry.value);
+		entry = entry.after;
+	}
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&in] other_set : "The set to copy from."
+ @require !set.is_initialized() : "Set was already initialized"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashSet* LinkedHashSet.tinit_from_set(&set, LinkedHashSet* other_set)
+{
+	return set.init_from_set(tmem, other_set) @inline;
+}
+
+<*
+ Check if the set is empty
+
+ @return "true if it is empty"
+ @pure
+*>
+fn bool LinkedHashSet.is_empty(&set) @inline
+{
+	return !set.count;
+}
+
+<*
+ Add all elements in the slice to the set.
+
+ @param [in] list
+ @return "The number of new elements added"
+ @ensure total <= list.len
+*>
+fn usz LinkedHashSet.add_all(&set, Value[] list)
+{
+	usz total;
+	foreach (v : list)
+	{
+		if (set.add(v)) total++;
+	}
+	return total;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&in] other
+ @return "The number of new elements added"
+ @ensure return <= other.count
+*>
+fn usz LinkedHashSet.add_all_from(&set, LinkedHashSet* other)
+{
+	usz total;
+	other.@each(;Value value)
+	{
+		if (set.add(value)) total++;
+	};
+	return total;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param value : "The value to add"
+ @return "true if the value didn't exist in the set"
+*>
+fn bool LinkedHashSet.add(&set, Value value)
+{
+	// If the set isn't initialized, use the defaults to initialize it.
+	switch (set.allocator.ptr)
+	{
+		case &dummy:
+			set.init(mem);
+		case null:
+			set.tinit();
+		default:
+			break;
+	}
+	uint hash = rehash(value.hash());
+	uint index = index_for(hash, set.table.len);
+	for (LinkedEntry *e = set.table[index]; e != null; e = e.next)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(value, e.value)) return false;
+	}
+	set.add_entry(hash, value, index);
+	return true;
+}
+
+<*
+ Iterate over all the values in the set
+*>
+macro LinkedHashSet.@each(set; @body(value))
+{
+	if (!set.count) return;
+    LinkedEntry* entry = set.head;
+	while (entry)
+	{
+		@body(entry.value);
+		entry = entry.after;
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ Check if the set contains the given value.
+
+ @param value : "The value to check"
+ @return "true if it exists in the set"
+*>
+fn bool LinkedHashSet.contains(&set, Value value)
+{
+	if (!set.count) return false;
+	uint hash = rehash(value.hash());
+	for (LinkedEntry *e = set.table[index_for(hash, set.table.len)]; e != null; e = e.next)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(value, e.value)) return true;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+<*
+ Remove a single value from the set.
+
+ @param value : "The value to remove"
+ @return? NOT_FOUND : "If the entry is not found"
+*>
+fn void? LinkedHashSet.remove(&set, Value value) @maydiscard
+{
+	if (!set.remove_entry_for_value(value)) return NOT_FOUND~;
+}
+
+fn usz LinkedHashSet.remove_all(&set, Value[] values)
+{
+	usz total;
+	foreach (v : values)
+	{
+		if (set.remove_entry_for_value(v)) total++;
+	}
+	return total;
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&in] other : "Other set"
+*>
+fn usz LinkedHashSet.remove_all_from(&set, LinkedHashSet* other)
+{
+	usz total;
+	other.@each(;Value val)
+    {
+		if (set.remove_entry_for_value(val)) total++;
+    };
+    return total;
+}
+
+<*
+ Free all memory allocated by the hash set.
+*>
+fn void LinkedHashSet.free(&set)
+{
+	if (!set.is_initialized()) return;
+	set.clear();
+	set.free_internal(set.table.ptr);
+	set.table = {};
+}
+
+<*
+ Clear all elements from the set while keeping the underlying storage
+
+ @ensure set.count == 0
+*>
+fn void LinkedHashSet.clear(&set)
+{
+	if (!set.count) return;
+
+	LinkedEntry* entry = set.head;
+	while (entry)
+	{
+		LinkedEntry* next = entry.after;
+		set.free_entry(entry);
+		entry = next;
+	}
+
+	foreach (LinkedEntry** &bucket : set.table)
+	{
+		*bucket = null;
+	}
+
+	set.count = 0;
+	set.head = null;
+	set.tail = null;
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashSet.reserve(&set, usz capacity)
+{
+	if (capacity > set.threshold)
+	{
+		set.resize(math::next_power_of_2(capacity));
+	}
+}
+
+// --- Set Operations ---
+
+<*
+ Returns the union of two sets (A | B)
+
+ @param [&in] other : "The other set to union with"
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "Allocator for the new set"
+ @return "A new set containing the union of both sets"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashSet LinkedHashSet.set_union(&self, Allocator allocator, LinkedHashSet* other)
+{
+	usz new_capacity = math::next_power_of_2(self.count + other.count);
+	LinkedHashSet result;
+	result.init(allocator, new_capacity, self.load_factor);
+	result.add_all_from(self);
+	result.add_all_from(other);
+	return result;
+}
+
+fn LinkedHashSet LinkedHashSet.tset_union(&self, LinkedHashSet* other) => self.set_union(tmem, other) @inline;
+
+<*
+ Returns the intersection of the two sets (A & B)
+
+ @param [&in] other : "The other set to intersect with"
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "Allocator for the new set"
+ @return "A new set containing the intersection of both sets"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashSet LinkedHashSet.intersection(&self, Allocator allocator, LinkedHashSet* other)
+{
+	LinkedHashSet result;
+	result.init(allocator, math::min(self.table.len, other.table.len), self.load_factor);
+
+	// Iterate through the smaller set for efficiency
+	LinkedHashSet* smaller = self.count <= other.count ? self : other;
+	LinkedHashSet* larger = self.count > other.count ? self : other;
+
+	smaller.@each(;Value value)
+    {
+		if (larger.contains(value)) result.add(value);
+	};
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+fn LinkedHashSet LinkedHashSet.tintersection(&self, LinkedHashSet* other) => self.intersection(tmem, other) @inline;
+
+<*
+ Return this set - other, so (A & ~B)
+
+ @param [&in] other : "The other set to compare with"
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "Allocator for the new set"
+ @return "A new set containing elements in this set but not in the other"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashSet LinkedHashSet.difference(&self, Allocator allocator, LinkedHashSet* other)
+{
+	LinkedHashSet result;
+	result.init(allocator, self.table.len, self.load_factor);
+	self.@each(;Value value)
+	{
+		if (!other.contains(value))
+		{
+			result.add(value);
+		}
+	};
+	return result;
+}
+
+fn LinkedHashSet LinkedHashSet.tdifference(&self, LinkedHashSet* other) => self.difference(tmem, other) @inline;
+
+<*
+ Return (A ^ B)
+
+ @param [&in] other : "The other set to compare with"
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "Allocator for the new set"
+ @return "A new set containing elements in this set or the other, but not both"
+*>
+fn LinkedHashSet LinkedHashSet.symmetric_difference(&self, Allocator allocator, LinkedHashSet* other)
+{
+	LinkedHashSet result;
+	result.init(allocator, self.table.len, self.load_factor);
+	result.add_all_from(self);
+	other.@each(;Value value)
+	{
+		if (!result.add(value))
+		{
+			result.remove(value);
+		}
+	};
+	return result;
+}
+
+fn LinkedHashSet LinkedHashSet.tsymmetric_difference(&self, LinkedHashSet* other) => self.symmetric_difference(tmem, other) @inline;
+
+<*
+ Check if this hash set is a subset of another set.
+
+ @param [&in] other : "The other set to check against"
+ @return "True if all elements of this set are in the other set"
+*>
+fn bool LinkedHashSet.is_subset(&self, LinkedHashSet* other)
+{
+	if (self.count == 0) return true;
+	if (self.count > other.count) return false;
+
+	self.@each(; Value value) {
+		if (!other.contains(value)) return false;
+	};
+	return true;
+}
+
+// --- private methods
+
+fn void LinkedHashSet.add_entry(&set, uint hash, Value value, uint bucket_index) @private
+{
+	LinkedEntry* entry = allocator::new(set.allocator, LinkedEntry, {
+		.hash = hash,
+		.value = value,
+		.next = set.table[bucket_index],
+		.before = set.tail,
+		.after = null
+	});
+
+	// Update bucket chain
+	set.table[bucket_index] = entry;
+
+	// Update linked list
+	if (set.tail)
+	{
+		set.tail.after = entry;
+		entry.before = set.tail;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		set.head = entry;
+	}
+	set.tail = entry;
+
+	if (set.count++ >= set.threshold)
+	{
+		set.resize(set.table.len * 2);
+	}
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashSet.resize(&set, usz new_capacity) @private
+{
+	LinkedEntry*[] old_table = set.table;
+	usz old_capacity = old_table.len;
+
+	if (old_capacity == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
+	{
+		set.threshold = uint.max;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	LinkedEntry*[] new_table = allocator::new_array(set.allocator, LinkedEntry*, new_capacity);
+	set.table = new_table;
+	set.threshold = (uint)(new_capacity * set.load_factor);
+
+	// Rehash all entries - linked list order remains unchanged
+	foreach (uint i, LinkedEntry *e : old_table)
+	{
+		if (!e) continue;
+
+		// Split the bucket chain into two chains based on new bit
+		LinkedEntry* lo_head = null;
+		LinkedEntry* lo_tail = null;
+		LinkedEntry* hi_head = null;
+		LinkedEntry* hi_tail = null;
+
+		do
+		{
+			LinkedEntry* next = e.next;
+			if ((e.hash & old_capacity) == 0)
+			{
+				if (!lo_tail)
+				{
+					lo_head = e;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					lo_tail.next = e;
+				}
+				lo_tail = e;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				if (!hi_tail)
+				{
+					hi_head = e;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					hi_tail.next = e;
+				}
+				hi_tail = e;
+			}
+			e.next = null;
+			e = next;
+		}
+		while (e);
+
+		if (lo_tail)
+		{
+			lo_tail.next = null;
+			new_table[i] = lo_head;
+		}
+		if (hi_tail)
+		{
+			hi_tail.next = null;
+			new_table[i + old_capacity] = hi_head;
+		}
+	}
+
+	set.free_internal(old_table.ptr);
+}
+
+fn usz? LinkedHashSet.to_format(&self, Formatter* f) @dynamic
+{
+	usz len;
+	len += f.print("{ ")!;
+	self.@each(; Value value)
+	{
+		if (len > 2) len += f.print(", ")!;
+		len += f.printf("%s", value)!;
+	};
+	return len + f.print(" }");
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashSet.transfer(&set, LinkedEntry*[] new_table) @private
+{
+	LinkedEntry*[] src = set.table;
+	uint new_capacity = new_table.len;
+	foreach (uint j, LinkedEntry *e : src)
+	{
+		if (!e) continue;
+		do
+		{
+			LinkedEntry* next = e.next;
+			uint i = index_for(e.hash, new_capacity);
+			e.next = new_table[i];
+			new_table[i] = e;
+			e = next;
+		}
+		while (e);
+	}
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashSet.put_for_create(&set, Value value) @private
+{
+	uint hash = rehash(value.hash());
+	uint i = index_for(hash, set.table.len);
+	for (LinkedEntry *e = set.table[i]; e != null; e = e.next)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(value, e.value))
+		{
+			// Value already exists, no need to do anything
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+	set.create_entry(hash, value, i);
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashSet.free_internal(&set, void* ptr) @inline @private
+{
+	allocator::free(set.allocator, ptr);
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashSet.create_entry(&set, uint hash, Value value, int bucket_index) @private
+{
+	LinkedEntry* entry = allocator::new(set.allocator, LinkedEntry, {
+		.hash = hash,
+		.value = value,
+		.next = set.table[bucket_index],
+		.before = set.tail,
+		.after = null
+	});
+
+	set.table[bucket_index] = entry;
+
+	// Update linked list
+	if (set.tail)
+	{
+		set.tail.after = entry;
+		entry.before = set.tail;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		set.head = entry;
+	}
+	set.tail = entry;
+
+	set.count++;
+}
+
+fn bool LinkedHashSet.remove_entry_for_value(&set, Value value) @private
+{
+	if (!set.count) return false;
+
+	uint hash = rehash(value.hash());
+	uint i = index_for(hash, set.table.len);
+	LinkedEntry* prev = null;
+	LinkedEntry* e = set.table[i];
+
+	while (e)
+	{
+		if (e.hash == hash && equals(value, e.value))
+		{
+			if (prev)
+			{
+				prev.next = e.next;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				set.table[i] = e.next;
+			}
+
+			if (e.before)
+			{
+				e.before.after = e.after;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				set.head = e.after;
+			}
+
+			if (e.after)
+			{
+				e.after.before = e.before;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				set.tail = e.before;
+			}
+
+			set.count--;
+			set.free_entry(e);
+			return true;
+		}
+		prev = e;
+		e = e.next;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+fn void LinkedHashSet.free_entry(&set, LinkedEntry *entry) @private
+{
+	allocator::free(set.allocator, entry);
+}
+
+struct LinkedHashSetIterator
+{
+	LinkedHashSet* set;
+	LinkedEntry* current;
+	bool started;
+}
+
+fn LinkedHashSetIterator LinkedHashSet.iter(&set) => { .set = set, .current = set.head, .started = false };
+
+fn bool LinkedHashSetIterator.next(&self)
+{
+	if (!self.started)
+	{
+		self.current = self.set.head;
+		self.started = true;
+	}
+	else if (self.current)
+	{
+		self.current = self.current.after;
+	}
+	return self.current != null;
+}
+
+fn Value*? LinkedHashSetIterator.get(&self)
+{
+	return self.current ? &self.current.value : NOT_FOUND~;
+}
+
+fn bool LinkedHashSetIterator.has_next(&self)
+{
+	if (!self.started) return self.set.head != null;
+	return self.current && self.current.after != null;
+}
+
+fn usz LinkedHashSetIterator.len(&self) @operator(len)
+{
+    return self.set.count;
+}
+
+int dummy @local;

lib/std/collections/linkedlist.c3

@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2021-2024 Christoffer Lerno. All rights reserved.
 // Use of self source code is governed by the MIT license
 // a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
-module std::collections::linkedlist{Type};
+module std::collections::linkedlist <Type>;
+import std::io;
 
 const ELEMENT_IS_EQUATABLE = types::is_equatable_type(Type);
 
-struct Node @private
+struct Node
 {
-	Node *next;
-	Node *prev;
+	Node* next;
+	Node* prev;
 	Type value;
 }
 
@@ -16,8 +17,31 @@ struct LinkedList
 {
 	Allocator allocator;
 	usz size;
-	Node *_first;
-	Node *_last;
+	Node* _first;
+	Node* _last;
+}
+
+fn usz? LinkedList.to_format(&self, Formatter* f) @dynamic
+{
+	usz len = f.print("{ ")!;
+	for (Node* node = self._first; node != null; node = node.next)
+	{
+		len += f.printf(node.next ? "%s, " : "%s", node.value)!;
+	}
+	return len + f.print(" }");
+}
+
+macro LinkedList @new(Allocator allocator, Type[] #default_values = {})
+{
+	LinkedList new_list;
+	new_list.init(allocator);
+	new_list.push_all(#default_values);
+	return new_list;
+}
+
+macro LinkedList @tnew(Type[] #default_values = {})
+{
+	return @new(tmem, #default_values);
 }
 
 <*
@@ -68,6 +92,11 @@ fn void LinkedList.push_front(&self, Type value)
 	self.size++;
 }
 
+fn void LinkedList.push_front_all(&self, Type[] value)
+{
+	foreach_r (v : value) self.push_front(v);
+}
+
 fn void LinkedList.push(&self, Type value)
 {
 	Node *last = self._last;
@@ -85,18 +114,23 @@ fn void LinkedList.push(&self, Type value)
 	self.size++;
 }
 
+fn void LinkedList.push_all(&self, Type[] value)
+{
+	foreach (v : value) self.push(v);
+}
+
 fn Type? LinkedList.peek(&self) => self.first() @inline;
 fn Type? LinkedList.peek_last(&self) => self.last() @inline;
 
 fn Type? LinkedList.first(&self)
 {
-	if (!self._first) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+	if (!self._first) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
 	return self._first.value;
 }
 
 fn Type? LinkedList.last(&self)
 {
-	if (!self._last) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+	if (!self._last) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
 	return self._last.value;
 }
 
@@ -133,6 +167,7 @@ macro Node* LinkedList.node_at_index(&self, usz index)
 	while (index--) node = node.next;
 	return node;
 }
+
 <*
  @require index < self.size
 *>
@@ -141,6 +176,14 @@ fn Type LinkedList.get(&self, usz index)
 	return self.node_at_index(index).value;
 }
 
+<*
+ @require index < self.size
+*>
+fn Type* LinkedList.get_ref(&self, usz index)
+{
+	return &self.node_at_index(index).value;
+}
+
 <*
  @require index < self.size
 *>
@@ -149,6 +192,26 @@ fn void LinkedList.set(&self, usz index, Type element)
 	self.node_at_index(index).value = element;
 }
 
+fn usz? LinkedList.index_of(&self, Type t) @if(ELEMENT_IS_EQUATABLE)
+{
+	for (Node* node = self._first, usz i = 0; node != null; node = node.next, ++i)
+	{
+		if (node.value == t) return i;
+	}
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
+}
+
+fn usz? LinkedList.rindex_of(&self, Type t) @if(ELEMENT_IS_EQUATABLE)
+{
+	for (Node* node = self._last, usz i = self.size - 1; node != null; node = node.prev, --i)
+	{
+		if (node.value == t) return i;
+		if (i == 0) break;
+	}
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
+}
+
+
 <*
  @require index < self.size
 *>
@@ -233,7 +296,7 @@ fn usz LinkedList.remove(&self, Type t) @if(ELEMENT_IS_EQUATABLE)
 
 fn Type? LinkedList.pop(&self)
 {
-	if (!self._last) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+	if (!self._last) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
 	defer self.unlink_last();
 	return self._last.value;
 }
@@ -245,20 +308,20 @@ fn bool LinkedList.is_empty(&self)
 
 fn Type? LinkedList.pop_front(&self)
 {
-	if (!self._first) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+	if (!self._first) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
 	defer self.unlink_first();
 	return self._first.value;
 }
 
 fn void? LinkedList.remove_last(&self) @maydiscard
 {
-	if (!self._first) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+	if (!self._first) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
 	self.unlink_last();
 }
 
 fn void? LinkedList.remove_first(&self) @maydiscard
 {
-	if (!self._first) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+	if (!self._first) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
 	self.unlink_first();
 }
 
@@ -334,3 +397,69 @@ fn void LinkedList.unlink(&self, Node* x) @private
 	self.free_node(x);
 	self.size--;
 }
+
+
+macro bool LinkedList.eq(&self, other) @operator(==) @if(ELEMENT_IS_EQUATABLE)
+{
+	Node* node1 = self._first;
+	Node* node2 = other._first;
+	while (true)
+	{
+		if (!node1) return node2 == null;
+		if (!node2) return false;
+		if (node1.value != node2.value) return false;
+		node1 = node1.next;
+		node2 = node2.next;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+fn LinkedListArrayView LinkedList.array_view(&self)
+{
+	return { .list = self, .current_node = self._first };
+}
+
+
+struct LinkedListArrayView
+{
+	LinkedList* list;
+	Node* current_node;
+	usz current_index;
+}
+
+fn usz LinkedListArrayView.len(&self) @operator(len) => self.list.size;
+
+<*
+ @require index < self.list.size
+*>
+fn Type LinkedListArrayView.get(&self, usz index) @operator([])
+{
+	return *self.get_ref(index);
+}
+
+<*
+ @require index < self.list.size
+*>
+fn Type* LinkedListArrayView.get_ref(&self, usz index) @operator(&[])
+{
+	if (index == self.list.size - 1)
+	{
+		self.current_node = self.list._last;
+		self.current_index = index;
+	}
+
+	while (self.current_index != index)
+	{
+		switch
+		{
+			case index < self.current_index:   // reverse iteration
+				self.current_node = self.current_node.prev;
+				self.current_index--;
+			case index > self.current_index:
+				self.current_node = self.current_node.next;
+				self.current_index++;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &self.current_node.value;
+}

lib/std/collections/list.c3

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2021-2024 Christoffer Lerno. All rights reserved.
 // Use of self source code is governed by the MIT license
 // a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
-module std::collections::list{Type};
+module std::collections::list <Type>;
 import std::io, std::math, std::collections::list_common;
 
 alias ElementPredicate = fn bool(Type *type);
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ const Allocator LIST_HEAP_ALLOCATOR = (Allocator)&dummy;
 
 const List ONHEAP = { .allocator = LIST_HEAP_ALLOCATOR };
 
-macro type_is_overaligned() => Type.alignof > mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT;
+macro bool type_is_overaligned() => Type.alignof > mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT;
 
 struct List (Printable)
 {
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ fn List* List.tinit(&self, usz initial_capacity = 16)
 fn List* List.init_with_array(&self, Allocator allocator, Type[] values)
 {
 	self.init(allocator, values.len) @inline;
-	self.add_array(values) @inline;
+	self.push_all(values) @inline;
 	return self;
 }
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ fn List* List.init_with_array(&self, Allocator allocator, Type[] values)
 fn List* List.tinit_with_array(&self, Type[] values)
 {
 	self.tinit(values.len) @inline;
-	self.add_array(values) @inline;
+	self.push_all(values) @inline;
 	return self;
 }
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ fn void List.push(&self, Type element) @inline
 
 fn Type? List.pop(&self)
 {
-	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
 	defer self.set_size(self.size - 1);
 	return self.entries[self.size - 1];
 }
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ fn void List.clear(&self)
 
 fn Type? List.pop_first(&self)
 {
-	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
 	defer self.remove_at(0);
 	return self.entries[0];
 }
@@ -137,9 +137,10 @@ fn Type? List.pop_first(&self)
 *>
 fn void List.remove_at(&self, usz index)
 {
-	self.set_size(self.size - 1);
-	if (!self.size || index == self.size) return;
-	self.entries[index .. self.size - 1] = self.entries[index + 1 .. self.size];
+	usz new_size = self.size - 1;
+	defer self.set_size(new_size);
+	if (!new_size || index == new_size) return;
+	self.entries[index .. new_size - 1] = self.entries[index + 1 .. new_size];
 }
 
 fn void List.add_all(&self, List* other_list)
@@ -198,7 +199,21 @@ fn Type[] List.array_view(&self)
  @param [in] array
  @ensure self.size >= array.len
 *>
-fn void List.add_array(&self, Type[] array)
+fn void List.add_array(&self, Type[] array) @deprecated("Use push_all")
+{
+	if (!array.len) return;
+	self.reserve(array.len);
+	usz index = self.set_size(self.size + array.len);
+	self.entries[index : array.len] = array[..];
+}
+
+<*
+ Add the values of an array to this list.
+
+ @param [in] array
+ @ensure self.size >= array.len
+*>
+fn void List.push_all(&self, Type[] array)
 {
 	if (!array.len) return;
 	self.reserve(array.len);
@@ -235,25 +250,25 @@ fn void List.set_at(&self, usz index, Type type)
 
 fn void? List.remove_last(&self) @maydiscard
 {
-	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
 	self.set_size(self.size - 1);
 }
 
 fn void? List.remove_first(&self) @maydiscard
 {
-	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
 	self.remove_at(0);
 }
 
 fn Type? List.first(&self)
 {
-	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
 	return self.entries[0];
 }
 
 fn Type? List.last(&self)
 {
-	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+	if (!self.size) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
 	return self.entries[self.size - 1];
 }
 
@@ -446,22 +461,22 @@ macro void List.post_alloc(&self) @private
 // Functions for equatable types
 
 
-fn usz? List.index_of(&self, Type type) @if(ELEMENT_IS_EQUATABLE)
+fn usz? List.index_of(&self, Type type) @if (ELEMENT_IS_EQUATABLE)
 {
 	foreach (i, v : self)
 	{
 		if (equals(v, type)) return i;
 	}
-	return NOT_FOUND?;
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
 }
 
-fn usz? List.rindex_of(&self, Type type) @if(ELEMENT_IS_EQUATABLE)
+fn usz? List.rindex_of(&self, Type type) @if (ELEMENT_IS_EQUATABLE)
 {
 	foreach_r (i, v : self)
 	{
 		if (equals(v, type)) return i;
 	}
-	return NOT_FOUND?;
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
 }
 
 fn bool List.equals(&self, List other_list) @if(ELEMENT_IS_EQUATABLE)
@@ -517,7 +532,8 @@ fn bool List.remove_first_item(&self, Type value) @if(ELEMENT_IS_EQUATABLE)
 fn usz List.remove_item(&self, Type value) @if(ELEMENT_IS_EQUATABLE)
 {
 	usz old_size = self.size;
-	defer {
+	defer
+	{
 		if (old_size != self.size) self._update_size_change(old_size, self.size);
 	}
 	return list_common::list_remove_item(self, value);

lib/std/collections/maybe.c3

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-module std::collections::maybe{Type};
+module std::collections::maybe <Type>;
 import std::io;
 
 struct Maybe (Printable)
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ const Maybe EMPTY = { };
 
 macro Type? Maybe.get(self)
 {
-	return self.has_value ? self.value : NOT_FOUND?;
+	return self.has_value ? self.value : NOT_FOUND~;
 }
 
 fn bool Maybe.equals(self, Maybe other) @operator(==) @if(types::is_equatable_type(Type))

lib/std/collections/object.c3

@@ -178,17 +178,14 @@ fn void Object.init_array_if_needed(&self) @private
 fn void Object.set_object(&self, String key, Object* new_object) @private
 {
 	self.init_map_if_needed();
-	ObjectInternalMapEntry*? entry = self.map.get_entry(key);
-	defer
-	{
-		(void)entry.value.free();
-	}
+	Object*? val = self.map.get_entry(key).value;
+	defer (void)val.free();
 	self.map.set(key, new_object);
 }
 
 <*
  @require self.allocator != null : "This object is not properly initialized, was it really created using 'new'"
- @require !@typeis(value, void*) ||| value == null : "void pointers cannot be stored in an object"
+ @require $typeof(value) != void* ||| value == null : "void pointers cannot be stored in an object"
 *>
 macro Object* Object.object_from_value(&self, value) @private
 {
@@ -206,7 +203,7 @@ macro Object* Object.object_from_value(&self, value) @private
 			return value;
 		$case $Type.typeid == void*.typeid:
 			return &NULL_OBJECT;
-		$case $assignable(value, String):
+		$case $defined(String x = value):
 			return new_string(value, self.allocator);
 		$default:
 			$error "Unsupported object type.";
@@ -245,8 +242,7 @@ macro Object* Object.push(&self, value)
 <*
  @require self.is_keyable()
 *>
-fn Object*? Object.get(&self, String key) => self.is_empty() ? NOT_FOUND? : self.map.get(key);
-
+fn Object*? Object.get(&self, String key) => self.is_empty() ? NOT_FOUND~ : self.map.get(key);
 
 fn bool Object.has_key(&self, String key) => self.is_map() && self.map.has_key(key);
 
@@ -311,7 +307,7 @@ macro get_integer_value(Object* value, $Type)
 			return ($Type)value.s.to_uint128();
 		$endif
 	}
-	if (!value.is_int()) return string::MALFORMED_INTEGER?;
+	if (!value.is_int()) return string::MALFORMED_INTEGER~;
 	return ($Type)value.i;
 }
 
@@ -364,7 +360,7 @@ fn uint128? Object.get_uint128_at(&self, usz index) => self.get_integer_at(uint1
 fn String? Object.get_string(&self, String key)
 {
 	Object* value = self.get(key)!;
-	if (!value.is_string()) return TYPE_MISMATCH?;
+	if (!value.is_string()) return TYPE_MISMATCH~;
 	return value.s;
 }
 
@@ -374,7 +370,7 @@ fn String? Object.get_string(&self, String key)
 fn String? Object.get_string_at(&self, usz index)
 {
 	Object* value = self.get_at(index);
-	if (!value.is_string()) return TYPE_MISMATCH?;
+	if (!value.is_string()) return TYPE_MISMATCH~;
 	return value.s;
 }
 
@@ -384,7 +380,7 @@ fn String? Object.get_string_at(&self, usz index)
 macro String? Object.get_enum(&self, $EnumType, String key)
 {
 	Object value = self.get(key)!;
-	if ($EnumType.typeid != value.type) return TYPE_MISMATCH?;
+	if ($EnumType.typeid != value.type) return TYPE_MISMATCH~;
 	return ($EnumType)value.i;
 }
 
@@ -394,7 +390,7 @@ macro String? Object.get_enum(&self, $EnumType, String key)
 macro String? Object.get_enum_at(&self, $EnumType, usz index)
 {
 	Object value = self.get_at(index);
-	if ($EnumType.typeid != value.type) return TYPE_MISMATCH?;
+	if ($EnumType.typeid != value.type) return TYPE_MISMATCH~;
 	return ($EnumType)value.i;
 }
 
@@ -404,7 +400,7 @@ macro String? Object.get_enum_at(&self, $EnumType, usz index)
 fn bool? Object.get_bool(&self, String key)
 {
 	Object* value = self.get(key)!;
-	if (!value.is_bool()) return TYPE_MISMATCH?;
+	if (!value.is_bool()) return TYPE_MISMATCH~;
 	return value.b;
 }
 
@@ -415,7 +411,7 @@ fn bool? Object.get_bool(&self, String key)
 fn bool? Object.get_bool_at(&self, usz index)
 {
 	Object* value = self.get_at(index);
-	if (!value.is_bool()) return TYPE_MISMATCH?;
+	if (!value.is_bool()) return TYPE_MISMATCH~;
 	return value.b;
 }
 
@@ -434,7 +430,7 @@ fn double? Object.get_float(&self, String key)
 		case FLOAT:
 			return value.f;
 		default:
-			return TYPE_MISMATCH?;
+			return TYPE_MISMATCH~;
 	}
 }
 
@@ -453,7 +449,7 @@ fn double? Object.get_float_at(&self, usz index)
 		case FLOAT:
 			return value.f;
 		default:
-			return TYPE_MISMATCH?;
+			return TYPE_MISMATCH~;
 	}
 }
 

lib/std/collections/priorityqueue.c3

@@ -20,16 +20,13 @@
 //  LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 //  OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
 //  SOFTWARE.
-module std::collections::priorityqueue{Type};
-import std::collections::priorityqueue::private;
-
-typedef PriorityQueue = inline PrivatePriorityQueue{Type, false};
-typedef PriorityQueueMax = inline PrivatePriorityQueue{Type, true};
-
-module std::collections::priorityqueue::private{Type, MAX};
+module std::collections::priorityqueue;
 import std::collections::list, std::io;
 
-struct PrivatePriorityQueue (Printable)
+typedef PriorityQueue <Type> = inline PrivatePriorityQueue{Type, false};
+typedef PriorityQueueMax <Type> = inline PrivatePriorityQueue{Type, true};
+
+struct PrivatePriorityQueue (Printable) <Type, MAX>
 {
 	List{Type} heap;
 }
@@ -86,7 +83,7 @@ fn Type? PrivatePriorityQueue.pop(&self)
 {
 	usz i = 0;
 	usz len = self.heap.len();
-	if (!len) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+	if (!len) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
 	usz new_count = len - 1;
 	self.heap.swap(0, new_count);
 	while OUTER: ((2 * i + 1) < new_count)

lib/std/collections/range.c3

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <*
  @require Type.is_ordered : "The type must be ordered"
 *>
-module std::collections::range{Type};
+module std::collections::range <Type>;
 import std::io;
 
 struct Range (Printable)

lib/std/collections/ringbuffer.c3

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <*
  @require Type.kindof == ARRAY : "Required an array type"
 *>
-module std::collections::ringbuffer{Type};
+module std::collections::ringbuffer <Type>;
 import std::io;
 
 alias Element = $typeof((Type){}[0]);
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn Element? RingBuffer.pop(&self)
 	switch
 	{
 		case self.written == 0:
-			return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+			return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
 		case self.written < self.buf.len:
 			self.written--;
 			return self.buf[self.written];

lib/std/collections/tuple.c3

@@ -1,16 +1,72 @@
-module std::collections::tuple{Type1, Type2};
+module std::collections::pair <Type1, Type2>;
+import std::io;
 
-struct Tuple
+struct Pair (Printable)
 {
 	Type1 first;
 	Type2 second;
 }
 
-module std::collections::triple{Type1, Type2, Type3};
+fn usz? Pair.to_format(&self, Formatter* f) @dynamic
+{
+	return f.printf("{ %s, %s }", self.first, self.second);
+}
 
-struct Triple
+<*
+ @param [&out] a
+ @param [&out] b
+ @require $defined(*a = self.first) : "You cannot assign the first value to a"
+ @require $defined(*b = self.second) : "You cannot assign the second value to b"
+*>
+macro void Pair.unpack(&self, a, b)
+{
+	*a = self.first;
+	*b = self.second;
+}
+
+fn bool Pair.equal(self, Pair other) @operator(==) @if (types::has_equals(Type1) &&& types::has_equals(Type2))
+{
+	return self.first == other.first && self.second == other.second;
+}
+
+module std::collections::triple <Type1, Type2, Type3>;
+import std::io;
+
+struct Triple (Printable)
 {
 	Type1 first;
 	Type2 second;
 	Type3 third;
+}
+
+fn usz? Triple.to_format(&self, Formatter* f) @dynamic
+{
+	return f.printf("{ %s, %s, %s }", self.first, self.second, self.third);
+}
+<*
+ @param [&out] a
+ @param [&out] b
+ @param [&out] c
+ @require $defined(*a = self.first) : "You cannot assign the first value to a"
+ @require $defined(*b = self.second) : "You cannot assign the second value to b"
+ @require $defined(*c = self.third) : "You cannot assign the second value to c"
+*>
+macro void Triple.unpack(&self, a, b, c)
+{
+	*a = self.first;
+	*b = self.second;
+	*c = self.third;
+}
+
+fn bool Triple.equal(self, Triple other) @operator(==) @if (types::has_equals(Type1) &&& types::has_equals(Type2) &&& types::has_equals(Type3))
+{
+	return self.first == other.first && self.second == other.second && self.third == other.third;
+}
+
+module std::collections::tuple <Type1, Type2>;
+
+struct Tuple @deprecated("Use 'Pair' instead")
+{
+	Type1 first;
+	Type2 second;
 }

lib/std/compression/qoi.c3

@@ -7,10 +7,12 @@ const uint PIXELS_MAX = 400000000;
  Purely informative. It will be saved to the file header,
  but does not affect how chunks are en-/decoded.
 *>
-enum QOIColorspace : char (char id)
+enum QOIColorspace : const char
 {
-	SRGB = 0, 	// sRGB with linear alpha
-	LINEAR = 1 	// all channels linear
+	<* sRGB with linear alpha *>
+	SRGB = 0,
+	<* all channels linear *>
+	LINEAR = 1
 }
 
 <*
@@ -19,7 +21,7 @@ enum QOIColorspace : char (char id)
  AUTO can be used when decoding to automatically determine
  the channels from the file's header.
 *>
-enum QOIChannels : char (char id)
+enum QOIChannels : const inline char
 {
 	AUTO = 0,
 	RGB = 3,
@@ -98,7 +100,7 @@ fn usz? write(String filename, char[] input, QOIDesc* desc) => @pool()
 fn char[]? read(Allocator allocator, String filename, QOIDesc* desc, QOIChannels channels = AUTO) => @pool()
 {
 	// read file
-	char[] data = file::load_temp(filename) ?? FILE_OPEN_FAILED?!;
+	char[] data = file::load_temp(filename) ?? FILE_OPEN_FAILED~!;
 	// pass data to decode function
 	return decode(allocator, data, desc, channels);
 }
@@ -126,14 +128,14 @@ import std::bits;
 fn char[]? encode(Allocator allocator, char[] input, QOIDesc* desc) @nodiscard
 {
 	// check info in desc
-	if (desc.width == 0 || desc.height == 0) return INVALID_PARAMETERS?;
-	if (desc.channels == AUTO) return INVALID_PARAMETERS?;
+	if (desc.width == 0 || desc.height == 0) return INVALID_PARAMETERS~;
+	if (desc.channels == AUTO) return INVALID_PARAMETERS~;
 	uint pixels = desc.width * desc.height;
-	if (pixels > PIXELS_MAX) return TOO_MANY_PIXELS?;
+	if (pixels > PIXELS_MAX) return TOO_MANY_PIXELS~;
 	
 	// check input data size
-	uint image_size = pixels * desc.channels.id;
-	if (image_size != input.len) return INVALID_DATA?;
+	uint image_size = pixels * desc.channels;
+	if (image_size != input.len) return INVALID_DATA~;
 
 	// allocate memory for encoded data (output)
 	// header + chunk tag and RGB(A) data for each pixel + end of stream
@@ -146,13 +148,13 @@ fn char[]? encode(Allocator allocator, char[] input, QOIDesc* desc) @nodiscard
 		.be_magic = bswap('qoif'),
 		.be_width = bswap(desc.width),
 		.be_height = bswap(desc.height),
-		.channels = desc.channels.id,
-		.colorspace = desc.colorspace.id
+		.channels = desc.channels,
+		.colorspace = desc.colorspace
 	};
 
 	uint pos = Header.sizeof; 	// Current position in output
 	uint loc;					// Current position in image (top-left corner)
-	uint loc_end = image_size - desc.channels.id; // End of image data
+	uint loc_end = image_size - desc.channels; // End of image data
 	char run_length = 0; 		// Length of the current run
 	
 	Pixel[64] palette; // Zero-initialized by default
@@ -163,7 +165,7 @@ fn char[]? encode(Allocator allocator, char[] input, QOIDesc* desc) @nodiscard
 	ichar[<3>] luma; // ...and luma
 
 	// write chunks
-	for (loc = 0; loc < image_size; loc += desc.channels.id)
+	for (loc = 0; loc < image_size; loc += desc.channels)
 	{
 		// set previous pixel
 		prev = p;
@@ -281,27 +283,27 @@ fn char[]? encode(Allocator allocator, char[] input, QOIDesc* desc) @nodiscard
 fn char[]? decode(Allocator allocator, char[] data, QOIDesc* desc, QOIChannels channels = AUTO) @nodiscard
 {
 	// check input data
-	if (data.len < Header.sizeof + END_OF_STREAM.len) return INVALID_DATA?;
+	if (data.len < Header.sizeof + END_OF_STREAM.len) return INVALID_DATA~;
 
 	// get header
 	Header* header = (Header*)data.ptr;
 
 	// check magic bytes (FourCC)
-	if (bswap(header.be_magic) != 'qoif') return INVALID_DATA?;
+	if (bswap(header.be_magic) != 'qoif') return INVALID_DATA~;
 
 	// copy header data to desc
-	desc.width = bswap(header.be_width);
-	desc.height = bswap(header.be_height);
-	desc.channels = @enumcast(QOIChannels, header.channels)!; 			// Rethrow if invalid
-	desc.colorspace = @enumcast(QOIColorspace, header.colorspace)!;	// Rethrow if invalid
-	if (desc.channels == AUTO) return INVALID_DATA?; // Channels must be specified in the header
+	uint width = desc.width = bswap(header.be_width);
+	uint height = desc.height = bswap(header.be_height);
+	QOIChannels desc_channels = desc.channels = header.channels;
+	desc.colorspace = header.colorspace;
+	if (desc_channels == AUTO) return INVALID_DATA~; // Channels must be specified in the header
 
 	// check width and height
-	if (desc.width == 0 || desc.height == 0) return INVALID_DATA?;
+	if (width == 0 || height == 0) return INVALID_DATA~;
 
 	// check pixel count
-	ulong pixels = (ulong)desc.width * (ulong)desc.height;
-	if (pixels > PIXELS_MAX) return TOO_MANY_PIXELS?;
+	ulong pixels = (ulong)width * (ulong)height;
+	if (pixels > PIXELS_MAX) return TOO_MANY_PIXELS~;
 
 	uint pos = Header.sizeof; 	// Current position in data
 	uint loc;					// Current position in image (top-left corner)
@@ -311,14 +313,14 @@ fn char[]? decode(Allocator allocator, char[] data, QOIDesc* desc, QOIChannels c
 	Pixel[64] palette; // Zero-initialized by default
 	Pixel p = { 0, 0, 0, 255 };
 
-	if (channels == AUTO) channels = desc.channels;
+	if (channels == AUTO) channels = desc_channels;
 	
 	// allocate memory for image data
-	usz image_size = (usz)pixels * channels.id;
+	usz image_size = (usz)pixels * channels;
 	char[] image = allocator::alloc_array(allocator, char, image_size);
 	defer catch allocator::free(allocator, image);
 
-	for (loc = 0; loc < image_size; loc += channels.id)
+	for (loc = 0; loc < image_size; loc += channels)
 	{
 		// get chunk tag
 		tag = data[pos];
@@ -391,31 +393,22 @@ const OP_RUN = 0b11;
 
 struct Header @packed
 {
-	uint be_magic;	// magic bytes "qoif"
-	uint be_width;	// image width in pixels (BE)
-	uint be_height;	// image height in pixels (BE)
+	<* magic bytes "qoif" *>
+	uint be_magic;
+	<* image width in pixels (BE) *>
+	uint be_width;
+	<* image height in pixels (BE) *>
+	uint be_height;
 
 	// informative fields
-	char channels;	// 3 = RGB, 4 = RGB
-	char colorspace;	// 0 = sRGB with linear alpha, 1 = all channels linear
+	<* 3 = RGB, 4 = RGB *>
+	QOIChannels channels;
+	<* 0 = sRGB with linear alpha, 1 = all channels linear *>
+	QOIColorspace colorspace;
 }
 
 const char[*] END_OF_STREAM = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1};
 
-// inefficient, but it's only run once at a time
-
-<*
- @return? INVALID_DATA
-*>
-macro @enumcast($Type, raw)
-{
-	foreach (value : $Type.values)
-	{
-		if (value.id == raw) return value;
-	}
-	return INVALID_DATA?;
-}
-
 typedef Pixel = inline char[<4>];
 macro char Pixel.hash(Pixel p)
 {

lib/std/core/allocators/arena_allocator.c3

@@ -90,12 +90,12 @@ fn void*? ArenaAllocator.acquire(&self, usz size, AllocInitType init_type, usz a
 {
 	alignment = alignment_for_allocation(alignment);
 	usz total_len = self.data.len;
-	if (size > total_len) return mem::INVALID_ALLOC_SIZE?;
+	if (size > total_len) return mem::INVALID_ALLOC_SIZE~;
 	void* start_mem = self.data.ptr;
 	void* unaligned_pointer_to_offset = start_mem + self.used + ArenaAllocatorHeader.sizeof;
 	void* mem = mem::aligned_pointer(unaligned_pointer_to_offset, alignment);
 	usz end = (usz)(mem - self.data.ptr) + size;
-	if (end > total_len) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+	if (end > total_len) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
 	self.used = end;
 	ArenaAllocatorHeader* header = mem - ArenaAllocatorHeader.sizeof;
 	header.size = size;
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ fn void*? ArenaAllocator.resize(&self, void *old_pointer, usz size, usz alignmen
 	alignment = alignment_for_allocation(alignment);
 	assert(old_pointer >= self.data.ptr, "Pointer originates from a different allocator.");
 	usz total_len = self.data.len;
-	if (size > total_len) return mem::INVALID_ALLOC_SIZE?;
+	if (size > total_len) return mem::INVALID_ALLOC_SIZE~;
 	ArenaAllocatorHeader* header = old_pointer - ArenaAllocatorHeader.sizeof;
 	usz old_size = header.size;
 	// Do last allocation and alignment match?
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ fn void*? ArenaAllocator.resize(&self, void *old_pointer, usz size, usz alignmen
 		else
 		{
 			usz new_used = self.used + size - old_size;
-			if (new_used > total_len) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+			if (new_used > total_len) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
 			self.used = new_used;
 		}
 		header.size = size;
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ fn void*? ArenaAllocator.resize(&self, void *old_pointer, usz size, usz alignmen
 	}
 	// Otherwise just allocate new memory.
 	void* mem = self.acquire(size, NO_ZERO, alignment)!;
-	mem::copy(mem, old_pointer, old_size, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
+	mem::copy(mem, old_pointer, math::min(size, old_size), mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
 	return mem;
 }
 

lib/std/core/allocators/backed_arena_allocator.c3

@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ fn void*? BackedArenaAllocator.resize(&self, void* pointer, usz size, usz alignm
 	}
 
 	AllocChunk* data = self.acquire(size, NO_ZERO, alignment)!;
-	mem::copy(data, pointer, chunk.size, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
+	mem::copy(data, pointer, math::min(size, chunk.size), mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
 
 	return data;
 }

lib/std/core/allocators/dynamic_arena.c3

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import std::math;
 
  The advantage over the BackedArenaAllocator, is that when allocating beyond the first "page", it will
  retain the characteristics of an arena allocator (allocating a large piece of memory then handing off
- memory from that memory), wheras the BackedArenaAllocator will have heap allocator characteristics.
+ memory from that memory), whereas the BackedArenaAllocator will have heap allocator characteristics.
 *>
 struct DynamicArenaAllocator (Allocator)
 {
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ fn void*? DynamicArenaAllocator.resize(&self, void* old_pointer, usz size, usz a
 		return old_pointer;
 	}
 	void* new_mem = self.acquire(size, NO_ZERO, alignment)!;
-	mem::copy(new_mem, old_pointer, old_size, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
+	mem::copy(new_mem, old_pointer, math::min(old_size, size), mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
 	return new_mem;
 }
 
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ fn void*? DynamicArenaAllocator._alloc_new(&self, usz size, usz alignment) @loca
 	if (catch err = page)
 	{
 		allocator::free(self.backing_allocator, mem);
-		return err?;
+		return err~;
 	}
 	page.memory = mem;
 	void* mem_start = mem::aligned_pointer(mem + DynamicArenaChunk.sizeof, alignment);

lib/std/core/allocators/libc_allocator.c3

@@ -8,12 +8,9 @@ import libc;
 <*
  The LibcAllocator is a wrapper around malloc to conform to the Allocator interface.
 *>
-typedef LibcAllocator (Allocator, Printable) = uptr;
+typedef LibcAllocator (Allocator) = uptr;
 const LibcAllocator LIBC_ALLOCATOR = {};
 
-fn String LibcAllocator.to_string(&self, Allocator allocator) @dynamic => "Libc allocator".copy(allocator);
-fn usz? LibcAllocator.to_format(&self, Formatter *format) @dynamic => format.print("Libc allocator");
-
 module std::core::mem::allocator @if(env::POSIX);
 import std::os;
 import libc;
@@ -26,22 +23,22 @@ fn void*? LibcAllocator.acquire(&self, usz bytes, AllocInitType init_type, usz a
 		void* data @noinit;
 		if (alignment > mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT)
 		{
-			if (posix::posix_memalign(&data, alignment, bytes)) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+			if (posix::posix_memalign(&data, alignment, bytes)) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
 			mem::clear(data, bytes, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
 			return data;
 		}
-		return libc::calloc(1, bytes) ?: mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+		return libc::calloc(1, bytes) ?: mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
 	}
 	else
 	{
 		void* data @noinit;
 		if (alignment > mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT)
 		{
-			if (posix::posix_memalign(&data, alignment, bytes)) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+			if (posix::posix_memalign(&data, alignment, bytes)) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			if (!(data = libc::malloc(bytes))) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+			if (!(data = libc::malloc(bytes))) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
 		}
 		$if env::TESTING:
 			for (usz i = 0; i < bytes; i++) ((char*)data)[i] = 0xAA;
@@ -52,9 +49,9 @@ fn void*? LibcAllocator.acquire(&self, usz bytes, AllocInitType init_type, usz a
 
 fn void*? LibcAllocator.resize(&self, void* old_ptr, usz new_bytes, usz alignment) @dynamic
 {
-	if (alignment <= mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT) return libc::realloc(old_ptr, new_bytes) ?: mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+	if (alignment <= mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT) return libc::realloc(old_ptr, new_bytes) ?: mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
 	void* new_ptr;
-	if (posix::posix_memalign(&new_ptr, alignment, new_bytes)) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+	if (posix::posix_memalign(&new_ptr, alignment, new_bytes)) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
 
 	$switch:
 	$case env::DARWIN:
@@ -86,12 +83,12 @@ fn void*? LibcAllocator.acquire(&self, usz bytes, AllocInitType init_type, usz a
 	{
 		if (alignment > 0)
 		{
-			return win32::_aligned_recalloc(null, 1, bytes, alignment) ?: mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+			return win32::_aligned_recalloc(null, 1, bytes, alignment) ?: mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
 		}
-		return libc::calloc(1, bytes) ?: mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+		return libc::calloc(1, bytes) ?: mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
 	}
 	void* data = alignment > 0 ? win32::_aligned_malloc(bytes, alignment) : libc::malloc(bytes);
-	if (!data) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+	if (!data) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
 	$if env::TESTING:
 		for (usz i = 0; i < bytes; i++) ((char*)data)[i] = 0xAA;
 	$endif
@@ -102,9 +99,9 @@ fn void*? LibcAllocator.resize(&self, void* old_ptr, usz new_bytes, usz alignmen
 {
 	if (alignment)
 	{
-		return win32::_aligned_realloc(old_ptr, new_bytes, alignment) ?: mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+		return win32::_aligned_realloc(old_ptr, new_bytes, alignment) ?: mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
 	}
-	return libc::realloc(old_ptr, new_bytes) ?: mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+	return libc::realloc(old_ptr, new_bytes) ?: mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
 }
 
 fn void LibcAllocator.release(&self, void* old_ptr, bool aligned) @dynamic
@@ -125,12 +122,12 @@ fn void*? LibcAllocator.acquire(&self, usz bytes, AllocInitType init_type, usz a
 	if (init_type == ZERO)
 	{
 		void* data = alignment ? @aligned_alloc(fn void*(usz bytes) => libc::calloc(bytes, 1), bytes, alignment)!! : libc::calloc(bytes, 1);
-		return data ?: mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+		return data ?: mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
 	}
 	else
 	{
 		void* data = alignment ? @aligned_alloc(libc::malloc, bytes, alignment)!! : libc::malloc(bytes);
-		if (!data) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+		if (!data) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
 		$if env::TESTING:
 			for (usz i = 0; i < bytes; i++) ((char*)data)[i] = 0xAA;
 		$endif
@@ -144,9 +141,9 @@ fn void*? LibcAllocator.resize(&self, void* old_ptr, usz new_bytes, usz alignmen
 	if (alignment)
 	{
 		void* data = @aligned_realloc(fn void*(usz bytes) => libc::malloc(bytes), libc::free, old_ptr, new_bytes, alignment)!!;
-		return data ?: mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+		return data ?: mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
 	}
-	return libc::realloc(old_ptr, new_bytes) ?: mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+	return libc::realloc(old_ptr, new_bytes) ?: mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
 }
 
 

lib/std/core/allocators/on_stack_allocator.c3

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 module std::core::mem::allocator;
-
+import std::math;
 <*
  The OnStackAllocator is similar to the ArenaAllocator: it allocates from a chunk of memory
  given to it.
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ fn void*? OnStackAllocator.resize(&self, void* old_pointer, usz size, usz alignm
 	OnStackAllocatorHeader* header = old_pointer - OnStackAllocatorHeader.sizeof;
 	usz old_size = header.size;
 	void* mem = self.acquire(size, NO_ZERO, alignment)!;
-	mem::copy(mem, old_pointer, old_size, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
+	mem::copy(mem, old_pointer, math::min(old_size, size), mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
 	return mem;
 }
 

lib/std/core/allocators/temp_allocator.c3

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-module std::core::mem::allocator;
+module std::core::mem::allocator @if(!(env::POSIX || env::WIN32) || !$feature(VMEM_TEMP));
 import std::io, std::math;
-import std::core::sanitizer::asan;
 
 // This implements the temp allocator.
 // The temp allocator is a specialized allocator only intended for use where
@@ -327,3 +326,81 @@ fn void*? TempAllocator.acquire(&self, usz size, AllocInitType init_type, usz al
 	return &page.data[0];
 }
 
+module std::core::mem::allocator @if((env::POSIX || env::WIN32) && $feature(VMEM_TEMP));
+import std::math;
+
+tlocal VmemOptions temp_allocator_default_options = {
+	.shrink_on_reset = env::MEMORY_ENV != NORMAL,
+	.protect_unused_pages = env::COMPILER_OPT_LEVEL <= O1 || env::COMPILER_SAFE_MODE,
+	.scratch_released_data = env::COMPILER_SAFE_MODE
+};
+
+
+fn TempAllocator*? new_temp_allocator(Allocator allocator, usz size, usz reserve = temp_allocator_reserve_size, usz min_size = temp_allocator_min_size, usz realloc_size = temp_allocator_realloc_size)
+{
+	Vmem mem;
+	TempAllocator* t = allocator::new(allocator, TempAllocator);
+	defer catch allocator::free(allocator, t);
+	t.vmem.init(preferred_size: isz.sizeof > 4 ? 4 * mem::GB : 512 * mem::MB,
+	            reserve_page_size: isz.sizeof > 4 ? 256 * mem::KB : 0,
+	            options: temp_allocator_default_options)!;
+	t.allocator = allocator;
+	return t;
+}
+
+struct TempAllocator (Allocator)
+{
+	Vmem vmem;
+	TempAllocator* derived;
+	Allocator allocator;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require size > 0
+ @require !alignment || math::is_power_of_2(alignment)
+ @require alignment <= mem::MAX_MEMORY_ALIGNMENT : `alignment too big`
+*>
+fn void*? TempAllocator.acquire(&self, usz size, AllocInitType init_type, usz alignment) @dynamic
+{
+	return self.vmem.acquire(size, init_type, alignment) @inline;
+}
+
+fn TempAllocator*? TempAllocator.derive_allocator(&self, usz reserve = 0)
+{
+	if (self.derived) return self.derived;
+	return self.derived = new_temp_allocator(self.allocator, 0)!;
+}
+
+<*
+ Reset the entire temp allocator, destroying all children
+*>
+fn void TempAllocator.reset(&self)
+{
+	TempAllocator* child = self.derived;
+	if (!child) return;
+	child.reset();
+	child.vmem.reset(0);
+}
+fn void TempAllocator.free(&self)
+{
+	self.destroy();
+}
+
+fn void TempAllocator.destroy(&self) @local
+{
+	TempAllocator* child = self.derived;
+	if (!child) return;
+	child.destroy();
+	self.vmem.free() @inline;
+	allocator::free(self.allocator, self) @inline;
+}
+
+fn void*? TempAllocator.resize(&self, void* pointer, usz size, usz alignment) @dynamic
+{
+	return self.vmem.resize(pointer, size, alignment) @inline;
+}
+
+fn void TempAllocator.release(&self, void* old_pointer, bool b) @dynamic
+{
+	self.vmem.release(old_pointer, b) @inline;
+}

lib/std/core/allocators/tracking_allocator.c3

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ alias AllocMap = HashMap { uptr, Allocation };
 // It tracks allocations using a hash map but
 // is not compatible with allocators that uses mark()
 //
-// It is also embarassingly single-threaded, so
+// It is also embarrassingly single-threaded, so
 // do not use it to track allocations that cross threads.
 
 struct TrackingAllocator (Allocator)
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ struct TrackingAllocator (Allocator)
 	AllocMap map;
 	usz mem_total;
 	usz allocs_total;
+	usz usage;
+	usz max_usage;
 }
 
 <*
@@ -70,6 +72,11 @@ fn usz TrackingAllocator.total_allocated(&self) => self.mem_total;
 *>
 fn usz TrackingAllocator.total_allocation_count(&self) => self.allocs_total;
 
+<*
+ @return "the maximum amount of memory allocated"
+*>
+fn usz TrackingAllocator.max_allocated(&self) => self.max_usage;
+
 fn Allocation[] TrackingAllocator.allocations_tlist(&self, Allocator allocator)
 {
 	return self.map.tvalues();
@@ -88,27 +95,34 @@ fn void*? TrackingAllocator.acquire(&self, usz size, AllocInitType init_type, us
 	backtrace::capture_current(&bt);
 	self.map.set((uptr)data, { data, size, bt });
 	self.mem_total += size;
+	self.usage += size;
+	if (self.usage > self.max_usage) self.max_usage = self.usage;
 	return data;
 }
 
 fn void*? TrackingAllocator.resize(&self, void* old_pointer, usz size, usz alignment) @dynamic
 {
 	void* data = self.inner_allocator.resize(old_pointer, size, alignment)!;
+	self.usage -= self.map[(uptr)old_pointer]!!.size;
 	self.map.remove((uptr)old_pointer);
 	void*[MAX_BACKTRACE] bt;
 	backtrace::capture_current(&bt);
 	self.map.set((uptr)data, { data, size, bt });
 	self.mem_total += size;
+	self.usage += size;
+	if (self.usage > self.max_usage) self.max_usage = self.usage;
 	self.allocs_total++;
 	return data;
 }
 
 fn void TrackingAllocator.release(&self, void* old_pointer, bool is_aligned) @dynamic
 {
+	usz? old_size = self.map[(uptr)old_pointer].size;
 	if (catch self.map.remove((uptr)old_pointer))
 	{
 		unreachable("Attempt to release untracked pointer %p, this is likely a bug.", old_pointer);
 	}
+	self.usage -= old_size!!;
 	self.inner_allocator.release(old_pointer, is_aligned);
 }
 
@@ -177,6 +191,7 @@ fn void? TrackingAllocator.fprint_report(&self, OutStream out) => @pool()
 	io::fprintfn(out, "- Total current allocations:                   %d", entries)!;
 	io::fprintfn(out, "- Total allocations (freed and retained):      %d", self.allocs_total)!;
 	io::fprintfn(out, "- Total allocated memory (freed and retained): %d", self.mem_total)!;
+	io::fprintfn(out, "- Maximum memory usage:                        %d", self.max_usage)!;
 	if (leaks)
 	{
 		io::fprintn(out)!;
@@ -216,4 +231,4 @@ fn void? TrackingAllocator.fprint_report(&self, OutStream out) => @pool()
 			}
 		}
 	}
-}
+}

lib/std/core/allocators/vmem.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+module std::core::mem::allocator @if(env::POSIX || env::WIN32);
+import std::math, std::os::posix, libc, std::bits;
+import std::core::mem;
+import std::core::env;
+
+
+
+// Virtual Memory allocator
+
+faultdef VMEM_RESERVE_FAILED;
+
+struct Vmem (Allocator)
+{
+	VirtualMemory memory;
+	usz allocated;
+	usz pagesize;
+	usz page_pot;
+	usz last_page;
+	usz high_water;
+	VmemOptions options;
+}
+
+bitstruct VmemOptions : int
+{
+	<* Release memory on reset *>
+	bool shrink_on_reset;
+	<* Protect unused pages on reset *>
+	bool protect_unused_pages;
+	<* Overwrite released data with 0xAA *>
+	bool scratch_released_data;
+}
+
+<*
+ Implements the Allocator interface method.
+
+ @require !reserve_page_size || math::is_power_of_2(reserve_page_size)
+ @require reserve_page_size <= preferred_size : "The min reserve_page_size size must be less or equal to the preferred size"
+ @require preferred_size >= 1 * mem::KB : "The preferred size must exceed 1 KB"
+ @return? mem::INVALID_ALLOC_SIZE, mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY, VMEM_RESERVE_FAILED
+*>
+fn void? Vmem.init(&self, usz preferred_size, usz reserve_page_size = 0, VmemOptions options = { true, true, env::COMPILER_SAFE_MODE }, usz min_size = 0)
+{
+	static usz page_size = 0;
+	if (!page_size) page_size = mem::os_pagesize();
+	if (page_size < reserve_page_size) page_size = reserve_page_size;
+	preferred_size = mem::aligned_offset(preferred_size, page_size);
+	if (!min_size) min_size = max(preferred_size / 1024, 1);
+	VirtualMemory? memory = mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
+	while (preferred_size >= min_size)
+	{
+		memory = vm::virtual_alloc(preferred_size, PROTECTED);
+		// It worked?
+		if (try memory) break;
+		switch (@catch(memory))
+		{
+			case mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY:
+			case vm::RANGE_OVERFLOW:
+				// Try a smaller size.
+				preferred_size /= 2;
+				continue;
+			default:
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (catch memory) return VMEM_RESERVE_FAILED~;
+	if (page_size > preferred_size) page_size = preferred_size;
+	$if env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER:
+		asan::poison_memory_region(memory.ptr, memory.size);
+	$endif
+	*self = { .memory = memory,
+	          .high_water = 0,
+			  .pagesize = page_size,
+			  .page_pot = page_size.ctz(),
+			  .options  = options,
+	        };
+}
+
+<*
+ Implements the Allocator interface method.
+
+ @require !alignment || math::is_power_of_2(alignment)
+ @require alignment <= mem::MAX_MEMORY_ALIGNMENT : `alignment too big`
+ @require size > 0
+ @return? mem::INVALID_ALLOC_SIZE, mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY
+*>
+fn void*? Vmem.acquire(&self, usz size, AllocInitType init_type, usz alignment) @dynamic
+{
+	alignment = alignment_for_allocation(alignment);
+	usz total_len = self.memory.size;
+	if (size > total_len) return mem::INVALID_ALLOC_SIZE~;
+	void* start_mem = self.memory.ptr;
+	void* unaligned_pointer_to_offset = start_mem + self.allocated + VmemHeader.sizeof;
+	void* mem = mem::aligned_pointer(unaligned_pointer_to_offset, alignment);
+	usz after = (usz)(mem - start_mem) + size;
+	if (after > total_len) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
+	if (init_type == ZERO && self.high_water <= self.allocated)
+	{
+		init_type = NO_ZERO;
+	}
+	protect(self, after)!;
+	VmemHeader* header = mem - VmemHeader.sizeof;
+	header.size = size;
+	if (init_type == ZERO) mem::clear(mem, size, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
+	return mem;
+}
+
+fn bool Vmem.owns_pointer(&self, void* ptr) @inline
+{
+	return (uptr)ptr >= (uptr)self.memory.ptr && (uptr)ptr < (uptr)self.memory.ptr + self.memory.size;
+}
+<*
+ Implements the Allocator interface method.
+
+ @require !alignment || math::is_power_of_2(alignment)
+ @require alignment <= mem::MAX_MEMORY_ALIGNMENT : `alignment too big`
+ @require old_pointer != null
+ @require size > 0
+ @return? mem::INVALID_ALLOC_SIZE, mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY
+*>
+fn void*? Vmem.resize(&self, void *old_pointer, usz size, usz alignment) @dynamic
+{
+	if (size > self.memory.size) return mem::INVALID_ALLOC_SIZE~;
+	alignment = alignment_for_allocation(alignment);
+	assert(self.owns_pointer(old_pointer), "Pointer originates from a different allocator: %p, not in %p - %p", old_pointer, self.memory.ptr, self.memory.ptr + self.allocated);
+	VmemHeader* header = old_pointer - VmemHeader.sizeof;
+    usz old_size = header.size;
+    if (old_size == size) return old_pointer;
+    // Do last allocation and alignment match?
+    if (self.memory.ptr + self.allocated == old_pointer + old_size && mem::ptr_is_aligned(old_pointer, alignment))
+    {
+    	if (old_size > size)
+    	{
+    		unprotect(self, self.allocated + size - old_size);
+    	}
+    	else
+    	{
+    		usz allocated = self.allocated + size - old_size;
+    		if (allocated > self.memory.size) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
+    		protect(self, allocated)!;
+    	}
+    	header.size = size;
+    	return old_pointer;
+    }
+    if (old_size > size)
+    {
+        $if env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER:
+    	    asan::poison_memory_region(old_pointer + size, old_size - size);
+    	$endif
+    	header.size = size;
+    	return old_pointer;
+    }
+    // Otherwise just allocate new memory.
+    void* mem = self.acquire(size, NO_ZERO, alignment)!;
+    assert(size > old_size);
+    mem::copy(mem, old_pointer, old_size, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT, mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT);
+    return mem;
+}
+
+<*
+ Implements the Allocator interface method.
+
+ @require ptr != null
+*>
+fn void Vmem.release(&self, void* ptr, bool) @dynamic
+{
+	assert(self.owns_pointer(ptr), "Pointer originates from a different allocator %p.", ptr);
+	VmemHeader* header = ptr - VmemHeader.sizeof;
+	// Reclaim memory if it's the last element.
+	if (ptr + header.size == self.memory.ptr + self.allocated)
+	{
+		unprotect(self, self.allocated - header.size - VmemHeader.sizeof);
+	}
+}
+
+fn usz Vmem.mark(&self)
+{
+	return self.allocated;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require mark <= self.allocated : "Invalid mark"
+*>
+fn void Vmem.reset(&self, usz mark)
+{
+	if (mark == self.allocated) return;
+	unprotect(self, mark);
+}
+
+fn void Vmem.free(&self)
+{
+	if (!self.memory.ptr) return;
+	$switch:
+		$case env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER:
+			asan::poison_memory_region(self.memory.ptr, self.memory.size);
+		$case env::COMPILER_SAFE_MODE:
+    	    ((char*)self.memory.ptr)[0:self.allocated] = 0xAA;
+	$endswitch
+	(void)self.memory.destroy();
+	*self = {};
+}
+
+// Internal data
+
+struct VmemHeader @local
+{
+	usz size;
+	char[*] data;
+}
+
+macro void? protect(Vmem* mem, usz after) @local
+{
+	usz shift = mem.page_pot;
+	usz page_after = (after + mem.pagesize - 1) >> shift;
+	usz last_page = mem.last_page;
+	bool over_high_water = mem.high_water < after;
+	if (page_after > last_page)
+	{
+		usz page_start = last_page << shift;
+		usz page_len = (page_after - last_page) << shift;
+		mem.memory.commit(page_start, page_len)!;
+		if (mem.options.protect_unused_pages || over_high_water)
+		{
+			mem.memory.protect(page_start, page_len, READWRITE)!;
+		}
+		mem.last_page = page_after;
+	}
+	$if env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER:
+		asan::unpoison_memory_region(mem.memory.ptr + mem.allocated, after - mem.allocated);
+	$endif
+	mem.allocated = after;
+	if (over_high_water) mem.high_water = after;
+}
+
+macro void unprotect(Vmem* mem, usz after) @local
+{
+	usz shift = mem.page_pot;
+	usz last_page = mem.last_page;
+	usz page_after = mem.last_page = (after + mem.pagesize - 1) >> shift;
+	$if env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER:
+		asan::poison_memory_region(mem.memory.ptr + after, mem.allocated - after);
+	$else
+		if (mem.options.scratch_released_data)
+		{
+			mem::set(mem.memory.ptr + after, 0xAA, mem.allocated - after);
+		}
+	$endif
+	if ((mem.options.shrink_on_reset || mem.options.protect_unused_pages) && page_after < last_page)
+	{
+		usz start = page_after << shift;
+		usz len = (last_page - page_after) << shift;
+		if (mem.options.shrink_on_reset) (void)mem.memory.decommit(start, len, false);
+		if (mem.options.protect_unused_pages) (void)mem.memory.protect(start, len, PROTECTED);
+	}
+	mem.allocated = after;
+}

lib/std/core/ansi.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+module std::core::string::ansi;
+import std::io;
+
+enum Ansi : const inline String
+{
+	RESET              = "\e[0m",
+	BOLD               = "\e[1m",
+	DIM                = "\e[2m",
+	ITALIC             = "\e[3m",
+	UNDERLINE          = "\e[4m",
+	BLINK              = "\e[5m",
+	BLINK_FAST         = "\e[6m",
+	INVERT             = "\e[7m",
+	HIDDEN             = "\e[8m",
+	STRIKETHROUGH      = "\e[9m",
+	DOUBLE_UNDER       = "\e[21m",
+	NO_DIM             = "\e[22m",
+	NO_ITALIC          = "\e[23m",
+	NO_UNDERLINE       = "\e[24m",
+	NO_BLINK           = "\e[25m",
+	NO_INVERT          = "\e[27m",
+	NO_HIDDEN          = "\e[28m",
+	NO_STRIKETHROUGH   = "\e[29m",
+	BLACK              = "\e[30m",
+	RED                = "\e[31m",
+	GREEN              = "\e[32m",
+	YELLOW             = "\e[33m",
+	BLUE               = "\e[34m",
+	MAGENTA            = "\e[35m",
+	CYAN               = "\e[36m",
+	WHITE              = "\e[37m",
+	DEFAULT            = "\e[39m",
+	BRIGHT_BLACK       = "\e[90m",
+	BRIGHT_RED         = "\e[91m",
+	BRIGHT_GREEN       = "\e[92m",
+	BRIGHT_YELLOW      = "\e[93m",
+	BRIGHT_BLUE        = "\e[94m",
+	BRIGHT_MAGENTA     = "\e[95m",
+	BRIGHT_CYAN        = "\e[96m",
+	BRIGHT_WHITE       = "\e[97m",
+	BG_BLACK           = "\e[40m",
+	BG_RED             = "\e[41m",
+	BG_GREEN           = "\e[42m",
+	BG_YELLOW          = "\e[43m",
+	BG_BLUE            = "\e[44m",
+	BG_MAGENTA         = "\e[45m",
+	BG_CYAN            = "\e[46m",
+	BG_WHITE           = "\e[47m",
+	BG_DEFAULT         = "\e[49m",
+	BG_BRIGHT_BLACK    = "\e[100m",
+	BG_BRIGHT_RED      = "\e[101m",
+	BG_BRIGHT_GREEN    = "\e[102m",
+	BG_BRIGHT_YELLOW   = "\e[103m",
+	BG_BRIGHT_BLUE     = "\e[104m",
+	BG_BRIGHT_MAGENTA  = "\e[105m",
+	BG_BRIGHT_CYAN     = "\e[106m",
+	BG_BRIGHT_WHITE    = "\e[107m",
+}
+
+struct AnsiColor (Printable)
+{
+	char r, g, b;
+	bool bg;
+}
+
+fn usz? AnsiColor.to_format(&self, Formatter* fmt) @dynamic
+{
+	return fmt.printf("\e[%s8;2;%s;%s;%sm", self.bg ? 4 : 3, self.r, self.g, self.b);
+}
+
+<*
+ 24-bit color code
+
+ @return `A struct that, when formatted with '%s', sets the foreground or background colour to the specified rgb value`
+*>
+fn AnsiColor get_color_rgb(char r, char g, char b, bool bg = false)
+{
+	return {r, g, b, bg};
+}
+
+<*
+ 24-bit color code
+
+ @return `A struct that, when formatted with '%s', sets the foreground or background colour of printed text to the specified rgb value`
+*>
+fn AnsiColor get_color(uint rgb, bool bg = false)
+{
+	return {(char)(rgb >> 16), (char)((rgb & 0x00FF00) >> 8), (char)rgb, bg};
+}
+
+<*
+ 8-bit color code
+
+ @return `the formatting char for the given background color`
+*>
+macro String color_8bit(char $index, bool $bg = false) @const
+{
+	int $mode = $bg ? 4 : 3;
+	return @sprintf("\e[%s8;5;%sm", $mode, $index);
+}
+
+<*
+ 24-bit color code
+
+ @return `the string for the given foreground color`
+*>
+macro String color_rgb(char $r, char $g, char $b, bool $bg = false) @const
+{
+	int $mode = $bg ? 4 : 3;
+	return @sprintf("\e[%s8;2;%s;%s;%sm", $mode, $r, $g, $b);
+}
+
+<*
+ 24-bit color code rgb
+
+ @require $rgb <= 0xFF_FF_FF : `Expected a 24 bit RGB value`
+ @return `the string char for the given foreground color`
+*>
+macro String color(uint $rgb, bool $bg = false) @const
+{
+	int $mode = $bg ? 4 : 3;
+	return @sprintf("\e[%s8;2;%s;%s;%sm", $mode, $rgb >> 16, ($rgb & 0xFF00) >> 8, $rgb & 0xFF);
+}
+
+<*
+ 24-bit color code rgb
+
+ @require rgb <= 0xFF_FF_FF : `Expected a 24 bit RGB value`
+ @return `the string char for the given foreground color`
+*>
+fn String make_color(Allocator mem, uint rgb, bool bg = false) @deprecated("use get_color instead")
+{
+	return make_color_rgb(mem, (char)(rgb >> 16), (char)((rgb & 0xFF00) >> 8), (char)rgb, bg);
+}
+
+<*
+ 24-bit color code rgb
+
+ @require rgb <= 0xFF_FF_FF : `Expected a 24 bit RGB value`
+ @return `the string char for the given foreground color`
+*>
+fn String make_tcolor(uint rgb, bool bg = false) @deprecated("use get_color instead")
+{
+	return make_color_rgb(tmem, (char)(rgb >> 16), (char)((rgb & 0xFF00) >> 8), (char)rgb, bg);
+}
+
+<*
+ 24-bit color code rgb
+
+ @return `the string char for the given foreground color`
+*>
+fn String make_color_rgb(Allocator mem, char r, char g, char b, bool bg = false) @deprecated("use get_color_rgb instead")
+{
+	return string::format(mem, "\e[%s8;2;%s;%s;%sm", bg ? 4 : 3, r, g, b);
+}
+
+<*
+ 24-bit color code rgb
+
+ @return `the string char for the given foreground color`
+*>
+fn String make_tcolor_rgb(char r, char g, char b, bool bg = false) @deprecated("use get_color_rgb instead")
+{
+	return string::format(tmem, "\e[%s8;2;%s;%s;%sm", bg ? 4 : 3, r, g, b);
+}

lib/std/core/array.c3

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 module std::core::array;
-import std::core::array::slice;
+import std::collections::pair, std::io;
 
 <*
  Returns true if the array contains at least one element, else false
- 
+
  @param [in] array
  @param [in] element
- @require @typekind(array) == SLICE || @typekind(array) == ARRAY
- @require @typeis(array[0], $typeof(element)) : "array and element must have the same type"
+ @require $kindof(array) == SLICE || $kindof(array) == ARRAY
+ @require @typematch(array[0], element) : "array and element must have the same type"
 *>
 macro bool contains(array, element)
 {
@@ -15,26 +15,30 @@ macro bool contains(array, element)
 	{
 		if (*item == element) return true;
 	}
-	return false;	
+	return false;
 }
 
+
 <*
  Return the first index of element found in the array, searching from the start.
- 
+
  @param [in] array
  @param [in] element
+ @require $kindof(array) == SLICE || $kindof(array) == ARRAY
+ @require @typematch(array[0], element) : "array and element must have the same type"
  @return "the first index of the element"
  @return? NOT_FOUND
 *>
-macro index_of(array, element)
+macro usz? index_of(array, element)
 {
 	foreach (i, &e : array)
 	{
 		if (*e == element) return i;
 	}
-	return NOT_FOUND?;
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
 }
 
+
 <*
  Slice a 2d array and create a Slice2d from it.
 
@@ -44,9 +48,9 @@ macro index_of(array, element)
  @param xlen : "The length of the slice in x, defaults to the length of the array"
  @param ylen : "The length of the slice in y, defaults to the length of the array"
  @return "A Slice2d from the array"
- @require @typekind(array_ptr) == POINTER
- @require @typekind(*array_ptr) == VECTOR || @typekind(*array_ptr) == ARRAY
- @require @typekind((*array_ptr)[0]) == VECTOR || @typekind((*array_ptr)[0]) == ARRAY
+ @require $kindof(array_ptr) == POINTER
+ @require $kindof(*array_ptr) == VECTOR || $kindof(*array_ptr) == ARRAY
+ @require $kindof((*array_ptr)[0]) == VECTOR || $kindof((*array_ptr)[0]) == ARRAY
 *>
 macro slice2d(array_ptr, x = 0, xlen = 0, y = 0, ylen = 0)
 {
@@ -59,30 +63,31 @@ macro slice2d(array_ptr, x = 0, xlen = 0, y = 0, ylen = 0)
 
 <*
  Return the first index of element found in the array, searching in reverse from the end.
- 
+
  @param [in] array
  @param [in] element
  @return "the last index of the element"
  @return? NOT_FOUND
 *>
-macro rindex_of(array, element)
+macro usz? rindex_of(array, element)
 {
 	foreach_r (i, &e : array)
 	{
 		if (*e == element) return i;
 	}
-	return NOT_FOUND?;
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
 }
 
+
 <*
  Concatenate two arrays or slices, returning a slice containing the concatenation of them.
 
  @param [in] arr1
  @param [in] arr2
  @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use, default is the heap allocator"
- @require @typekind(arr1) == SLICE || @typekind(arr1) == ARRAY
- @require @typekind(arr2) == SLICE || @typekind(arr2) == ARRAY
- @require @typeis(arr1[0], $typeof(arr2[0])) : "Arrays must have the same type"
+ @require $kindof(arr1) == SLICE || $kindof(arr1) == ARRAY
+ @require $kindof(arr2) == SLICE || $kindof(arr2) == ARRAY
+ @require @typematch(arr1[0], arr2[0]) : "Arrays must have the same type"
  @ensure result.len == arr1.len + arr2.len
 *>
 macro concat(Allocator allocator, arr1, arr2) @nodiscard
@@ -99,15 +104,450 @@ macro concat(Allocator allocator, arr1, arr2) @nodiscard
 	}
 	return result;
 }
+
 <*
  Concatenate two arrays or slices, returning a slice containing the concatenation of them,
  allocated using the temp allocator.
 
  @param [in] arr1
  @param [in] arr2
- @require @typekind(arr1) == SLICE || @typekind(arr1) == ARRAY
- @require @typekind(arr2) == SLICE || @typekind(arr2) == ARRAY
- @require @typeis(arr1[0], $typeof(arr2[0])) : "Arrays must have the same type"
+ @require $kindof(arr1) == SLICE || $kindof(arr1) == ARRAY
+ @require $kindof(arr2) == SLICE || $kindof(arr2) == ARRAY
+ @require @typematch(arr1[0], arr2[0]) : "Arrays must have the same type"
  @ensure return.len == arr1.len + arr2.len
 *>
-macro tconcat(arr1, arr2) @nodiscard => concat(tmem, arr1, arr2);
+macro tconcat(arr1, arr2) @nodiscard => concat(tmem, arr1, arr2);
+
+
+<*
+ Apply a reduction/folding operation to an iterable type. This walks along the input array
+ and applies an `#operation` to each value, returning it to the `identity` (or "accumulator")
+ base value.
+
+ For example:
+ ```c3
+ int[] my_slice = { 1, 8, 12 };
+ int folded = array::@reduce(my_slice, 2, fn (i, e) => i * e);
+ assert(folded == (2 * 1 * 8 * 12));
+ ```
+
+ Notice how the given `identity` value started the multiplication chain at 2. When enumerating
+ `my_slice`, each element is accumulated onto the `identity` value with each sequential iteration.
+ ```
+ i = 2;   // identity value
+ i *= 1;   // my_slice[0]
+ i *= 8;   // my_slice[1]
+ i *= 12;   // my_slice[2]
+ ```
+
+ @param [in] array
+ @param identity
+ @param #operation : "The reduction/folding lambda function or function pointer to apply."
+
+ @require @is_valid_list(array) : "Expected a valid list"
+ @require $defined($typefrom(@reduce_fn(array, identity)) $func = #operation) : "Invalid lambda or function pointer type"
+*>
+macro @reduce(array, identity, #operation)
+{
+	$typefrom(@reduce_fn(array, identity)) $func = #operation;
+	foreach (index, element : array) identity = $func(identity, element, index);
+	return identity;
+}
+
+<*
+ Apply a summation operator (+) to an identity value across a span of array elements
+ and return the final accumulated result.
+
+ @pure
+
+ @param [in] array
+ @param identity_value : "The base accumulator value to use for the sum"
+
+ @require @is_valid_list(array) : "Expected a valid list"
+ @require $defined(array[0] + array[0]) : "Array element type must implement the '+' operator"
+ @require $defined($typeof(array[0]) t = identity_value) : "The identity type must be assignable to the array element type"
+*>
+macro @sum(array, identity_value = 0)
+{
+	return @reduce(array, ($typeof(array[0]))identity_value, fn (acc, e, u) => acc + e);
+}
+
+<*
+ Apply a product operator (*) to an identity value across a span of array elements
+ and return the final accumulated result.
+
+ @pure
+
+ @param [in] array
+ @param identity_value : "The base accumulator value to use for the product"
+
+ @require @is_valid_list(array) : "Expected a valid list"
+ @require $defined(array[0] * array[0]) : "Array element type must implement the '*' operator"
+ @require $defined($typeof(array[0]) t = identity_value) : "The identity type must be assignable to the array element type"
+*>
+macro @product(array, identity_value = 1)
+{
+	return @reduce(array, ($typeof(array[0]))identity_value, fn (acc, e, u) => acc * e);
+}
+
+<*
+ Applies a given predicate function to each element of an array and returns a new
+ array of `usz` values, each element representing an index within the original array
+ where the predicate returned `true`.
+
+ The `.len` value of the returned array can also be used to quickly identify how many
+ input array elements matched the predicate.
+
+ For example:
+ ```c3
+ int[] arr = { 0, 20, 4, 30 };
+ int[] matched_indices = array::@indices_of(mem, arr, fn (u, a) => a > 10);
+ ```
+
+ The `matched_indices` variable should contain a dynamically-allocated array of `[1, 3]`,
+ and thus its count indicates that 2 of the 4 elements matched the predicate condition.
+
+ @param [&inout] allocator
+ @param [in] array
+ @param #predicate
+
+ @require @is_valid_list(array) : "Expected a valid list"
+ @require $defined($typefrom(@predicate_fn(array)) p = #predicate)
+*>
+macro usz[] @indices_of(Allocator allocator, array, #predicate)
+{
+	usz[] results = allocator::new_array(allocator, usz, lengthof(array));
+	usz matches;
+
+	$typefrom(@predicate_fn(array)) $predicate = #predicate;
+	foreach (index, element : array)
+	{
+		if ($predicate(element, index)) results[matches++] = index;
+	}
+
+	return results[:matches];
+}
+
+<*
+ Array `@indices_of` using the temp allocator.
+
+ @param [in] array
+ @param #predicate
+
+ @require @is_valid_list(array) : "Expected a valid list"
+ @require $defined($typefrom(@predicate_fn(array)) p = #predicate)
+*>
+macro usz[] @tindices_of(array, #predicate)
+{
+	return @indices_of(tmem, array, #predicate);
+}
+
+
+<*
+ Applies a predicate function to each element of an input array and returns a new array
+ containing shallow copies of _only_ the elements for which the predicate function returned
+ a `true` value.
+
+ For example:
+ ```c3
+ int[] my_arr = { 1, 2, 4, 10, 11, 45 };
+ int[] evens = array::@filter(mem, my_arr, fn (e, u) => !(e % 2));
+ assert(evens == (int[]){2, 4, 10 });
+ ```
+
+ @param [&inout] allocator
+ @param [in] array
+ @param #predicate
+
+ @require @is_valid_list(array) : "Expected a valid list"
+ @require $defined($typefrom(@predicate_fn(array)) p = #predicate)
+*>
+macro @filter(Allocator allocator, array, #predicate) @nodiscard
+{
+	var $InnerType = $typeof(array[0]);
+
+	usz[] matched_indices = @indices_of(allocator, array, #predicate);
+	defer allocator::free(allocator, matched_indices.ptr);   // can free this upon leaving this call
+
+	if (!matched_indices.len) return ($InnerType[]){};
+
+	$InnerType[] result = allocator::new_array(allocator, $InnerType, matched_indices.len);
+
+	foreach (i, index : matched_indices) result[i] = array[index];
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+<*
+ Array `@filter` using the temp allocator.
+
+ @param [in] array
+ @param #predicate
+
+ @require @is_valid_list(array) : "Expected a valid list"
+ @require $defined($typefrom(@predicate_fn(array)) p = #predicate)
+*>
+macro @tfilter(array, #predicate) @nodiscard
+{
+	return @filter(tmem, array, #predicate);
+}
+
+
+<*
+ Returns `true` if _any_ element of the input array returns `true` when
+ the `#predicate` function is applied.
+
+ @param [in] array
+ @param #predicate
+
+ @require @is_valid_list(array) : "Expected a valid list"
+ @require $defined($typefrom(@predicate_fn(array)) p = #predicate)
+*>
+macro bool @any(array, #predicate)
+{
+	$typefrom(@predicate_fn(array)) $predicate = #predicate;
+	foreach (index, element : array) if ($predicate(element, index)) return true;
+	return false;
+}
+
+
+<*
+ Returns `true` if _all_ elements of the input array return `true` when
+ the `#predicate` function is applied.
+
+ @param [in] array
+ @param #predicate
+
+ @require @is_valid_list(array) : "Expected a valid list"
+ @require $defined($typefrom(@predicate_fn(array)) p = #predicate)
+*>
+macro bool @all(array, #predicate)
+{
+	$typefrom(@predicate_fn(array)) $predicate = #predicate;
+	foreach (index, element : array) if (!$predicate(element, index)) return false;
+	return true;
+}
+
+
+<*
+ Zip together two separate arrays/slices into a single array of Pairs or return values. Values will
+ be collected up to the length of the shorter array if `fill_with` is left undefined; otherwise, they
+ will be collected up to the length of the LONGER array, with missing values in the shorter array being
+ assigned to the value of `fill_with`. Return array elements do not have to be of the same type.
+
+ For example:
+ ```c3
+ uint[] chosen_session_ids = server::get_random_sessions(instance)[:128];
+ String[200] refreshed_session_keys = prng::new_keys_batch();
+
+ Pair { uint, String }[] sessions_meta = array::zip(mem, chosen_session_ids, refreshed_session_keys);
+ // The resulting Pair{}[] slice is then length of the shortest of the two arrays, so 128.
+
+ foreach (i, &sess : sessions:meta) {
+     // distribute new session keys to associated instance IDs
+ }
+ ```
+
+ Or:
+ ```c3
+ String[] client_names = server::online_usernames(instance);
+ uint128[] session_ids = server::user_keys();
+
+ // in this example, we 'know' ahead of time that 'session_ids' can only ever be SHORTER
+ //   than 'client_names', but never longer, because it's possible new users have logged
+ //   in without getting whatever this 'session ID' is delegated to them.
+ Pair { String, uint128 }[] zipped = array::tzip(client_names, session_ids, fill_with: uint128.max);
+
+ server::refresh_session_keys_by_pair(zipped)!;
+ ```
+
+ ### When an `operation` is supplied...
+ Apply an operation to each element of two slices or arrays and return the results of
+ each operation into a newly allocated array.
+
+ This essentially combines Iterable1 with Iterable2 using the `operation` functor.
+
+ See the functional `zipWith` construct, which has a more appropriate name than, e.g., `map`;
+   a la: https://hackage.haskell.org/package/base-4.21.0.0/docs/Prelude.html#v:zipWith
+
+ Similar to "normal" `zip`, this macro pads the shorter input array with a given `fill_with`, or
+ an empty value if one isn't supplied. This `fill_with` is supplied to the `operation` functor
+ _BEFORE_ calculating its result while zipping.
+
+ For example: a functor of `fn char (char a, char b) => a + b` with a `fill_with` of 7,
+ where the `left` array is the shorter iterable, will put 7 into that lambda in each place
+ where `left` is being filled in during the zip operation.
+
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use; default is the heap allocator."
+ @param [in] left : "The left-side array. These items will be placed as the First in each Pair"
+ @param [in] right : "The right-side array. These items will be placed as the Second in each Pair"
+ @param #operation : "The function to apply. Must have a signature of `$typeof(a) (a, b)`, where the type of 'a' and 'b' is the element type of left/right respectively."
+ @param fill_with : "The value used to fill or pad the shorter iterable to the length of the longer one while zipping."
+
+ @require @is_valid_list(left) &&& @is_valid_list(right) : "Left and right sides must be integer indexable"
+ @require @is_valid_operation(left, right, ...#operation) : "The operator must take two parameters matching the elements of the left and right side"
+ @require @is_valid_fill(left, right, ...fill_with) : "The specified fill value does not match either the left or the right array's underlying type."
+*>
+macro @zip(Allocator allocator, left, right, #operation = ..., fill_with = ...) @nodiscard
+{
+	var $LeftType = $typeof(left[0]);
+	var $RightType = $typeof(right[0]);
+
+	var $Type = Pair { $LeftType, $RightType };
+	bool $is_op = $defined(#operation);
+	$if $is_op:
+		$Type = $typeof(#operation).returns;
+	$endif
+
+	usz left_len = lengthof(left);
+	usz right_len = lengthof(right);
+
+	$LeftType left_fill;
+	$RightType right_fill;
+	usz result_len = min(left_len, right_len);
+	$if $defined(fill_with):
+		switch
+		{
+			case left_len > right_len:
+				$if !$defined(($RightType)fill_with):
+					unreachable();
+				$else
+					right_fill = ($RightType)fill_with;
+					result_len = left_len;
+				$endif
+			case left_len < right_len:
+				$if !$defined(($LeftType)fill_with):
+					unreachable();
+				$else
+					left_fill = ($LeftType)fill_with;
+					result_len = right_len;
+				$endif
+		}
+	$endif
+
+	if (result_len == 0) return ($Type[]){};
+
+	$Type[] result = allocator::alloc_array(allocator, $Type, result_len);
+
+	foreach (idx, &item : result)
+	{
+		$if $is_op:
+			var $LambdaType = $typeof(fn $Type ($LeftType a, $RightType b) => ($Type){});
+			$LambdaType $operation = ($LambdaType)#operation;
+			$LeftType lval = idx >= left_len ? left_fill : left[idx];
+			$RightType rval = idx >= right_len ? right_fill : right[idx];
+			*item = $operation(lval, rval);
+		$else
+			*item = {
+				idx >= left_len ? left_fill : left[idx],
+				idx >= right_len ? right_fill : right[idx]
+			};
+		$endif
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+<*
+ Array 'zip' using the temp allocator.
+
+ @param [in] left : "The left-side array. These items will be placed as the First in each Pair"
+ @param [in] right : "The right-side array. These items will be placed as the Second in each Pair"
+ @param #operation : "The function to apply. Must have a signature of `$typeof(a) (a, b)`, where the type of 'a' and 'b' is the element type of left/right respectively."
+ @param fill_with : "The value used to fill or pad the shorter iterable to the length of the longer one while zipping."
+
+ @require @is_valid_list(left) &&& @is_valid_list(right) : "Left and right sides must be integer indexable"
+ @require @is_valid_operation(left, right, ...#operation) : "The operator must take two parameters matching the elements of the left and right side"
+ @require @is_valid_fill(left, right, ...fill_with) : "The specified fill value does not match either the left or the right array's underlying type."
+*>
+macro @tzip(left, right, #operation = ..., fill_with = ...) @nodiscard
+{
+	return @zip(tmem, left, right, #operation: ...#operation, fill_with: ...fill_with);
+}
+
+
+<*
+ Apply an operation to each element of two slices or arrays and store the results of
+ each operation into the 'left' value.
+
+ This is useful because no memory allocations are required in order to perform the operation.
+
+ A good example of using this might be using algorithmic transformations on data in-place:
+ ```
+ char[] partial_cipher = get_next_plaintext_block();
+
+ array::@zip_into(
+     partial_cipher[ENCRYPT_OFFSET:BASE_KEY.len],
+	 BASE_KEY,
+	 fn char (char a, char b) => a ^ (b * 5) % 37
+ );
+ ```
+
+ This parameterizes the lambda function with left (`partial_cipher`) and right (`BASE_KEY`) slice
+ elements and stores the end result in-place within the left slice. This is in contrast to a
+ regular `zip_with` which will create a cloned final result and return it.
+
+ @param [inout] left : `Slice to store results of applied functor/operation.`
+ @param [in] right : `Slice to apply in the functor/operation.`
+ @param #operation : "The function to apply. Must have a signature of `$typeof(a) (a, b)`, where the type of 'a' and 'b' is the element type of left/right respectively."
+
+ @require @is_valid_list(left) : "Expected a valid list"
+ @require @is_valid_list(right) : "Expected a valid list"
+ @require lengthof(right) >= lengthof(left) : `Right side length must be >= the destination (left) side length; consider using a sub-array of data for the assignment.`
+ @require $defined($typefrom(@zip_into_fn(left, right)) x = #operation) : "The functor must use the same types as the `left` and `right` inputs, and return a value of the `left` type."
+*>
+macro @zip_into(left, right, #operation)
+{
+	$typefrom(@zip_into_fn(left, right)) $operation = #operation;
+
+	foreach (i, &v : left) *v = $operation(left[i], right[i]);
+}
+
+
+// --- helper functions
+module std::core::array @private;
+
+
+macro typeid @predicate_fn(#array) @const
+{
+	return $typeof(fn bool ($typeof(#array[0]) a, usz index = 0) => true).typeid;
+}
+
+macro typeid @reduce_fn(#array, #identity) @const
+{
+	return @typeid(fn $typeof(#identity) ($typeof(#identity) i, $typeof(#array[0]) a, usz index = 0) => i);
+}
+
+macro typeid @zip_into_fn(#left, #right) @const
+{
+	return @typeid(fn $typeof(#left[0]) ($typeof(#left[0]) l, $typeof(#right[0]) r) => l);
+}
+
+macro bool @is_valid_operation(#left, #right, #operation = ...) @const
+{
+	$switch:
+		$case !$defined(#operation):
+			return true;
+		$case $kindof(#operation) != FUNC:
+			return false;
+		$default:
+			return $defined(#operation(#left[0], #right[0]));
+	$endswitch
+}
+
+macro bool @is_valid_list(#expr) @const
+{
+	return $defined(#expr[0], lengthof(#expr));
+}
+
+macro bool @is_valid_fill(left, right, fill_with = ...)
+{
+	$if !$defined(fill_with):
+		return true;
+	$else
+		usz left_len = lengthof(left);
+		usz right_len = lengthof(right);
+		if (left_len == right_len) return true;
+		return left_len > right_len ? $defined(($typeof(right[0]))fill_with) : $defined(($typeof(left[0]))fill_with);
+	$endif
+}

lib/std/core/ascii.c3

@@ -112,3 +112,45 @@ const char[256] HEX_VALUE = {
 const char[256] TO_UPPER @private = { ['a'..'z'] = 'a' - 'A' };
 const char[256] TO_LOWER @private  = { ['A'..'Z'] = 'a' - 'A' };
 
+typedef AsciiCharset = uint128;
+
+macro AsciiCharset @create_set(String $string) @const
+{
+	AsciiCharset $set;
+	$foreach $c : $string:
+		$set |= 1ULL << $c;
+	$endforeach
+	return $set;
+}
+
+fn AsciiCharset create_set(String string)
+{
+	AsciiCharset set;
+	foreach (c : string) set |= (AsciiCharset)1ULL << c;
+	return set;
+}
+
+macro bool AsciiCharset.@contains($set, char $c) @const => !!($c < 128) & !!($set & (AsciiCharset)(1ULL << $c));
+
+macro AsciiCharset @combine_sets(AsciiCharset $first, AsciiCharset... $sets) @const
+{
+	var $res = $first;
+	$foreach $c : $sets:
+		$res |= $c;
+	$endforeach
+	return $res;
+}
+fn AsciiCharset combine_sets(AsciiCharset first, AsciiCharset... sets)
+{
+	foreach (c : sets) first |= c;
+	return first;
+}
+
+macro bool AsciiCharset.contains(set, char c) => !!(c < 128) & !!(set & (AsciiCharset)(1ULL << c));
+
+const AsciiCharset WHITESPACE_SET = @create_set("\t\n\v\f\r ");
+const AsciiCharset NUMBER_SET = @create_set("0123456789");
+const AsciiCharset ALPHA_UPPER_SET = @create_set("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ");
+const AsciiCharset ALPHA_LOWER_SET = @create_set("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz");
+const AsciiCharset ALPHA_SET = @combine_sets(ALPHA_UPPER_SET, ALPHA_LOWER_SET);
+const AsciiCharset ALPHANUMERIC_SET = @combine_sets(ALPHA_SET, NUMBER_SET);

lib/std/core/bitorder.c3

@@ -90,36 +90,38 @@ bitstruct UInt128LE : uint128 @littleendian
 <*
  @require @is_array_or_slice_of_char(bytes) : "argument must be an array, a pointer to an array or a slice of char"
  @require is_bitorder($Type) : "type must be a bitorder integer"
+ @require $defined(*bytes) ||| $defined(bytes[:$Type.sizeof]) : "Data is too short to contain value"
 *>
 macro read(bytes, $Type)
 {
-	char[] s;
-	$switch @typekind(bytes):
+	char *ptr;
+	$switch $kindof(bytes):
 		$case POINTER:
-			s = (*bytes)[:$Type.sizeof];
+			ptr = bytes;
 		$default:
-			s = bytes[:$Type.sizeof];
+			ptr = bytes[..].ptr;
 	$endswitch
-	return bitcast(*(char[$Type.sizeof]*)s.ptr, $Type).val;
+	return bitcast(mem::load((char[$Type.sizeof]*)ptr, $align: 1), $Type).val;
 }
 
 <*
  @require @is_arrayptr_or_slice_of_char(bytes) : "argument must be a pointer to an array or a slice of char"
  @require is_bitorder($Type) : "type must be a bitorder integer"
+ @require $defined(*bytes) ||| $defined(bytes[:$Type.sizeof]) : "Data is not sufficent to hold value"
 *>
 macro write(x, bytes, $Type)
 {
-	char[] s;
-	$switch @typekind(bytes):
+	char *ptr;
+	$switch $kindof(bytes):
 		$case POINTER:
-			s = (*bytes)[:$Type.sizeof];
+			ptr = bytes;
 		$default:
-			s = bytes[:$Type.sizeof];
+			ptr = bytes[..].ptr;
 	$endswitch
-	*($typeof(x)*)s.ptr = bitcast(x, $Type).val;
+	mem::store(($typeof(x)*)ptr, bitcast(x, $Type).val, 1);
 }
 
-macro is_bitorder($Type)
+macro bool is_bitorder($Type)
 {
 	$switch $Type:
 		$case UShortLE:
@@ -181,4 +183,4 @@ macro bool @is_arrayptr_or_slice_of_char(#bytes) @const
 		$default:
 			return false;
 	$endswitch
-}
+}

lib/std/core/builtin.c3

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import libc, std::hash, std::io, std::os::backtrace;
 
 <*
  EMPTY_MACRO_SLOT is a value used for implementing optional arguments for macros in an efficient
- way. It relies on the fact that distinct types are not implicitly convertable.
+ way. It relies on the fact that distinct types are not implicitly convertible.
 
  You can use `@is_empty_macro_slot()` and `@is_valid_macro_slot()` to figure out whether
  the argument has been used or not.
@@ -18,17 +18,21 @@ import libc, std::hash, std::io, std::os::backtrace;
 macro foo(a, #b = EMPTY_MACRO_SLOT)
 {
 	$if @is_valid_macro_slot(#b):
-        return invoke_foo2(a, #b);
-    $else
-        return invoke_foo1(a);
-    $endif
+		return invoke_foo2(a, #b);
+	$else
+		return invoke_foo1(a);
+	$endif
 }
 *>
-const EmptySlot EMPTY_MACRO_SLOT @builtin = null;
+const EmptySlot EMPTY_MACRO_SLOT @builtin @deprecated("Use `#arg = ...` instead.") = null;
 
 typedef EmptySlot = void*;
-macro @is_empty_macro_slot(#arg) @const @builtin => @typeis(#arg, EmptySlot);
-macro @is_valid_macro_slot(#arg) @const @builtin => !@typeis(#arg, EmptySlot);
+macro bool @is_empty_macro_slot(#arg) @const @builtin
+		@deprecated("Use `#arg = ...` to define an optional macro slot, and `$defined(#arg)` to detect whether the argument is set.")
+	=> $typeof(#arg) == EmptySlot;
+macro bool @is_valid_macro_slot(#arg) @const @builtin
+		@deprecated("Use `#arg = ...` to define an optional macro slot, and `$defined(#arg)` to detect whether the argument is set.")
+	=> $typeof(#arg) != EmptySlot;
 
 <*
  Returns a random value at compile time.
@@ -39,20 +43,28 @@ macro @is_valid_macro_slot(#arg) @const @builtin => !@typeis(#arg, EmptySlot);
 macro @rnd() @const @builtin => $$rnd();
 
 /*
- Use `IteratorResult` when reading the end of an iterator, or accessing a result out of bounds.
+ Use `NO_MORE_ELEMENT` when reading the end of an iterator, or accessing a result out of bounds.
 */
 faultdef NO_MORE_ELEMENT @builtin;
 
 /*
- Use `SearchResult` when trying to return a value from some collection but the element is missing.
+ Use `NOT_FOUND` when trying to return a value from some collection but the element is missing.
 */
 faultdef NOT_FOUND @builtin;
 
 /*
- Use `CastResult` when an attempt at conversion fails.
+ Use `TYPE_MISMATCH` when an attempt at conversion fails.
 */
 faultdef TYPE_MISMATCH @builtin;
 
+/*
+ Use `CAPACITY_EXCEEDED` when trying to add to a bounded list or similar.
+*/
+faultdef CAPACITY_EXCEEDED @builtin;
+/*
+ Use `NOT_IMPLEMENTED` when something is conditionally available.
+*/
+faultdef NOT_IMPLEMENTED @builtin;
 
 alias VoidFn = fn void();
 
@@ -61,7 +73,7 @@ alias VoidFn = fn void();
  macro scope.
 
  @param #variable : `the variable to store and restore`
- @require values::@is_lvalue(#variable)
+ @require $defined(#variable = #variable) : `Expected an actual variable`
 *>
 macro void @scope(#variable; @body) @builtin
 {
@@ -81,94 +93,160 @@ macro void @swap(#a, #b) @builtin
 	#b = temp;
 }
 
+macro usz bitsizeof($Type) @builtin @const => $Type.sizeof * 8u;
+
+macro usz @bitsizeof(#expr) @builtin @const => $sizeof(#expr) * 8u;
+
+<*
+ Compile-time check for whether a set of constants contains a certain expression.
+
+ @param #needle : "The expression whose value should be located."
+*>
+macro bool @in(#needle, ...) @builtin @const
+{
+    $for var $x = 0; $x < $vacount; $x++:
+        $assert $defined(#needle == $vaconst[$x])
+            : "Index %s: types '%s' (needle) and '%s' are not equatable", $x, $typeof(#needle), $typeof($vaconst[$x]);
+        $if #needle == $vaconst[$x]: return true; $endif
+    $endfor
+    return false;
+}
+
 <*
  Convert an `any` type to a type, returning an failure if there is a type mismatch.
 
  @param v : `the any to convert to the given type.`
  @param $Type : `the type to convert to`
  @return `The any.ptr converted to its type.`
- @ensure @typeis(return, $Type*)
+ @ensure $typeof(return) == $Type*
  @return? TYPE_MISMATCH
 *>
 macro anycast(any v, $Type) @builtin
 {
-	if (v.type != $Type.typeid) return TYPE_MISMATCH?;
+	if (v.type != $Type.typeid) return TYPE_MISMATCH~;
 	return ($Type*)v.ptr;
 }
 
-fn bool print_backtrace(String message, int backtraces_to_ignore) @if(env::NATIVE_STACKTRACE) => @stack_mem(0x1100; Allocator smem)
+<*
+  @return "The value in the pointer"
+  @return? TYPE_MISMATCH
+*>
+macro any.to(self, $Type)
+{
+	if (self.type != $Type.typeid) return TYPE_MISMATCH~;
+	return *($Type*)self.ptr;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require self.type == $Type : "The 'any' contained an unexpected type."
+ @return "The value in the pointer"
+*>
+macro any.as(self, $Type)
+{
+	return *($Type*)self.ptr;
+}
+
+macro bool @assignable_to(#foo, $Type) @const @builtin @deprecated("use '$defined($Type x = #foo)'") => $defined(*&&($Type){} = #foo);
+
+macro @addr(#val) @builtin
+{
+	$if $defined(&#val):
+		return &#val;
+	$else
+		return &&#val;
+	$endif
+}
+
+macro typeid @typeid(#value) @const @builtin
+{
+	return $typeof(#value).typeid;
+}
+
+macro TypeKind @typekind(#value) @const @builtin @deprecated("Use `$kindof(#value)`.")
+{
+	return $kindof(#value);
+}
+
+macro bool @typeis(#value, $Type) @const @builtin @deprecated("Use `$typeof(#value) == $Type` instead.")
+{
+	return $typeof(#value).typeid == $Type.typeid;
+}
+
+
+fn bool print_backtrace(String message, int backtraces_to_ignore, void *added_backtrace = null) @if (env::NATIVE_STACKTRACE) => @stack_mem(0x1100; Allocator smem)
 {
-	Allocator t = allocator::current_temp;
-	TempAllocator* new_t = allocator::new_temp_allocator(smem, 0x1000)!!;
-	allocator::current_temp = new_t;
-	defer
-	{
-		allocator::current_temp = t;
-		new_t.free();
-	}
 	void*[256] buffer;
 	void*[] backtraces = backtrace::capture_current(&buffer);
-	backtraces_to_ignore++;
-	BacktraceList? backtrace = backtrace::symbolize_backtrace(tmem, backtraces);
-	if (catch backtrace) return false;
-	if (backtrace.len() <= backtraces_to_ignore) return false;
-	io::eprint("\nERROR: '");
-	io::eprint(message);
-	io::eprintn("'");
-	foreach (i, &trace : backtrace)
+	if (added_backtrace)
 	{
-		if (i < backtraces_to_ignore) continue;
-		String inline_suffix = trace.is_inline ? " [inline]" : "";
-		if (trace.is_unknown())
-		{
-			io::eprintfn("  in ???%s", inline_suffix);
-			continue;
-		}
-		if (trace.has_file())
-		{
-			io::eprintfn("  in %s (%s:%d) [%s]%s", trace.function, trace.file, trace.line, trace.object_file, inline_suffix);
-			continue;
-		}
-		io::eprintfn("  in %s (source unavailable) [%s]%s", trace.function, trace.object_file, inline_suffix);
+		backtraces[++backtraces_to_ignore] = added_backtrace;
 	}
+	@stack_mem(4096; Allocator mem)
+	{
+		BacktraceList? backtrace = backtrace::symbolize_backtrace(mem, backtraces);
+		if (catch backtrace) return false;
+		if (backtrace.len() <= backtraces_to_ignore) return false;
+		io::eprint("\nERROR: '");
+		io::eprint(message);
+		io::eprintn("'");
+		foreach (i, &trace : backtrace)
+		{
+			if (i < backtraces_to_ignore) continue;
+			String inline_suffix = trace.is_inline ? " [inline]" : "";
+			if (trace.is_unknown())
+			{
+				io::eprintfn("  in ???%s", inline_suffix);
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (trace.has_file())
+			{
+				io::eprintfn("  in %s (%s:%d) [%s]%s", trace.function, trace.file, trace.line, trace.object_file, inline_suffix);
+				continue;
+			}
+			io::eprintfn("  in %s (source unavailable) [%s]%s", trace.function, trace.object_file, inline_suffix);
+		}
+	};
 	return true;
 
 }
 
 fn void default_panic(String message, String file, String function, uint line) @if(env::NATIVE_STACKTRACE)
 {
-	$if $defined(io::stderr):
-	if (!print_backtrace(message, 2))
-	{
-		io::eprintfn("\nERROR: '%s', in %s (%s:%d)", message, function, file, line);
-	}
+	in_panic = true;
+	$if $defined(io::stderr) && env::PANIC_MSG:
+		if (!print_backtrace(message, 2))
+		{
+			io::eprintfn("\nERROR: '%s', in %s (%s:%d)", message, function, file, line);
+		}
 	$endif
 	$$trap();
 
 }
 
-macro void abort(String string = "Unrecoverable error reached", ...) @builtin @noreturn
+macro void abort(String string = "Unrecoverable error reached", ...) @format(0) @builtin @noreturn
 {
 	panicf(string, $$FILE, $$FUNC, $$LINE, $vasplat);
 	$$trap();
 }
 
-bool in_panic @local = false;
+bool in_panic @private = false;
 
-fn void default_panic(String message, String file, String function, uint line) @if(!env::NATIVE_STACKTRACE)
+fn void default_panic(String message, String file, String function, uint line) @if (!env::NATIVE_STACKTRACE)
 {
-	if (in_panic)
-	{
-		io::eprintn("Panic inside of panic.");
-		return;
-	}
-	in_panic = true;
-	$if $defined(io::stderr):
-	io::eprint("\nERROR: '");
-	io::eprint(message);
-	io::eprintfn("', in %s (%s:%d)", function, file, line);
+	$if $defined(io::stderr) && env::PANIC_MSG:
+		if (in_panic)
+		{
+			io::eprintn("Panic inside of panic.");
+			return;
+		}
+		in_panic = true;
+		$if $defined(io::stderr):
+		io::eprint("\nERROR: '");
+		io::eprint(message);
+		io::eprintfn("', in %s (%s:%d)", function, file, line);
+		$endif
+		in_panic = false;
 	$endif
-	in_panic = false;
 	$$trap();
 }
 
@@ -178,21 +256,23 @@ PanicFn panic = &default_panic;
 
 fn void panicf(String fmt, String file, String function, uint line, args...)
 {
-	if (in_panic)
-	{
-		io::eprint("Panic inside of panic: ");
-		io::eprintn(fmt);
-		return;
-	}
-	in_panic = true;
-	@stack_mem(512; Allocator allocator)
-	{
-		DString s;
-		s.init(allocator);
-		s.appendf(fmt, ...args);
-		in_panic = false;
-		panic(s.str_view(), file, function, line);
-	};
+	$if $defined(io::stderr) && env::PANIC_MSG:
+		if (in_panic)
+		{
+			io::eprint("Panic inside of panic: ");
+			io::eprintn(fmt);
+			return;
+		}
+		in_panic = true;
+		@stack_mem(512; Allocator allocator)
+		{
+			DString s;
+			s.init(allocator);
+			s.appendf(fmt, ...args);
+			in_panic = false;
+			panic(s.str_view(), file, function, line);
+		};
+	$endif
 }
 
 <*
@@ -247,7 +327,7 @@ macro any.as_inner(&self)
  @param $Type : "the type to cast to"
 
  @require $sizeof(expr) == $Type.sizeof  : "Cannot bitcast between types of different size."
- @ensure @typeis(return, $Type)
+ @ensure $typeof(return) == $Type*
 *>
 macro bitcast(expr, $Type) @builtin
 {
@@ -264,7 +344,7 @@ macro bitcast(expr, $Type) @builtin
  @param $Type : `The type of the enum`
  @param [in] enum_name : `The name of the enum to search for`
  @require $Type.kindof == ENUM : `Only enums may be used`
- @ensure @typeis(return, $Type)
+ @ensure $typeof(return) == $Type*
  @return? NOT_FOUND
 *>
 macro enum_by_name($Type, String enum_name) @builtin
@@ -274,15 +354,15 @@ macro enum_by_name($Type, String enum_name) @builtin
 	{
 		if (name == enum_name) return $Type.from_ordinal(i);
 	}
-	return NOT_FOUND?;
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
 }
 
 <*
  @param $Type : `The type of the enum`
  @require $Type.kindof == ENUM : `Only enums may be used`
  @require $defined($Type.#value) : `Expected '#value' to match an enum associated value`
- @require $assignable(value, $typeof(($Type){}.#value)) : `Expected the value to match the type of the associated value`
- @ensure @typeis(return, $Type)
+ @require $defined($typeof(($Type){}.#value) v = value) : `Expected the value to match the type of the associated value`
+ @ensure $typeof(return) == $Type*
  @return? NOT_FOUND
 *>
 macro @enum_from_value($Type, #value, value) @builtin @deprecated("Use Enum.lookup_field and Enum.lookup")
@@ -291,7 +371,7 @@ macro @enum_from_value($Type, #value, value) @builtin @deprecated("Use Enum.look
 	{
 		if (e.#value == value) return e;
 	}
-	return NOT_FOUND?;
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
 }
 
 <*
@@ -334,7 +414,7 @@ macro bool @unlikely(bool #value, $probability = 1.0) @builtin
 
 <*
  @require values::@is_int(#value) || values::@is_bool(#value)
- @require $assignable(expected, $typeof(#value))
+ @require $defined($typeof(#value) v = expected)
  @require $probability >= 0 && $probability <= 1.0
 *>
 macro @expect(#value, expected, $probability = 1.0) @builtin
@@ -375,20 +455,62 @@ macro @prefetch(void* ptr, PrefetchLocality $locality = VERY_NEAR, bool $write =
 	$endif
 }
 
+<*
+ Shuffle a vector by its index
+
+ int[<4>] a = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
+ assert(swizzle(a, 0, 1, 1, 3) == (int[<4>]) { 1, 2, 2, 4 });
+*>
 macro swizzle(v, ...) @builtin
 {
 	return $$swizzle(v, $vasplat);
 }
 
+
+<*
+ Shuffle two vectors by a common index from arranging the vectors sequentially in memory
+
+ int[<4>] a = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
+ int[<4>] b = { 100, 1000, 10000, 100000 };
+ assert(swizzle2(a, b, 0, 1, 4, 6, 2) == (int[<5>]) { 1, 2, 100, 10000, 3 });
+*>
 macro swizzle2(v, v2, ...) @builtin
 {
 	return $$swizzle2(v, v2, $vasplat);
 }
+
+
+<*
+ Returns the count of leading zero bits from an integer at compile-time.
+
+ @require types::is_int($typeof($value)) : "Input value must be an integer"
+ @require $sizeof($value) * 8 <= 128 : "Input value must be 128 bits wide or lower"
+*>
+macro uint @clz($value) @builtin @const
+{
+	$if $value == 0:
+		return $sizeof($value) * 8;   // it's all leading zeroes
+	$endif
+
+	usz $n = 0;
+	uint128 $x = (uint128)$value;
+
+	$if $x <= 0x0000_0000_0000_0000_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF: $n += 64; $x <<= 64; $endif
+	$if $x <= 0x0000_0000_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF: $n += 32; $x <<= 32; $endif
+	$if $x <= 0x0000_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF: $n += 16; $x <<= 16; $endif
+	$if $x <= 0x00FF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF: $n += 8;  $x <<= 8;  $endif
+	$if $x <= 0x0FFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF: $n += 4;  $x <<= 4;  $endif
+	$if $x <= 0x3FFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF: $n += 2;  $x <<= 2;  $endif
+	$if $x <= 0x7FFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF: $n += 1;             $endif
+
+	return $n % ($sizeof($value) * 8);   // mod by the bitsize of the input value to go back from uint128 -> it's-type
+}
+
 <*
  Return the excuse in the Optional if it is Empty, otherwise
  return a null fault.
 
- @require @typekind(#expr) == OPTIONAL : `@catch expects an Optional value`
+ @require $kindof(#expr) == OPTIONAL : `@catch expects an Optional value`
 *>
 macro fault @catch(#expr) @builtin
 {
@@ -400,7 +522,7 @@ macro fault @catch(#expr) @builtin
  Check if an Optional expression holds a value or is empty, returning true
  if it has a value.
 
- @require @typekind(#expr) == OPTIONAL : `@ok expects an Optional value`
+ @require $kindof(#expr) == OPTIONAL : `@ok expects an Optional value`
 *>
 macro bool @ok(#expr) @builtin
 {
@@ -408,6 +530,67 @@ macro bool @ok(#expr) @builtin
 	return true;
 }
 
+<*
+ Check if an Optional expression evaluates to a fault. If so, return it;
+ else, assign the result to an expression.
+
+ @require $defined(#v = #v) : "#v must be a variable"
+ @require $defined(#expr!) : "Expected an optional expression"
+ @require $defined(#v = #expr!!)  : `Type of #expr must be an optional of #v's type`
+*>
+macro void? @try(#v, #expr) @builtin @maydiscard
+{
+	var res = #expr;
+	if (catch err = res) return err~;
+	#v = res;
+}
+
+<*
+ Check if an Optional expression evaluates to a fault. If so, return true if it is the
+ expected fault, the optional if it is unexpected, or false if there was no fault and
+ the assign happened.
+
+ This can be used in like this:
+
+  while (true)
+  {
+	char[] data;
+	// Read until end of file
+	if (@try_catch(data, load_line(), io::EOF)!) break;
+	.. use data ..
+  }
+
+ In this example we read until we reach an EOF, which is expected. However, if we encounter some other
+ fault, we rethrow is. Without this macro, the code is instead written like:
+
+  while (true)
+  {
+	char[]? data;
+	data = load_line();
+	if (catch err = data)
+	{
+	  if (err = io::EOF) break;
+	  return err?
+	}
+	.. use data ..
+  }
+
+ @require $defined(#v = #v) : "#v must be a variable"
+ @require $defined(#expr!) : "Expected an optional expression"
+ @require $defined(#v = #expr!!)  : `Type of #expr must be an optional of #v's type`
+ @return "True if it was the expected fault, false if the variable was assigned, otherwise returns an optional."
+*>
+macro bool? @try_catch(#v, #expr, fault expected_fault) @builtin
+{
+	var res = #expr;
+	if (catch err = res)
+	{
+		return err == expected_fault ? true : err~;
+	}
+	#v = res;
+	return false;
+}
+
 <*
  @require $defined(&#value, (char*)&#value) : "This must be a value that can be viewed as a char array"
  *>
@@ -420,6 +603,27 @@ macro isz @str_find(String $string, String $needle) @builtin => $$str_find($stri
 macro String @str_upper(String $str) @builtin => $$str_upper($str);
 macro String @str_lower(String $str) @builtin => $$str_lower($str);
 macro uint @str_hash(String $str) @builtin => $$str_hash($str);
+macro String @str_pascalcase(String $str) @builtin => $$str_pascalcase($str);
+macro String @str_snakecase(String $str) @builtin => $$str_snakecase($str);
+macro String @str_camelcase(String $str) @builtin => @str_capitalize($$str_pascalcase($str));
+macro String @str_constantcase(String $str) @builtin => @str_upper($$str_snakecase($str));
+macro String @str_replace(String $str, String $pattern, String $replace, uint $limit = 0) @builtin => $$str_replace($str, $pattern, $replace, $limit);
+macro String @str_capitalize(String $str) @builtin
+{
+	$switch $str.len:
+		$case 0: return $str;
+		$case 1: return $$str_upper($str);
+		$default: return $$str_upper($str[0:1]) +++ $str[1..];
+	$endswitch
+}
+macro String @str_uncapitalize(String $str) @builtin
+{
+	$switch $str.len:
+		$case 0: return $str;
+		$case 1: return $$str_lower($str);
+		$default: return $$str_lower($str[0:1]) +++ $str[1..];
+	$endswitch
+}
 
 macro @generic_hash_core(h, value)
 {
@@ -429,7 +633,7 @@ macro @generic_hash_core(h, value)
 	return h;
 }
 
-macro @generic_hash(value)
+macro uint @generic_hash(value)
 {
 	uint h = @generic_hash_core((uint)0x3efd4391, value);
 	$for var $cnt = 4; $cnt < $sizeof(value); $cnt += 4:
@@ -477,24 +681,36 @@ macro uint ichar[<*>].hash(self)   => hash_vec(self);
 macro uint bool[<*>].hash(self)    => hash_vec(self);
 
 macro uint typeid.hash(typeid t) => @generic_hash(((ulong)(uptr)t));
-macro uint String.hash(String c) => (uint)fnv32a::hash(c);
-macro uint char[].hash(char[] c) => (uint)fnv32a::hash(c);
+macro uint String.hash(String c) => (uint)a5hash::hash(c);
+macro uint char[].hash(char[] c) => (uint)a5hash::hash(c);
 macro uint void*.hash(void* ptr) => @generic_hash(((ulong)(uptr)ptr));
 
 <*
- @require @typekind(array_ptr) == POINTER &&& @typekind(*array_ptr) == ARRAY
+ @require $kindof(array_ptr) == POINTER &&& $kindof(*array_ptr) == ARRAY
 *>
 macro uint hash_array(array_ptr) @local
 {
-	return (uint)fnv32a::hash(((char*)array_ptr)[:$sizeof(*array_ptr)]);
+	var $len = $sizeof(*array_ptr);
+
+	$if $len > 16:
+		return (uint)komi::hash(((char*)array_ptr)[:$len]);
+	$else
+		return (uint)wyhash2::hash(((char*)array_ptr)[:$len]);
+	$endif
 }
 
 <*
- @require @typekind(vec) == VECTOR
+ @require $kindof(vec) == VECTOR
 *>
 macro uint hash_vec(vec) @local
 {
-	return (uint)fnv32a::hash(((char*)&&vec)[:$sizeof(vec.len * $typeof(vec).inner.sizeof)]);
+	var $len = $sizeof(vec);
+
+	$if $len > 16:
+		return (uint)komi::hash(((char*)&&vec)[:$len]);
+	$else
+		return (uint)wyhash2::hash(((char*)&&vec)[:$len]);
+	$endif
 }
 
 const MAX_FRAMEADDRESS = 128;
@@ -781,57 +997,73 @@ macro void* get_returnaddress(int n)
 }
 
 module std::core::builtin @if((env::LINUX || env::ANDROID || env::DARWIN) && env::COMPILER_SAFE_MODE && env::DEBUG_SYMBOLS);
-import libc, std::io;
+import libc, std::io, std::os::posix;
 
 fn void sig_panic(String message)
 {
 	default_panic(message, "???", "???", 0);
 }
 
-SignalFunction old_bus_error;
-SignalFunction old_segmentation_fault;
-
-fn void sig_bus_error(CInt i)
+fn void sig_bus_error(CInt i, void* info, void* context)
 {
 	$if !env::NATIVE_STACKTRACE:
 		sig_panic("Illegal memory access.");
 	$else
 		$if $defined(io::stderr):
-			if (!print_backtrace("Illegal memory access.", 1))
+			if (!print_backtrace("Illegal memory access.", 2, posix::stack_instruction(context)))
 			{
 				io::eprintn("\nERROR: 'Illegal memory access'.");
 			}
 		$endif
 	$endif
-	$$trap();
+	os::fastexit(128 + i);
 }
 
-fn void sig_segmentation_fault(CInt i)
+fn void sig_segmentation_fault(CInt i, void* p1, void* context)
 {
 	$if !env::NATIVE_STACKTRACE:
 		sig_panic("Out of bounds memory access.");
 	$else
 		$if $defined(io::stderr):
-			if (!print_backtrace("Out of bounds memory access.", 1))
+			if (!print_backtrace("Out of bounds memory access.", 2, posix::stack_instruction(context)))
 			{
 				io::eprintn("\nERROR: Memory error without backtrace, possible stack overflow.");
 			}
 		$endif
 	$endif
-	$$trap();
+	os::fastexit(128 + i);
 }
 
-fn void install_signal_handler(CInt signal, SignalFunction func) @local
+fn void sig_illegal_instruction(CInt i, void* p1, void* context)
 {
-	SignalFunction old = libc::signal(signal, func);
-	// Restore
-	if ((iptr)old > 1024) libc::signal(signal, old);
+	if (in_panic) os::fastexit(128 + i);
+	$if !env::NATIVE_STACKTRACE:
+		sig_panic("Illegal instruction.");
+	$else
+		$if $defined(io::stderr):
+			if (!print_backtrace("Illegal instruction.", 2, posix::stack_instruction(context)))
+			{
+				io::eprintn("\nERROR: Illegal instruction.");
+			}
+		$endif
+	$endif
+	os::fastexit(128 + i);
 }
 
+char[64 * 1024] sig_stack @local @if(env::BACKTRACE && env::LINUX);
+
 // Clean this up
 fn void install_signal_handlers() @init(101) @local @if(env::BACKTRACE)
 {
-	install_signal_handler(libc::SIGBUS, &sig_bus_error);
-	install_signal_handler(libc::SIGSEGV, &sig_segmentation_fault);
-}
+	$if env::LINUX:
+		Stack_t ss = {
+			.ss_sp = &sig_stack,
+			.ss_size = sig_stack.len
+		};
+		libc::sigaltstack(&ss, null);
+	$endif
 
+	posix::install_signal_handler(libc::SIGBUS, &sig_bus_error);
+	posix::install_signal_handler(libc::SIGSEGV, &sig_segmentation_fault);
+	posix::install_signal_handler(libc::SIGILL,  &sig_illegal_instruction);
+}

lib/std/core/builtin_comparison.c3

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module std::core::builtin;
 <*
  @require types::@comparable_value(a) && types::@comparable_value(b)
 *>
-macro less(a, b) @builtin
+macro bool less(a, b) @builtin
 {
 	$switch:
 	$case $defined(a.less):
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ macro less(a, b) @builtin
 <*
  @require types::@comparable_value(a) && types::@comparable_value(b)
 *>
-macro less_eq(a, b) @builtin
+macro bool less_eq(a, b) @builtin
 {
 	$switch:
 	$case $defined(a.less):
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ macro less_eq(a, b) @builtin
 <*
  @require types::@comparable_value(a) && types::@comparable_value(b)
 *>
-macro greater(a, b) @builtin
+macro bool greater(a, b) @builtin
 {
 	$switch:
 	$case $defined(a.less):
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ macro int compare_to(a, b) @builtin
 <*
  @require types::@comparable_value(a) && types::@comparable_value(b)
 *>
-macro greater_eq(a, b) @builtin
+macro bool greater_eq(a, b) @builtin
 {
 	$switch:
 	$case $defined(a.less):
@@ -126,3 +126,36 @@ macro max(x, ...) @builtin
 	$endif
 }
 
+
+<*
+ @require types::is_numerical($typeof($a))
+*>
+macro @max($a, ...) @builtin @const
+{
+	$if $vacount == 1:
+		return $a > $vaconst[0] ? $a : $vaconst[0];
+	$else
+		var $result = $a;
+		$for var $x = 0; $x < $vacount; ++$x:
+			$if $vaconst[$x] > $result: $result = $vaconst[$x]; $endif
+		$endfor
+		return $result;
+	$endif
+}
+
+<*
+ @require types::is_numerical($typeof($a))
+*>
+macro @min($a, ...) @builtin @const
+{
+	$if $vacount == 1:
+		return $a < $vaconst[0] ? $a : $vaconst[0];
+	$else
+		var $result = $a;
+		$for var $x = 0; $x < $vacount; ++$x:
+			$if $vaconst[$x] < $result: $result = $vaconst[$x]; $endif
+		$endfor
+		return $result;
+	$endif
+}
+

lib/std/core/cinterop.c3

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
 // a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
 module std::core::cinterop;
+import std::core::env;
+
 
 const C_INT_SIZE = $$C_INT_SIZE;
 const C_LONG_SIZE = $$C_LONG_SIZE;
@@ -59,3 +61,57 @@ macro typeid unsigned_int_from_bitsize(usz $bitsize) @private
 		$default: $error("Invalid bitsize");
 	$endswitch
 }
+
+const USE_STACK_VALIST = env::ARCH_32_BIT || env::WIN32 || (env::DARWIN && env::AARCH64);
+module std::core::cinterop @if(USE_STACK_VALIST);
+
+typedef CVaList = void*;
+macro CVaList.next(&self, $Type)
+{
+	void *ptr = mem::aligned_pointer((void*)*self, max($Type.alignof, 8));
+	defer *self = (CVaList)(ptr + 1);
+	return *($Type*)ptr;
+}
+
+module std::core::cinterop @if(env::X86_64 && !env::WIN32);
+
+struct CVaListData
+{
+    uint gp_offset;
+    uint fp_offset;
+    void *overflow_arg_area;
+    void *reg_save_area;
+}
+
+typedef CVaList = CVaListData*;
+
+macro CVaList.next(self, $Type)
+{
+	CVaListData* data = (CVaListData*)self;
+	$switch:
+	    $case $Type.kindof == FLOAT ||| ($Type.kindof == VECTOR && $Type.sizeof <= 16):
+	        var $LoadType = $Type.sizeof < 8 ? double : $Type;
+	        if (data.fp_offset < 6 * 8 + 8 * 16 )
+			{
+				defer data.fp_offset += (uint)mem::aligned_offset($Type.sizeof, 16);
+				return ($Type)*($LoadType*)(data.reg_save_area + data.fp_offset);
+			}
+			void* ptr = mem::aligned_pointer(data.overflow_arg_area, max(8, $Type.alignof));
+			defer data.overflow_arg_area = ptr + $Type.sizeof;
+			return ($Type)*($LoadType*)ptr;
+		$case $Type.kindof == SIGNED_INT || $Type.kindof == UNSIGNED_INT:
+	        var $LoadType = $Type.sizeof < 4 ? int : $Type;
+			if (data.gp_offset < 6 * 8 && $Type.sizeof <= 8)
+			{
+				defer data.gp_offset += (uint)mem::aligned_offset($Type.sizeof, 8);
+				return ($Type)*($LoadType*)(data.reg_save_area + data.gp_offset);
+			}
+			void* ptr = mem::aligned_pointer(data.overflow_arg_area, max(8, $Type.alignof));
+			defer data.overflow_arg_area = ptr + $Type.sizeof;
+			return ($Type)*($LoadType*)ptr;
+		$default:
+			void* ptr = mem::aligned_pointer(data.overflow_arg_area, max(8, $Type.alignof));
+			defer data.overflow_arg_area = ptr + $Type.sizeof;
+			return *($Type*)ptr;
+	$endswitch
+}

lib/std/core/conv.c3

@@ -16,25 +16,25 @@ const uint UTF16_SURROGATE_HIGH_VALUE @private = 0xD800;
 *>
 fn usz? char32_to_utf8(Char32 c, char[] output)
 {
-	if (!output.len) return string::CONVERSION_FAILED?;
+	if (!output.len) return string::CONVERSION_FAILED~;
 	switch (true)
 	{
 		case c <= 0x7f:
 			output[0] = (char)c;
 			return 1;
 		case c <= 0x7ff:
-			if (output.len < 2) return string::CONVERSION_FAILED?;
+			if (output.len < 2) return string::CONVERSION_FAILED~;
 			output[0] = (char)(0xC0 | c >> 6);
 			output[1] = (char)(0x80 | (c & 0x3F));
 			return 2;
 		case c <= 0xffff:
-			if (output.len < 3) return string::CONVERSION_FAILED?;
+			if (output.len < 3) return string::CONVERSION_FAILED~;
 			output[0] = (char)(0xE0 | c >> 12);
 			output[1] = (char)(0x80 | (c >> 6 & 0x3F));
 			output[2] = (char)(0x80 | (c & 0x3F));
 			return 3;
 		case c <= 0x10ffff:
-			if (output.len < 4) return string::CONVERSION_FAILED?;
+			if (output.len < 4) return string::CONVERSION_FAILED~;
 			output[0] = (char)(0xF0 | c >> 18);
 			output[1] = (char)(0x80 | (c >> 12 & 0x3F));
 			output[2] = (char)(0x80 | (c >> 6 & 0x3F));
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ fn usz? char32_to_utf8(Char32 c, char[] output)
 			return 4;
 		default:
 			// 0x10FFFF and above is not defined.
-			return string::CONVERSION_FAILED?;
+			return string::CONVERSION_FAILED~;
 	}
 }
 
@@ -84,15 +84,15 @@ fn void? char16_to_utf8_unsafe(Char16 *ptr, usz *available, char** output)
 		return;
 	}
 	// Low surrogate first is an error
-	if (high & UTF16_SURROGATE_MASK != UTF16_SURROGATE_HIGH_VALUE) return string::INVALID_UTF16?;
+	if (high & UTF16_SURROGATE_MASK != UTF16_SURROGATE_HIGH_VALUE) return string::INVALID_UTF16~;
 
 	// Unmatched high surrogate is an error
-	if (*available == 1) return string::INVALID_UTF16?;
+	if (*available == 1) return string::INVALID_UTF16~;
 
 	Char16 low = ptr[1];
 
 	// Unmatched high surrogate, invalid
-	if (low & UTF16_SURROGATE_MASK != UTF16_SURROGATE_LOW_VALUE) return string::INVALID_UTF16?;
+	if (low & UTF16_SURROGATE_MASK != UTF16_SURROGATE_LOW_VALUE) return string::INVALID_UTF16~;
 
 	// The high bits of the codepoint are the value bits of the high surrogate
 	// The low bits of the codepoint are the value bits of the low surrogate
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ fn usz char32_to_utf8_unsafe(Char32 c, char** output)
 fn Char32? utf8_to_char32(char* ptr, usz* size)
 {
 	usz max_size = *size;
-	if (max_size < 1) return string::INVALID_UTF8?;
+	if (max_size < 1) return string::INVALID_UTF8~;
 	char c = (ptr++)[0];
 
 	if ((c & 0x80) == 0)
@@ -148,40 +148,40 @@ fn Char32? utf8_to_char32(char* ptr, usz* size)
 	}
 	if ((c & 0xE0) == 0xC0)
 	{
-		if (max_size < 2) return string::INVALID_UTF8?;
+		if (max_size < 2) return string::INVALID_UTF8~;
 		*size = 2;
 		Char32 uc = (c & 0x1F) << 6;
 		c = *ptr;
 		// Overlong sequence or invalid second.
-		if (!uc || c & 0xC0 != 0x80) return string::INVALID_UTF8?;
+		if (!uc || c & 0xC0 != 0x80) return string::INVALID_UTF8~;
 		return uc + c & 0x3F;
 	}
 	if ((c & 0xF0) == 0xE0)
 	{
-		if (max_size < 3) return string::INVALID_UTF8?;
+		if (max_size < 3) return string::INVALID_UTF8~;
 		*size = 3;
 		Char32 uc = (c & 0x0F) << 12;
 		c = ptr++[0];
-		if (c & 0xC0 != 0x80) return string::INVALID_UTF8?;
+		if (c & 0xC0 != 0x80) return string::INVALID_UTF8~;
 		uc += (c & 0x3F) << 6;
 		c = ptr++[0];
 		// Overlong sequence or invalid last
-		if (!uc || c & 0xC0 != 0x80) return string::INVALID_UTF8?;
+		if (!uc || c & 0xC0 != 0x80) return string::INVALID_UTF8~;
 		return uc + c & 0x3F;
 	}
-	if (max_size < 4) return string::INVALID_UTF8?;
-	if ((c & 0xF8) != 0xF0) return string::INVALID_UTF8?;
+	if (max_size < 4) return string::INVALID_UTF8~;
+	if ((c & 0xF8) != 0xF0) return string::INVALID_UTF8~;
 	*size = 4;
 	Char32 uc = (c & 0x07) << 18;
 	c = ptr++[0];
-	if (c & 0xC0 != 0x80) return string::INVALID_UTF8?;
+	if (c & 0xC0 != 0x80) return string::INVALID_UTF8~;
 	uc += (c & 0x3F) << 12;
 	c = ptr++[0];
-	if (c & 0xC0 != 0x80) return string::INVALID_UTF8?;
+	if (c & 0xC0 != 0x80) return string::INVALID_UTF8~;
 	uc += (c & 0x3F) << 6;
 	c = ptr++[0];
 	// Overlong sequence or invalid last
-	if (!uc || c & 0xC0 != 0x80) return string::INVALID_UTF8?;
+	if (!uc || c & 0xC0 != 0x80) return string::INVALID_UTF8~;
 	return uc + c & 0x3F;
 }
 
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ fn usz? utf8to32(String utf8, Char32[] utf32_buffer)
 	usz buf_len = utf32_buffer.len;
 	for (usz i = 0; i < len;)
 	{
-		if (len32 == buf_len) return string::CONVERSION_FAILED?;
+		if (len32 == buf_len) return string::CONVERSION_FAILED~;
 		usz width = len - i;
 		Char32 uc = utf8_to_char32(&utf8[i], &width) @inline!;
 		i += width;

lib/std/core/dstring.c3

@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ fn void DString.replace(&self, String needle, String replacement)
 				match++;
 				if (match == needle_len)
 				{
-					self.append_chars(replacement);
+					self.append_string(replacement);
 					match = 0;
 					continue;
 				}
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ fn void DString.replace(&self, String needle, String replacement)
 			}
 			if (match > 0)
 			{
-				self.append_chars(str[i - match:match]);
+				self.append_string(str[i - match:match]);
 				match = 0;
 			}
 			self.append_char(c);
 		}
-		if (match > 0) self.append_chars(str[^match:match]);
+		if (match > 0) self.append_string(str[^match:match]);
 	};
 }
 
@@ -305,18 +305,23 @@ fn bool DString.less(self, DString other_string)
 	return true;
 }
 
-fn void DString.append_chars(&self, String str)
+fn void DString.append_chars(&self, String str) @deprecated("Use append_string")
 {
-	usz other_len = str.len;
+	self.append_bytes(str);
+}
+
+fn void DString.append_bytes(&self, char[] bytes)
+{
+	usz other_len = bytes.len;
 	if (!other_len) return;
 	if (!*self)
 	{
-		*self = temp(str);
+		*self = temp((String)bytes);
 		return;
 	}
 	self.reserve(other_len);
 	StringData* data = self.data();
-	mem::copy(&data.chars[data.len], str.ptr, other_len);
+	mem::copy(&data.chars[data.len], bytes.ptr, other_len);
 	data.len += other_len;
 }
 
@@ -325,7 +330,24 @@ fn Char32[] DString.copy_utf32(&self, Allocator allocator)
 	return self.str_view().to_utf32(allocator) @inline!!;
 }
 
-fn void DString.append_string(&self, DString str)
+<*
+ @require $typeof(str) == String || $typeof(str) == DString : "Expected string or DString"
+*>
+macro void DString.append_string(&self, str)
+{
+	$if $typeof(str) == String:
+		self.append_bytes(str);
+	$else
+		self.append_string_deprecated(str);
+	$endif
+}
+
+macro void DString.append_string_deprecated(&self, DString str) @deprecated("Use .append_dstring()")
+{
+	self.append_dstring(str);
+}
+
+fn void DString.append_dstring(&self, DString str)
 {
 	StringData* other = str.data();
 	if (!other) return;
@@ -340,7 +362,7 @@ fn void DString.clear(self)
 
 fn usz? DString.write(&self, char[] buffer) @dynamic
 {
-	self.append_chars((String)buffer);
+	self.append_bytes(buffer);
 	return buffer.len;
 }
 
@@ -400,9 +422,9 @@ macro void DString.append(&self, value)
 		$case ichar:
 			self.append_char(value);
 		$case DString:
-			self.append_string(value);
+			self.append_dstring(value);
 		$case String:
-			self.append_chars(value);
+			self.append_string(value);
 		$case Char32:
 			self.append_char32(value);
 		$default:
@@ -410,7 +432,7 @@ macro void DString.append(&self, value)
 				$case $defined((Char32)value):
 					self.append_char32((Char32)value);
 				$case $defined((String)value):
-					self.append_chars((String)value);
+					self.append_string((String)value);
 				$default:
 					$error "Unsupported type for append – use appendf instead.";
 			$endswitch

lib/std/core/env.c3

@@ -124,7 +124,8 @@ const usz MAX_VECTOR_SIZE = $$MAX_VECTOR_SIZE;
 const bool ARCH_32_BIT = $$REGISTER_SIZE == 32;
 const bool ARCH_64_BIT = $$REGISTER_SIZE == 64;
 const bool LIBC = $$COMPILER_LIBC_AVAILABLE;
-const bool NO_LIBC = !$$COMPILER_LIBC_AVAILABLE;
+const bool NO_LIBC = !LIBC && !CUSTOM_LIBC;
+const bool CUSTOM_LIBC = $$CUSTOM_LIBC;
 const CompilerOptLevel COMPILER_OPT_LEVEL = CompilerOptLevel.from_ordinal($$COMPILER_OPT_LEVEL);
 const bool BIG_ENDIAN = $$PLATFORM_BIG_ENDIAN;
 const bool I128_NATIVE_SUPPORT = $$PLATFORM_I128_SUPPORTED;
@@ -137,12 +138,13 @@ const bool BACKTRACE = $$BACKTRACE;
 const usz LLVM_VERSION = $$LLVM_VERSION;
 const bool BENCHMARKING = $$BENCHMARKING;
 const bool TESTING = $$TESTING;
+const bool PANIC_MSG = $$PANIC_MSG;
 const MemoryEnvironment MEMORY_ENV = MemoryEnvironment.from_ordinal($$MEMORY_ENVIRONMENT);
 const bool TRACK_MEMORY = DEBUG_SYMBOLS && (COMPILER_SAFE_MODE || TESTING);
 const bool X86_64 = ARCH_TYPE == X86_64;
 const bool X86 = ARCH_TYPE == X86;
 const bool AARCH64 = ARCH_TYPE == AARCH64;
-const bool NATIVE_STACKTRACE = LINUX || DARWIN || WIN32;
+const bool NATIVE_STACKTRACE = LINUX || DARWIN || OPENBSD || WIN32;
 const bool LINUX = LIBC && OS_TYPE == LINUX;
 const bool DARWIN = LIBC && os_is_darwin();
 const bool WIN32 = LIBC && OS_TYPE == WIN32;
@@ -152,14 +154,20 @@ const bool FREEBSD = LIBC && OS_TYPE == FREEBSD;
 const bool NETBSD = LIBC && OS_TYPE == NETBSD;
 const bool BSD_FAMILY = env::FREEBSD || env::OPENBSD || env::NETBSD;
 const bool WASI = LIBC && OS_TYPE == WASI;
+const bool WASM = ARCH_TYPE == ArchType.WASM32 || ARCH_TYPE == ArchType.WASM64;
 const bool ANDROID = LIBC && OS_TYPE == ANDROID;
-const bool WASM_NOLIBC @builtin = !LIBC && ARCH_TYPE == ArchType.WASM32 || ARCH_TYPE == ArchType.WASM64;
+const bool WASM_NOLIBC @builtin @deprecated("Use 'FREESTANDING_WASM' instead") = !LIBC && ARCH_TYPE == ArchType.WASM32 || ARCH_TYPE == ArchType.WASM64;
+const bool FREESTANDING_PE32 = NO_LIBC && OS_TYPE == WIN32;
+const bool FREESTANDING_MACHO = NO_LIBC && OS_TYPE == MACOS;
+const bool FREESTANDING_ELF = NO_LIBC && !env::FREESTANDING_PE32 && !env::FREESTANDING_MACHO && !env::FREESTANDING_WASM;
+const bool FREESTANDING_WASM = NO_LIBC && WASM;
+const bool FREESTANDING = env::FREESTANDING_PE32 || env::FREESTANDING_MACHO || env::FREESTANDING_ELF || env::FREESTANDING_WASM;
 const bool ADDRESS_SANITIZER = $$ADDRESS_SANITIZER;
 const bool MEMORY_SANITIZER = $$MEMORY_SANITIZER;
 const bool THREAD_SANITIZER = $$THREAD_SANITIZER;
 const bool ANY_SANITIZER = ADDRESS_SANITIZER || MEMORY_SANITIZER || THREAD_SANITIZER;
 const int LANGUAGE_DEV_VERSION = $$LANGUAGE_DEV_VERSION;
-const bool HAS_NATIVE_ERRNO = env::LINUX || env::ANDROID || env::DARWIN || env::WIN32;
+const bool HAS_NATIVE_ERRNO = env::LINUX || env::ANDROID || env::OPENBSD || env::DARWIN || env::WIN32 || env::NETBSD;
 
 macro bool os_is_darwin() @const
 {
@@ -198,6 +206,8 @@ macro bool os_is_posix() @const
 		return false;
 	$endswitch
 }
-
+const String[] AUTHORS = $$AUTHORS;
+const String[] AUTHOR_EMAILS = $$AUTHOR_EMAILS;
+const String PROJECT_VERSION = $$PROJECT_VERSION;
 const BUILTIN_EXPECT_IS_DISABLED = $feature(DISABLE_BUILTIN_EXPECT);
 const BUILTIN_PREFETCH_IS_DISABLED = $feature(DISABLE_BUILTIN_PREFETCH);

lib/std/core/logging.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+module std::core::log;
+import std::io, std::thread, std::time, std::math::random;
+
+const FULL_LOG = env::COMPILER_SAFE_MODE || $feature(FULL_LOG);
+
+typedef LogCategory = inline char;
+typedef LogTag = char[12];
+
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_APPLICATION  = 0;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_SYSTEM       = 1;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_KERNEL       = 2;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_AUDIO        = 3;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_VIDEO        = 4;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_RENDER       = 5;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_INPUT        = 6;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_NETWORK      = 7;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_SOCKET       = 8;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_SECURITY     = 9;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_TEST         = 10;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_ERROR        = 11;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_ASSERT       = 12;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_CRASH        = 13;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_STATS        = 14;
+const LogCategory CATEGORY_CUSTOM_START = 100;
+
+tlocal LogCategory default_category = CATEGORY_APPLICATION;
+tlocal LogTag current_tag;
+
+
+enum LogPriority : int
+{
+	VERBOSE,
+	DEBUG,
+	INFO,
+	WARN,
+	ERROR,
+	CRITICAL,
+}
+
+interface Logger
+{
+	fn void log(LogPriority priority, LogCategory category, LogTag tag, String file, String function, int line, String fmt, any[] args);
+}
+
+macro void verbose(String fmt, ..., LogCategory category = default_category) => call_log(VERBOSE, category, fmt, $vasplat);
+macro void debug(String fmt, ..., LogCategory category = default_category) => call_log(DEBUG, category, fmt, $vasplat);
+macro void info(String fmt, ..., LogCategory category = default_category) => call_log(INFO, category, fmt, $vasplat);
+macro void warn(String fmt, ..., LogCategory category = default_category) => call_log(WARN, category, fmt, $vasplat);
+macro void error(String fmt, ..., LogCategory category = default_category) => call_log(ERROR, category, fmt, $vasplat);
+macro void critical(String fmt, ..., LogCategory category = default_category) => call_log(CRITICAL, category, fmt, $vasplat);
+
+macro void @category_scope(LogCategory new_category; @body)
+{
+	LogCategory old = default_category;
+	default_category = new_category;
+	defer default_category = old;
+	@body();
+}
+
+<*
+ @require tag_prefix.len <= 3 : "The prefix may not exceed 3 bytes"
+*>
+macro void @tag_scope(String tag_prefix = ""; @body)
+{
+	LogTag old = current_tag;
+	push_tag(tag_prefix);
+	defer current_tag = old;
+	@body();
+}
+
+<*
+ @require tag_prefix.len <= 3 : "The prefix may not exceed 3 bytes"
+*>
+macro void push_tag(String tag_prefix = "")
+{
+	current_tag = create_tag(tag_prefix);
+}
+
+<*
+ @require tag_prefix.len <= 3 : "The prefix may not exceed 3 bytes"
+*>
+fn LogTag create_tag(String tag_prefix)
+{
+	LogTag tag @noinit;
+	int start = 0;
+	foreach (int i, c : tag_prefix)
+	{
+		if (c == 0) break;
+		tag[start++] = c;
+	}
+	if (start > 0) tag[start++] = '_';
+	for (int i = start; i < tag.len; i++)
+	{
+		tag[i] = (char)rand_in_range('a', 'z');
+	}
+	return tag;
+}
+
+fn void set_priority_for_category(LogCategory category, LogPriority new_priority)
+{
+	@atomic_store(config_priorities[category], new_priority, UNORDERED);
+}
+
+fn LogPriority get_priority_for_category(LogCategory category)
+{
+	return @atomic_load(config_priorities[category], UNORDERED);
+}
+
+fn void set_priority_all(LogPriority new_priority)
+{
+	for (int i = 0; i < config_priorities.len; i++)
+	{
+		@atomic_store(config_priorities[i], new_priority, UNORDERED);
+	}
+}
+fn void set_logger(Logger logger)
+{
+	init();
+	if (!logger_mutex.is_initialized())
+	{
+		current_logger = logger;
+		current_logfn = &logger.log;
+		return;
+	}
+	logger_mutex.@in_lock()
+	{
+		current_logger = logger;
+		current_logfn = &logger.log;
+	};
+}
+
+macro void init()
+{
+	log_init.call(fn () => (void)logger_mutex.init());
+}
+
+macro void call_log(LogPriority prio, LogCategory category, String fmt, args...)
+{
+	$if FULL_LOG:
+	call_log_internal(prio, category, $$FILE, $$FUNC, $$LINE, fmt, args);
+	$else
+	call_log_internal(prio, category, "", "", 0, fmt, args);
+	$endif
+}
+
+fn void call_log_internal(LogPriority prio, LogCategory category, String file, String func, int line, String fmt, any[] args)
+{
+	LogPriority priority = mem::@atomic_load(config_priorities[category], UNORDERED);
+	if (priority > prio) return;
+	init();
+	bool locked = logger_mutex.is_initialized();
+	if (locked) logger_mutex.lock();
+	Logger logger = current_logger;
+	LogFn logfn = current_logfn;
+	defer if (locked) logger_mutex.unlock();
+	logfn(logger.ptr, prio, category, current_tag, file, func, line, fmt, args);
+}
+
+fn String? get_category_name(LogCategory category)
+{
+	String val = category_names[category];
+	return val ?: NOT_FOUND~;
+}
+
+fn void set_category_name(LogCategory category, String name)
+{
+	category_names[category] = name;
+}
+
+struct NullLogger (Logger)
+{
+	void* dummy;
+}
+
+fn void NullLogger.log(&self, LogPriority priority, LogCategory category, LogTag tag, String file, String function, int line, String fmt, any[] args) @dynamic
+{}
+
+struct MultiLogger (Logger)
+{
+	Logger[] loggers;
+}
+
+fn void MultiLogger.log(&self, LogPriority priority, LogCategory category, LogTag tag, String file, String function, int line, String fmt, any[] args) @dynamic
+{
+	foreach (logger : self.loggers)
+	{
+		logger.log(priority, category, tag, file, function, line, fmt, args);
+	}
+}
+
+
+module std::core::log @private;
+import std::io, std::thread, std::time;
+
+struct StderrLogger (Logger) @if(env::LIBC)
+{
+	void* dummy;
+}
+
+fn void StderrLogger.log(&self, LogPriority priority, LogCategory category, LogTag tag, String file, String function, int line, String fmt, any[] args) @dynamic @if(env::LIBC)
+{
+	@stack_mem(256 + 64; Allocator mem)
+	{
+		DString str;
+		str.init(mem, 256);
+		str.appendf(fmt, ...args);
+		TzDateTime time = datetime::now().to_local();
+		$if FULL_LOG:
+		io::eprintfn("[%02d:%02d:%02d:%04d] %s:%d [%s] %s", time.hour, time.min, time.sec, (time.usec / 1000), file, line, priority, str);
+		$else
+		io::eprintfn("[%02d:%02d:%02d:%04d] [%s] %s", time.hour, time.min, time.sec, (time.usec / 1000), priority, str);
+		$endif
+	};
+}
+
+alias LogFn = fn void(void*, LogPriority priority, LogCategory category, LogTag tag, String file, String function, int line, String fmt, any[] args);
+LogFn current_logfn = env::LIBC ??? (LogFn)&StderrLogger.log : (LogFn)&NullLogger.log;
+OnceFlag log_init;
+Mutex logger_mutex;
+Logger current_logger = env::LIBC ??? &stderr_logger : &null_logger;
+StderrLogger stderr_logger @if (env::LIBC);
+NullLogger null_logger;
+LogPriority[256] config_priorities = { [0..255] = ERROR, [CATEGORY_APPLICATION] = INFO, [CATEGORY_TEST] = VERBOSE, [CATEGORY_ASSERT] = WARN};
+String[256] category_names = {
+	[CATEGORY_APPLICATION] = "APP",
+    [CATEGORY_SYSTEM] = "SYSTEM",
+    [CATEGORY_KERNEL] = "KERNEL",
+    [CATEGORY_AUDIO] = "AUDIO",
+    [CATEGORY_VIDEO] = "VIDEO",
+    [CATEGORY_RENDER] = "RENDER",
+    [CATEGORY_INPUT] = "INPUT",
+    [CATEGORY_NETWORK] = "NETWORD",
+    [CATEGORY_SOCKET] = "SOCKET",
+    [CATEGORY_SECURITY] = "SECURITY",
+    [CATEGORY_TEST] = "TEST",
+    [CATEGORY_ERROR] = "ERROR",
+    [CATEGORY_ASSERT] = "ASSERT",
+    [CATEGORY_CRASH] = "CRASH",
+    [CATEGORY_STATS] = "STATS"
+};

lib/std/core/mem.c3

@@ -3,10 +3,15 @@
 // a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
 module std::core::mem;
 import std::core::mem::allocator @public;
+import std::os::posix, std::os::win32;
 import std::math;
 
 const MAX_MEMORY_ALIGNMENT = 0x1000_0000;
-const DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT = (void*.alignof) * 2;
+const DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT = env::WASM ? 16 : (void*.alignof) * 2;
+const ulong KB = 1024;
+const ulong MB = KB * 1024;
+const ulong GB = MB * 1024;
+const ulong TB = GB * 1024;
 
 faultdef OUT_OF_MEMORY, INVALID_ALLOC_SIZE;
 
@@ -15,14 +20,35 @@ macro bool @constant_is_power_of_2($x) @const @private
 	return $x != 0 && ($x & ($x - 1)) == 0;
 }
 
+<*
+ @return "The os page size."
+*>
+fn usz os_pagesize()
+{
+	$switch:
+		$case env::POSIX:
+			static usz pagesize;
+			if (pagesize) return pagesize;
+			return pagesize = posix::getpagesize();
+		$case env::WIN32:
+			static usz pagesize;
+			if (pagesize) return pagesize;
+		    Win32_SYSTEM_INFO info;
+            win32::getSystemInfo(&info);
+			return pagesize = info.dwPageSize;
+		$default:
+			return 4096;
+	$endswitch
+}
+
 <*
  Load a vector from memory according to a mask assuming default alignment.
 
  @param ptr : "The pointer address to load from."
  @param mask : "The mask for the load"
  @param passthru : "The value to use for non masked values"
- @require $assignable(&&passthru, $typeof(ptr)) : "Pointer and passthru must match"
- @require @typekind(passthru) == VECTOR : "Expected passthru to be a vector"
+ @require $defined(*ptr = passthru) : "Pointer and passthru must match"
+ @require $kindof(passthru) == VECTOR : "Expected passthru to be a vector"
  @require passthru.len == mask.len : "Mask and passthru must have the same length"
 
  @return "A vector with the loaded values where the mask is true, passthru where the mask is false"
@@ -40,12 +66,13 @@ macro masked_load(ptr, bool[<*>] mask, passthru)
  @param passthru : "The value to use for non masked values"
  @param $alignment : "The alignment to assume for the pointer"
 
- @require $assignable(&&passthru, $typeof(ptr)) : "Pointer and passthru must match"
- @require @typekind(passthru) == VECTOR : "Expected passthru to be a vector"
+ @require $defined(*ptr = passthru) : "Pointer and passthru must match"
+ @require $kindof(passthru) == VECTOR : "Expected passthru to be a vector"
  @require passthru.len == mask.len : "Mask and passthru must have the same length"
  @require @constant_is_power_of_2($alignment) : "The alignment must be a power of two"
 
  @return "A vector with the loaded values where the mask is true, passthru where the mask is false"
+ @ensure $typeof(return) == $typeof(*ptr)
 *>
 macro @masked_load_aligned(ptr, bool[<*>] mask, passthru, usz $alignment)
 {
@@ -59,9 +86,9 @@ macro @masked_load_aligned(ptr, bool[<*>] mask, passthru, usz $alignment)
  @param mask : "The mask for the load"
  @param passthru : "The value to use for non masked values"
 
- @require @typekind(ptrvec) == VECTOR : "Expected ptrvec to be a vector"
- @require @typekind(passthru) == VECTOR : "Expected passthru to be a vector"
- @require $assignable(&&passthru[0], $typeof(ptrvec[0])) : "Pointer and passthru must match"
+ @require $kindof(ptrvec) == VECTOR : "Expected ptrvec to be a vector"
+ @require $kindof(passthru) == VECTOR : "Expected passthru to be a vector"
+ @require $defined(*ptrvec[0] = passthru[0]) : "Pointer and passthru must match"
  @require passthru.len == mask.len : "Mask and passthru must have the same length"
  @require mask.len == ptrvec.len : "Mask and ptrvec must have the same length"
 
@@ -81,9 +108,9 @@ macro gather(ptrvec, bool[<*>] mask, passthru)
  @param passthru : "The value to use for non masked values"
  @param $alignment : "The alignment to assume for the pointers"
 
- @require @typekind(ptrvec) == VECTOR : "Expected ptrvec to be a vector"
- @require @typekind(passthru) == VECTOR : "Expected passthru to be a vector"
- @require $assignable(&&passthru[0], $typeof(ptrvec[0])) : "Pointer and passthru must match"
+ @require $kindof(ptrvec) == VECTOR : "Expected ptrvec to be a vector"
+ @require $kindof(passthru) == VECTOR : "Expected passthru to be a vector"
+ @require $defined(*ptrvec[0] = passthru[0]) : "Pointer and passthru must match"
  @require passthru.len == mask.len : "Mask and passthru must have the same length"
  @require mask.len == ptrvec.len : "Mask and ptrvec must have the same length"
  @require @constant_is_power_of_2($alignment) : "The alignment must be a power of two"
@@ -103,8 +130,8 @@ macro @gather_aligned(ptrvec, bool[<*>] mask, passthru, usz $alignment)
  @param value : "The value to store masked"
  @param mask : "The mask for the store"
 
- @require $assignable(&&value, $typeof(ptr)) : "Pointer and value must match"
- @require @typekind(value) == VECTOR : "Expected value to be a vector"
+ @require $defined(*ptr = value) : "Pointer and value must match"
+ @require $kindof(value) == VECTOR : "Expected value to be a vector"
  @require value.len == mask.len : "Mask and value must have the same length"
 *>
 macro masked_store(ptr, value, bool[<*>] mask)
@@ -118,8 +145,8 @@ macro masked_store(ptr, value, bool[<*>] mask)
  @param mask : "The mask for the store"
  @param $alignment : "The alignment of the pointer"
 
- @require $assignable(&&value, $typeof(ptr)) : "Pointer and value must match"
- @require @typekind(value) == VECTOR : "Expected value to be a vector"
+ @require $defined(*ptr = value) : "Pointer and value must match"
+ @require $kindof(value) == VECTOR : "Expected value to be a vector"
  @require value.len == mask.len : "Mask and value must have the same length"
  @require @constant_is_power_of_2($alignment) : "The alignment must be a power of two"
 
@@ -133,9 +160,9 @@ macro @masked_store_aligned(ptr, value, bool[<*>] mask, usz $alignment)
  @param ptrvec : "The vector pointer containing the addresses to store to."
  @param value : "The value to store masked"
  @param mask : "The mask for the store"
- @require @typekind(ptrvec) == VECTOR : "Expected ptrvec to be a vector"
- @require @typekind(value) == VECTOR : "Expected value to be a vector"
- @require $assignable(&&value[0], $typeof(ptrvec[0])) : "Pointer and value must match"
+ @require $kindof(ptrvec) == VECTOR : "Expected ptrvec to be a vector"
+ @require $kindof(value) == VECTOR : "Expected value to be a vector"
+ @require $defined(*ptrvec[0] = value[0]) : "Pointer and value must match"
  @require value.len == mask.len : "Mask and value must have the same length"
  @require mask.len == ptrvec.len : "Mask and ptrvec must have the same length"
 
@@ -151,9 +178,9 @@ macro scatter(ptrvec, value, bool[<*>] mask)
  @param mask : "The mask for the store"
  @param $alignment : "The alignment of the load"
 
- @require @typekind(ptrvec) == VECTOR : "Expected ptrvec to be a vector"
- @require @typekind(value) == VECTOR : "Expected value to be a vector"
- @require $assignable(&&value[0], $typeof(ptrvec[0])) : "Pointer and value must match"
+ @require $kindof(ptrvec) == VECTOR : "Expected ptrvec to be a vector"
+ @require $kindof(value) == VECTOR : "Expected value to be a vector"
+ @require $defined(*ptrvec[0] = value[0]) : "Pointer and value must match"
  @require value.len == mask.len : "Mask and value must have the same length"
  @require mask.len == ptrvec.len : "Mask and ptrvec must have the same length"
  @require @constant_is_power_of_2($alignment) : "The alignment must be a power of two"
@@ -173,7 +200,7 @@ macro @scatter_aligned(ptrvec, value, bool[<*>] mask, usz $alignment)
 *>
 macro @unaligned_load(#x, usz $alignment) @builtin
 {
-	return $$unaligned_load(&#x, $alignment);
+	return $$unaligned_load(&#x, $alignment, false);
 }
 
 <*
@@ -188,9 +215,10 @@ macro @unaligned_load(#x, usz $alignment) @builtin
 *>
 macro @unaligned_store(#x, value, usz $alignment) @builtin
 {
-	return $$unaligned_store(&#x, ($typeof(#x))value, $alignment);
+	return $$unaligned_store(&#x, ($typeof(#x))value, $alignment, false);
 }
 
+
 <*
  @param #x : "The variable or dereferenced pointer to load."
  @return "The value of the variable"
@@ -215,6 +243,39 @@ macro @volatile_store(#x, value) @builtin
 	return $$volatile_store(&#x, ($typeof(#x))value);
 }
 
+<*
+ @param ptr : "The pointer to load from"
+ @param $align : "The alignment to assume for the load"
+ @param $volatile : "Whether the load is volatile or not, defaults to false"
+ @return "The value of the variable"
+
+ @require $defined(*ptr) : "This must be a typed pointer"
+ @require @constant_is_power_of_2($align) : "The alignment must be a power of two"
+*>
+macro load(ptr, usz $align, bool $volatile = false)
+{
+	return $$unaligned_load(ptr, $align, $volatile);
+}
+
+<*
+ @param ptr : "The pointer to store to."
+ @param value : "The value to store."
+ @param $align : "The alignment to assume for the store"
+ @param $volatile : "Whether the store is volatile, defaults to false"
+ @return "The value stored"
+
+ @require $defined(*ptr) : "This must be a typed pointer"
+ @require $defined(*ptr = value) : "The value doesn't match the variable"
+ @require @constant_is_power_of_2($align) : "The alignment must be a power of two"
+*>
+macro store(ptr, value, usz $align, bool $volatile = false)
+{
+	return $$unaligned_store(ptr, ($typeof(*ptr))value, $align, $volatile);
+}
+
+<*
+ All possible atomic orderings
+*>
 enum AtomicOrdering : int
 {
 	NOT_ATOMIC,         // Not atomic
@@ -282,7 +343,7 @@ macro compare_exchange_volatile(ptr, compare, value, AtomicOrdering $success = S
 *>
 fn usz aligned_offset(usz offset, usz alignment)
 {
-	return alignment * ((offset + alignment - 1) / alignment);
+	return (offset + alignment - 1) & ~(alignment - 1);
 }
 
 macro void* aligned_pointer(void* ptr, usz alignment)
@@ -298,6 +359,11 @@ fn bool ptr_is_aligned(void* ptr, usz alignment) @inline
 	return (uptr)ptr & ((uptr)alignment - 1) == 0;
 }
 
+fn bool ptr_is_page_aligned(void* ptr) @inline
+{
+	return (uptr)ptr & ((uptr)os_pagesize() - 1) == 0;
+}
+
 macro void zero_volatile(char[] data)
 {
 	$$memset(data.ptr, (char)0, data.len, true, (usz)1);
@@ -405,7 +471,7 @@ macro void set_inline(void* dst, char val, usz $len, usz $dst_align = 0, bool $i
  @require values::@inner_kind(b) == TypeKind.SLICE || values::@inner_kind(b) == TypeKind.POINTER
  @require values::@inner_kind(a) != TypeKind.SLICE || len == -1
  @require values::@inner_kind(a) != TypeKind.POINTER || len > -1
- @require values::@assign_to(a, b) && values::@assign_to(b, a)
+ @require $defined(a = b, b = a)
 *>
 macro bool equals(a, b, isz len = -1, usz $align = 0)
 {
@@ -618,7 +684,7 @@ macro void @pool(usz reserve = 0; @body) @builtin
 	@body();
 }
 
-module std::core::mem @if(WASM_NOLIBC);
+module std::core::mem @if(env::FREESTANDING_WASM);
 import std::core::mem::allocator @public;
 SimpleHeapAllocator wasm_allocator @private;
 extern int __heap_base;
@@ -656,6 +722,12 @@ macro @clone(value) @builtin @nodiscard
 	return allocator::clone(mem, value);
 }
 
+<*
+ @param value : "The value to clone"
+ @return "A pointer to the cloned value"
+*>
+macro @clone_slice(value) @builtin @nodiscard => allocator::clone_slice(mem, value);
+
 <*
  @param value : "The value to clone"
  @return "A pointer to the cloned value, which must be released using free_aligned"
@@ -678,6 +750,12 @@ macro @tclone(value) @builtin @nodiscard
 	$endif
 }
 
+<*
+ @param value : "The value to clone"
+ @return "A pointer to the cloned value"
+*>
+macro @tclone_slice(value) @builtin @nodiscard => allocator::clone_slice(tmem, value);
+
 fn void* malloc(usz size) @builtin @inline @nodiscard
 {
 	return allocator::malloc(mem, size);
@@ -699,56 +777,70 @@ fn void* tmalloc(usz size, usz alignment = 0) @builtin @inline @nodiscard
 }
 
 <*
- @require $vacount < 2 : "Too many arguments."
- @require $vacount == 0 ||| $assignable($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
+ @param $Type : "The type to allocate"
+ @param #init : "The optional initializer"
+
+ @require !$defined(#init) ||| $defined($Type a = #init) : "#init must be an initializer for the type"
  @require $Type.alignof <= DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT : "Types with alignment exceeding the default must use 'alloc_aligned' instead"
+ @return "A pointer to data of type $Type."
 *>
-macro new($Type, ...) @nodiscard
+macro new($Type, #init = ...) @nodiscard @safemacro
 {
-	$if $vacount == 0:
-		return ($Type*)calloc($Type.sizeof);
-	$else
+	$if $defined(#init):
 		$Type* val = malloc($Type.sizeof);
-		*val = $vaexpr[0];
+		*val = #init;
 		return val;
+	$else
+		return ($Type*)calloc($Type.sizeof);
 	$endif
 }
 
 <*
- @require $vacount < 2 : "Too many arguments."
- @require $vacount == 0 ||| $assignable($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
- @require $Type.alignof <= DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT : "Types with alignment exceeding the default must use 'alloc_aligned' instead"
+ @param $Type : "The type to allocate"
+ @param padding : "The padding to add after the allocation"
+ @param #init : "The optional initializer"
+
+ @require !$defined(#init) ||| $defined($Type a = #init) : "#init must be an initializer for the type"
+ @return "A pointer to data of type $Type."
 *>
-macro new_with_padding($Type, usz padding, ...) @nodiscard
+macro new_with_padding($Type, usz padding, #init = ...) @nodiscard @safemacro
 {
-	$if $vacount == 0:
-		return ($Type*)calloc($Type.sizeof + padding);
-	$else
+	$if $defined(#init):
 		$Type* val = malloc($Type.sizeof + padding);
-		*val = $vaexpr[0];
+		*val = #init;
 		return val;
+	$else
+		return ($Type*)calloc($Type.sizeof + padding);
 	$endif
 }
 
 <*
  Allocate using an aligned allocation. This is necessary for types with a default memory alignment
  exceeding DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT. IMPORTANT! It must be freed using free_aligned.
- @require $vacount < 2 : "Too many arguments."
- @require $vacount == 0 ||| $assignable($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
+
+ @param $Type : "The type to allocate"
+ @param #init : "The optional initializer"
+
+ @require !$defined(#init) ||| $defined($Type a = #init) : "#init must be an initializer for the type"
+ @return "A pointer to data of type $Type with the proper alignment"
 *>
-macro new_aligned($Type, ...) @nodiscard
+macro new_aligned($Type, #init = ...) @nodiscard @safemacro
 {
-	$if $vacount == 0:
-		return ($Type*)calloc_aligned($Type.sizeof, $Type.alignof);
-	$else
+	$if $defined(#init):
 		$Type* val = malloc_aligned($Type.sizeof, $Type.alignof);
-		*val = $vaexpr[0];
+		*val = #init;
 		return val;
+	$else
+		return ($Type*)calloc_aligned($Type.sizeof, $Type.alignof);
 	$endif
 }
 
 <*
+ @param $Type : "The type to allocate"
+
+ @require $Type.kindof != OPTIONAL : "Expected a non-optional type"
  @require $Type.alignof <= DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT : "Types with alignment exceeding the default must use 'alloc_aligned' instead"
+ @return "A pointer to uninitialized data for the type $Type"
 *>
 macro alloc($Type) @nodiscard
 {
@@ -756,7 +848,12 @@ macro alloc($Type) @nodiscard
 }
 
 <*
- @require $Type.alignof <= DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT : "Types with alignment exceeding the default must use 'alloc_aligned' instead"
+ @param $Type : "The type to allocate"
+ @param padding : "The padding to add after the allocation"
+
+ @require $Type.kindof != OPTIONAL : "Expected a non-optional type"
+  @require $Type.alignof <= DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT : "Types with alignment exceeding the default must use 'alloc_aligned' instead"
+ @return "A pointer to uninitialized data for the type $Type"
 *>
 macro alloc_with_padding($Type, usz padding) @nodiscard
 {
@@ -764,8 +861,13 @@ macro alloc_with_padding($Type, usz padding) @nodiscard
 }
 
 <*
+
  Allocate using an aligned allocation. This is necessary for types with a default memory alignment
  exceeding DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT. IMPORTANT! It must be freed using free_aligned.
+
+ @param $Type : "The type to allocate"
+ @require $Type.kindof != OPTIONAL : "Expected a non-optional type"
+ @return "A pointer to uninitialized data for the type $Type with the proper alignment"
 *>
 macro alloc_aligned($Type) @nodiscard
 {
@@ -773,46 +875,62 @@ macro alloc_aligned($Type) @nodiscard
 }
 
 <*
- @require $vacount < 2 : "Too many arguments."
- @require $vacount == 0 ||| $assignable($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
+ @param $Type : "The type to allocate"
+ @param #init : "The optional initializer"
+
+ @require $Type.kindof != OPTIONAL : "Expected a non-optional type"
+ @require !$defined(#init) ||| $defined($Type a = #init) : "#init must be an initializer for the type"
+ @return "A pointer to temporary data of type $Type."
 *>
-macro tnew($Type, ...) @nodiscard
+macro tnew($Type, #init = ...) @nodiscard @safemacro
 {
-	$if $vacount == 0:
-		return ($Type*)tcalloc($Type.sizeof, $Type.alignof) @inline;
-	$else
+	$if $defined(#init):
 		$Type* val = tmalloc($Type.sizeof, $Type.alignof) @inline;
-		*val = $vaexpr[0];
+		*val = #init;
 		return val;
+	$else
+		return ($Type*)tcalloc($Type.sizeof, $Type.alignof) @inline;
 	$endif
 }
 
 <*
- @require $vacount < 2 : "Too many arguments."
- @require $vacount == 0 ||| $assignable($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
+ @param $Type : "The type to allocate"
+ @param padding : "The padding to add after the allocation"
+ @param #init : "The optional initializer"
+
+ @require $Type.kindof != OPTIONAL : "Expected a non-optional type"
+ @require !$defined(#init) ||| $defined($Type a = #init) : "#init must be an initializer for the type"
+ @return "A pointer to temporary data of type $Type with added padding at the end."
 *>
-macro temp_with_padding($Type, usz padding, ...) @nodiscard
+macro temp_with_padding($Type, usz padding, #init = ...) @nodiscard @safemacro
 {
-	$if $vacount == 0:
-		return ($Type*)tcalloc($Type.sizeof + padding, $Type.alignof) @inline;
-	$else
+	$if $defined(#init):
 		$Type* val = tmalloc($Type.sizeof + padding, $Type.alignof) @inline;
-		*val = $vaexpr[0];
+		*val = #init;
 		return val;
+	$else
+		return ($Type*)tcalloc($Type.sizeof + padding, $Type.alignof) @inline;
 	$endif
 }
 
+<*
+ @require $Type.kindof != OPTIONAL : "Expected a non-optional type"
+*>
 macro talloc($Type) @nodiscard
 {
 	return tmalloc($Type.sizeof, $Type.alignof);
 }
 
+<*
+ @require $Type.kindof != OPTIONAL : "Expected a non-optional type"
+*>
 macro talloc_with_padding($Type, usz padding) @nodiscard
 {
 	return tmalloc($Type.sizeof + padding, $Type.alignof);
 }
 
 <*
+ @require $Type.kindof != OPTIONAL : "Expected a non-optional type"
  @require $Type.alignof <= DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT : "Types with alignment exceeding the default must use 'new_array_aligned' instead"
 *>
 macro new_array($Type, usz elements) @nodiscard
@@ -823,6 +941,8 @@ macro new_array($Type, usz elements) @nodiscard
 <*
  Allocate using an aligned allocation. This is necessary for types with a default memory alignment
  exceeding DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT. IMPORTANT! It must be freed using free_aligned.
+
+ @require $Type.kindof != OPTIONAL : "Expected a non-optional type"
 *>
 macro new_array_aligned($Type, usz elements) @nodiscard
 {
@@ -830,6 +950,7 @@ macro new_array_aligned($Type, usz elements) @nodiscard
 }
 
 <*
+ @require $Type.kindof != OPTIONAL : "Expected a non-optional type"
  @require $Type.alignof <= DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT : "Types with alignment exceeding the default must use 'alloc_array_aligned' instead"
 *>
 macro alloc_array($Type, usz elements) @nodiscard
@@ -840,6 +961,8 @@ macro alloc_array($Type, usz elements) @nodiscard
 <*
  Allocate using an aligned allocation. This is necessary for types with a default memory alignment
  exceeding DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT. IMPORTANT! It must be freed using free_aligned.
+
+ @require $Type.kindof != OPTIONAL : "Expected a non-optional type"
 *>
 macro alloc_array_aligned($Type, usz elements) @nodiscard
 {
@@ -903,6 +1026,18 @@ fn void* trealloc(void* ptr, usz size, usz alignment = mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMEN
 	return tmem.resize(ptr, size, alignment)!!;
 }
 
+<*
+ Takes the address of a possibly unaligned variable or member,
+ and offers safe access to that member, by constructing an UnalignedRef.
+
+ @require $defined(&#arg) : "It must be possible to take the address of the argument."
+ @return "An 'UnalignedRef' with the proper type and alignment, with a pointer to argument"
+*>
+macro @unaligned_addr(#arg) @builtin
+{
+	return (UnalignedRef{$typeof(#arg), $alignof(#arg)})&#arg;
+}
+
 module std::core::mem @if(env::NO_LIBC);
 
 fn CInt __memcmp(void* s1, void* s2, usz n) @weak @export("memcmp")
@@ -940,3 +1075,39 @@ fn void* __memcpy(void* dst, void* src, usz n) @weak @export("memcpy")
 	}
 	return dst;
 }
+
+
+module std::core::mem::volatile <Type>;
+
+typedef Volatile @structlike = Type;
+
+macro Type Volatile.get(&self)
+{
+	return @volatile_load(*(Type*)self);
+}
+
+macro Type Volatile.set(&self, Type val)
+{
+	return @volatile_store(*(Type*)self, val);
+}
+
+<*
+ @require mem::@constant_is_power_of_2(ALIGNMENT) : "The alignment must be a power of 2"
+*>
+module std::core::mem::alignment <Type, ALIGNMENT>;
+import std::core::mem @public;
+
+<*
+ An UnalignedRef offers correctly aligned access to addresses that may be unaligned or overaligned.
+*>
+typedef UnalignedRef = Type*;
+
+macro Type UnalignedRef.get(self)
+{
+	return @unaligned_load(*(Type*)self, ALIGNMENT, false);
+}
+
+macro Type UnalignedRef.set(&self, Type val)
+{
+	return @unaligned_store(*(Type*)self, val, ALIGNMENT, false);
+}

lib/std/core/mem_allocator.c3

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 module std::core::mem::allocator;
 import std::math;
 
-// C3 has multiple different allocators available:
+// C3 has several different allocators available:
 //
 // Name                     Arena  Uses buffer  OOM Fallback?     Mark?   Reset?
 // ArenaAllocator             Yes          Yes             No       Yes      Yes
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import std::math;
 // OnStackAllocator           Yes          Yes            Yes        No       No   *Note: Used by @stack_mem
 // TempAllocator              Yes           No            Yes        No*      No*  *Note: Mark/reset using @pool
 // TrackingAllocator           No           No            N/A        No       No   *Note: Wraps other heap allocator
+// Vmem                       Yes           No             No       Yes      Yes   *Note: Can be set to huge sizes
 
 const DEFAULT_SIZE_PREFIX = usz.sizeof;
 const DEFAULT_SIZE_PREFIX_ALIGNMENT = usz.alignof;
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ alias MemoryAllocFn = fn char[]?(usz);
 
 
 
-fn usz alignment_for_allocation(usz alignment) @inline @private
+fn usz alignment_for_allocation(usz alignment) @inline
 {
 	return alignment < mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT ? mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT : alignment;
 }
@@ -166,7 +167,7 @@ macro void free_aligned(Allocator allocator, void* ptr)
 <*
  @require $Type.alignof <= mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT : "Types with alignment exceeding the default must use 'new_aligned' instead"
  @require $vacount < 2 : "Too many arguments."
- @require $vacount == 0 ||| $assignable($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
+ @require $vacount == 0 ||| $defined($Type t = $vaexpr[0]) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
 *>
 macro new(Allocator allocator, $Type, ...) @nodiscard
 {
@@ -182,7 +183,7 @@ macro new(Allocator allocator, $Type, ...) @nodiscard
 <*
  @require $Type.alignof <= mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT : "Types with alignment exceeding the default must use 'new_aligned' instead"
  @require $vacount < 2 : "Too many arguments."
- @require $vacount == 0 ||| $assignable($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
+ @require $vacount == 0 ||| $defined($Type t = $vaexpr[0]) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
 *>
 macro new_try(Allocator allocator, $Type, ...) @nodiscard
 {
@@ -199,7 +200,7 @@ macro new_try(Allocator allocator, $Type, ...) @nodiscard
  Allocate using an aligned allocation. This is necessary for types with a default memory alignment
  exceeding DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT. IMPORTANT! It must be freed using free_aligned.
  @require $vacount < 2 : "Too many arguments."
- @require $vacount == 0 ||| $assignable($vaexpr[0], $Type) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
+ @require $vacount == 0 ||| $defined($Type t = $vaexpr[0]) : "The second argument must be an initializer for the type"
 *>
 macro new_aligned(Allocator allocator, $Type, ...) @nodiscard
 {
@@ -303,6 +304,31 @@ macro alloc_array_try(Allocator allocator, $Type, usz elements) @nodiscard
 	return (($Type*)malloc_try(allocator, $Type.sizeof * elements))[:elements];
 }
 
+<*
+ @require $Type.alignof <= mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT : "Types with alignment exceeding the default must use 'alloc_array_aligned' instead"
+*>
+macro realloc_array(Allocator allocator, void* ptr, $Type, usz elements) @nodiscard
+{
+	return realloc_array_try(allocator, ptr, $Type, elements)!!;
+}
+
+<*
+ Allocate using an aligned allocation. This is necessary for types with a default memory alignment
+ exceeding DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT. IMPORTANT! It must be freed using free_aligned.
+*>
+macro realloc_array_aligned(Allocator allocator, void* ptr, $Type, usz elements) @nodiscard
+{
+	return (($Type*)realloc_aligned(allocator, ptr, $Type.sizeof * elements, $Type.alignof))[:elements]!!;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require $Type.alignof <= mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT : "Types with alignment exceeding the default must use 'alloc_array_aligned' instead"
+*>
+macro realloc_array_try(Allocator allocator, void* ptr, $Type, usz elements) @nodiscard
+{
+	return (($Type*)realloc_try(allocator, ptr, $Type.sizeof * elements))[:elements];
+}
+
 <*
  Clone a value.
 
@@ -316,6 +342,25 @@ macro clone(Allocator allocator, value) @nodiscard
 	return new(allocator, $typeof(value), value);
 }
 
+<*
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator used to clone"
+ @param slice : "The slice to clone"
+ @return "A pointer to the cloned slice"
+
+ @require $kindof(slice) == SLICE || $kindof(slice) == ARRAY
+*>
+macro clone_slice(Allocator allocator, slice) @nodiscard
+{
+	if (!lengthof(slice)) return {};
+
+	var $Type = $typeof(slice[0]);
+
+	$Type[] new_arr = new_array(allocator, $Type, slice.len);
+	mem::copy(new_arr.ptr, &slice[0], slice.len * $Type.sizeof);
+
+	return new_arr;
+}
+
 <*
  Clone overaligned values. Must be released using free_aligned.
 
@@ -347,7 +392,7 @@ macro void*? @aligned_alloc(#alloc_fn, usz bytes, usz alignment)
 	if (alignment < void*.alignof) alignment = void*.alignof;
 	usz header = AlignedBlock.sizeof + alignment;
 	usz alignsize = bytes + header;
-	$if @typekind(#alloc_fn(bytes)) == OPTIONAL:
+	$if $kindof(#alloc_fn(bytes)) == OPTIONAL:
 		void* data = #alloc_fn(alignsize)!;
 	$else
 		void* data = #alloc_fn(alignsize);
@@ -368,7 +413,7 @@ struct AlignedBlock
 macro void? @aligned_free(#free_fn, void* old_pointer)
 {
 	AlignedBlock* desc = (AlignedBlock*)old_pointer - 1;
-	$if @typekind(#free_fn(desc.start)) == OPTIONAL:
+	$if $kindof(#free_fn(desc.start)) == OPTIONAL:
 	#free_fn(desc.start)!;
 	$else
 	#free_fn(desc.start);
@@ -385,7 +430,7 @@ macro void*? @aligned_realloc(#calloc_fn, #free_fn, void* old_pointer, usz bytes
 	void* data_start = desc.start;
 	void* new_data = @aligned_alloc(#calloc_fn, bytes, alignment)!;
 	mem::copy(new_data, old_pointer, desc.len < bytes ? desc.len : bytes, 1, 1);
-	$if @typekind(#free_fn(data_start)) == OPTIONAL:
+	$if $kindof(#free_fn(data_start)) == OPTIONAL:
 	#free_fn(data_start)!;
 	$else
 	#free_fn(data_start);
@@ -463,7 +508,7 @@ macro usz temp_allocator_default_reserve_size() @local
 	$endswitch
 }
 
-macro Allocator heap() => thread_allocator;
+macro Allocator heap() @deprecated("Use 'mem' instead.") => thread_allocator;
 
 <*
  @require !top_temp : "This should never be called when temp already exists"
@@ -486,14 +531,14 @@ fn Allocator create_temp_allocator(Allocator allocator, usz size, usz reserve, u
 	return current_temp = top_temp = allocator::new_temp_allocator(allocator, size, reserve, min_size, realloc_size)!!;
 }
 
-macro Allocator temp()
+macro Allocator temp() @deprecated("Use 'tmem' instead")
 {
 	return current_temp;
 }
 
 alias tmem @builtin = current_temp;
 
-fn void allow_implicit_temp_allocator_on_load_thread() @init(1) @local @if(env::LIBC || env::WASM_NOLIBC)
+fn void allow_implicit_temp_allocator_on_load_thread() @init(1) @local @if(env::LIBC || env::FREESTANDING_WASM)
 {
 	auto_create_temp = true;
 }
@@ -538,12 +583,12 @@ typedef NullAllocator (Allocator) = uptr;
 
 fn void*? NullAllocator.acquire(&self, usz bytes, AllocInitType init_type, usz alignment) @dynamic
 {
-	return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+	return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
 }
 
 fn void*? NullAllocator.resize(&self, void* old_ptr, usz new_bytes, usz alignment) @dynamic
 {
-	return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+	return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
 }
 
 fn void NullAllocator.release(&self, void* old_ptr, bool aligned) @dynamic

lib/std/core/mem_mempool.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+module std::core::mem::mempool;
+import std::core::mem, std::core::mem::allocator, std::math;
+import std::core::sanitizer::asan;
+
+const INITIAL_CAPACITY = 0;
+
+struct FixedBlockPoolNode
+{
+	void* buffer;
+	FixedBlockPoolNode *next;
+	usz capacity;
+}
+
+struct FixedBlockPoolEntry
+{
+	void *previous;
+}
+
+<*
+ Fixed blocks pool pre-allocating blocks backed by an Allocator which are then reserved for the user,
+ blocks deallocated by the user are later re-used by future blocks allocations
+
+ `grow_capacity` can be changed in order to affect how many blocks will be allocated by next pool allocation,
+ it has to be greater than 0
+ `allocated` number of allocated blocks
+ `used` number of used blocks by the user
+*>
+struct FixedBlockPool
+{
+	Allocator allocator;
+	FixedBlockPoolNode head;
+	FixedBlockPoolNode *tail;
+	void *next_free;
+	void *freelist;
+	usz block_size;
+	usz grow_capacity;
+	usz allocated;
+	usz page_size;
+	usz alignment;
+	usz used;
+	bool initialized;
+}
+
+<*
+ Initialize an block pool
+
+ @param [in] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @param block_size : "The block size to use"
+ @param capacity : "The amount of blocks to be pre-allocated"
+ @param alignment : "The alignment of the buffer"
+ @require !alignment || math::is_power_of_2(alignment)
+ @require !self.initialized : "The block pool must not be initialized"
+ @require block_size > 0 : "Block size must be non zero"
+ @require calculate_actual_capacity(capacity, block_size) * block_size >= block_size
+    : "Total memory would overflow"
+*>
+macro FixedBlockPool* FixedBlockPool.init(&self, Allocator allocator, usz block_size, usz capacity = INITIAL_CAPACITY, usz alignment = 0)
+{
+	self.allocator = allocator;
+	self.tail = &self.head;
+	self.head.next = null;
+	self.block_size = math::max(block_size, FixedBlockPoolEntry.sizeof);
+	capacity = calculate_actual_capacity(capacity, self.block_size);
+	self.alignment = allocator::alignment_for_allocation(alignment);
+	self.page_size = capacity * self.block_size;
+    assert(self.page_size >= self.block_size, "Total memory would overflow %d %d", block_size, capacity);
+	self.head.buffer = self.allocate_page();
+	$if env::COMPILER_SAFE_MODE && env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER:
+		asan::poison_memory_region(self.head.buffer, self.page_size);
+	$endif
+	self.head.capacity = capacity;
+	self.next_free = self.head.buffer;
+	self.freelist = null;
+	self.grow_capacity = capacity;
+	self.initialized = true;
+	self.allocated = capacity;
+	self.used = 0;
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ Initialize an block pool
+
+ @param [in] allocator : "The allocator to use"
+ @param $Type : "The type used for setting the block size"
+ @param capacity : "The amount of blocks to be pre-allocated"
+ @require !self.initialized : "The block pool must not be initialized"
+*>
+macro FixedBlockPool* FixedBlockPool.init_for_type(&self, Allocator allocator, $Type, usz capacity = INITIAL_CAPACITY)
+{
+	return self.init(allocator, $Type.sizeof, capacity, $Type.alignof);
+}
+
+<*
+ Initialize an block pool using Temporary allocator
+
+ @param $Type : "The type used for setting the block size"
+ @param capacity : "The amount of blocks to be pre-allocated"
+ @require !self.initialized : "The block pool must not be initialized"
+*>
+macro FixedBlockPool* FixedBlockPool.tinit_for_type(&self, $Type, usz capacity = INITIAL_CAPACITY) => self.init_for_type(tmem, $Type, capacity);
+
+<*
+ Initialize an block pool using Temporary allocator
+
+ @param block_size : "The block size to use"
+ @param capacity : "The amount of blocks to be pre-allocated"
+ @require !self.initialized : "The block pool must not be initialized"
+*>
+macro FixedBlockPool* FixedBlockPool.tinit(&self, usz block_size, usz capacity = INITIAL_CAPACITY) => self.init(tmem, block_size, capacity);
+
+<*
+ Free up the entire block pool
+
+ @require self.initialized : "The block pool must be initialized"
+*>
+fn void FixedBlockPool.free(&self)
+{
+	$if env::COMPILER_SAFE_MODE && env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER:
+		asan::unpoison_memory_region(self.head.buffer, self.page_size);
+	$endif
+	self.free_page(self.head.buffer);
+	FixedBlockPoolNode* iter = self.head.next;
+
+	while (iter)
+	{
+		$if env::COMPILER_SAFE_MODE && env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER:
+			asan::unpoison_memory_region(iter.buffer, self.page_size);
+		$endif
+		self.free_page(iter.buffer);
+		FixedBlockPoolNode* current = iter;
+		iter = iter.next;
+		allocator::free(self.allocator, current);
+	}
+	self.initialized = false;
+	self.allocated = 0;
+	self.used = 0;
+}
+
+<*
+ Allocate an block on the block pool, re-uses previously deallocated blocks
+
+ @require self.initialized : "The block pool must be initialized"
+*>
+fn void* FixedBlockPool.alloc(&self)
+{
+	defer self.used++;
+
+	if (self.freelist)
+	{
+		FixedBlockPoolEntry* entry = self.freelist;
+		$if env::COMPILER_SAFE_MODE && env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER:
+			asan::unpoison_memory_region(entry, self.block_size);
+		$endif
+		self.freelist = entry.previous;
+		mem::clear(entry, self.block_size);
+		return entry;
+	}
+
+	void* end = self.tail.buffer + (self.tail.capacity * self.block_size);
+	if (self.next_free >= end) self.new_node();
+	void* ptr = self.next_free;
+	self.next_free += self.block_size;
+	$if env::COMPILER_SAFE_MODE && env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER:
+		asan::unpoison_memory_region(ptr, self.block_size);
+	$endif
+
+	return ptr;
+}
+
+<*
+ Deallocate a block from the block pool
+
+ @require self.initialized : "The block pool must be initialized"
+ @require self.check_ptr(ptr) : "The pointer should be part of the pool"
+*>
+fn void FixedBlockPool.dealloc(&self, void* ptr)
+{
+	$if env::COMPILER_SAFE_MODE && !env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER:
+		mem::set(ptr, 0xAA, self.block_size);
+	$endif
+
+	FixedBlockPoolEntry* entry = ptr;
+	entry.previous = self.freelist;
+	self.freelist = entry;
+	self.used--;
+
+	$if env::COMPILER_SAFE_MODE && env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER:
+		asan::poison_memory_region(ptr, self.block_size);
+	$endif
+}
+
+<*
+ @require self.initialized : "The block pool must be initialized"
+*>
+fn bool FixedBlockPool.check_ptr(&self, void *ptr) @local
+{
+	FixedBlockPoolNode* iter = &self.head;
+
+	while (iter)
+	{
+		void* end = iter.buffer + (iter.capacity * self.block_size);
+		if (ptr >= iter.buffer && ptr < end) return true;
+		iter = iter.next;
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require self.grow_capacity > 0 : "How many blocks will it store"
+*>
+fn void FixedBlockPool.new_node(&self) @local
+{
+	FixedBlockPoolNode* node = allocator::new(self.allocator, FixedBlockPoolNode);
+	node.buffer = self.allocate_page();
+	$if env::COMPILER_SAFE_MODE && env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER:
+		asan::poison_memory_region(node.buffer, self.page_size);
+	$endif
+	node.capacity = self.grow_capacity;
+	self.tail.next = node;
+	self.tail = node;
+	self.next_free = node.buffer;
+	self.allocated += node.capacity;
+}
+
+macro void* FixedBlockPool.allocate_page(&self) @private
+{
+	return self.alignment > mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT
+	       ? allocator::calloc_aligned(self.allocator, self.page_size, self.alignment)!!
+           : allocator::calloc(self.allocator, self.page_size);
+}
+
+macro void FixedBlockPool.free_page(&self, void* page) @private
+{
+	if (self.alignment > mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT)
+	{
+		allocator::free_aligned(self.allocator, page);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		allocator::free(self.allocator, page);
+	}
+}
+
+macro usz calculate_actual_capacity(usz capacity, usz block_size) @private
+{
+	// Assume some overhead
+	if (capacity) return capacity;
+	capacity = (mem::os_pagesize() - 128) / block_size;
+	return capacity ?: 1;
+}

lib/std/core/os/mem_vm.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+<*
+ The VM module holds code for working with virtual memory on supported platforms (currently Win32 and Posix)
+*>
+module std::core::mem::vm;
+import std::io, std::os::win32, std::os::posix, libc;
+
+<*
+ VirtualMemory is an abstraction for working with an allocated virtual memory area. It will invoke vm:: functions
+ but will perform more checks and track its size (required to unmap the memory on Posix)
+*>
+struct VirtualMemory
+{
+	void* ptr;
+	usz size;
+	VirtualMemoryAccess default_access;
+}
+
+faultdef RANGE_OVERFLOW, UNKNOWN_ERROR, ACCESS_DENIED, UNMAPPED_ACCESS, UNALIGNED_ADDRESS, RELEASE_FAILED, UPDATE_FAILED, INVALID_ARGS;
+
+enum VirtualMemoryAccess
+{
+	PROTECTED,
+	READ,
+	WRITE,
+	READWRITE,
+	EXEC,
+	EXECREAD,
+	EXECWRITE,
+	ANY
+}
+
+fn usz aligned_alloc_size(usz size)
+{
+	$if env::WIN32:
+		return size > 0 ? mem::aligned_offset(size, win32::allocation_granularity()) : win32::allocation_granularity();
+	$else
+		return size > 0 ? mem::aligned_offset(size, mem::os_pagesize()) : mem::os_pagesize();
+	$endif
+}
+
+<*
+ Allocate virtual memory, size is rounded up to platform granularity (Win32) / page size (Posix).
+
+ @param size : "The size of the memory to allocate, will be rounded up"
+ @param access : "The initial access permissions."
+ @return? mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY, RANGE_OVERFLOW, UNKNOWN_ERROR, ACCESS_DENIED, INVALID_ARGS
+ @return "Pointer to the allocated memory, page aligned"
+*>
+fn void*? alloc(usz size, VirtualMemoryAccess access)
+{
+	$switch:
+		$case env::POSIX:
+			void* ptr = posix::mmap(null, aligned_alloc_size(size), access.to_posix(), posix::MAP_PRIVATE | posix::MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
+			if (ptr != posix::MAP_FAILED) return ptr;
+			switch (libc::errno())
+			{
+				case errno::ENOMEM:    return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
+				case errno::EOVERFLOW: return RANGE_OVERFLOW~;
+				case errno::EPERM:     return ACCESS_DENIED~;
+				case errno::EINVAL:    return INVALID_ARGS~;
+				default:               return UNKNOWN_ERROR~;
+			}
+		$case env::WIN32:
+			void* ptr = win32::virtualAlloc(null, aligned_alloc_size(size), MEM_RESERVE, access.to_win32());
+			if (ptr) return ptr;
+			switch (win32::getLastError())
+			{
+				case win32::ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY:
+				case win32::ERROR_COMMITMENT_LIMIT:  return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
+				default:                             return UNKNOWN_ERROR~;
+			}
+		$default:
+			unsupported("Virtual alloc only available on Win32 and Posix");
+	$endswitch
+}
+
+<*
+ Release memory allocated with "alloc".
+
+ @param [&inout] ptr : "Pointer to page to release, should be allocated using vm::alloc"
+ @param size : "The size of the allocated pointer"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(ptr) : "The pointer should be page aligned"
+*>
+fn void? release(void* ptr, usz size)
+{
+	$switch:
+		$case env::POSIX:
+			if (posix::munmap(ptr, aligned_alloc_size(size)))
+			{
+				switch (libc::errno())
+				{
+					case errno::EINVAL: return INVALID_ARGS~;    // Not a valid mapping or size
+					case errno::ENOMEM: return UNMAPPED_ACCESS~; // Address not mapped
+					default:            return RELEASE_FAILED~;
+				}
+			}
+		$case env::WIN32:
+			if (win32::virtualFree(ptr, 0, MEM_RELEASE)) return;
+			switch (win32::getLastError())
+			{
+				case win32::ERROR_INVALID_ADDRESS:   return INVALID_ARGS~;
+				case win32::ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY: return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
+				default:                             return RELEASE_FAILED~;
+			}
+		$default:
+			unsupported("Virtual free only available on Win32 and Posix");
+	$endswitch
+}
+
+<*
+ Change the access protection of a region in memory. The region must be page aligned.
+
+ @param [&inout] ptr : "Pointer to page to update, must be page aligned"
+ @param len : "To what len to update, must be page aligned"
+ @param access : "The new access"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(ptr) : "The pointer should be page aligned"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(ptr + len) : "The length must be page aligned"
+ @return? ACCESS_DENIED, UNALIGNED_ADDRESS, RANGE_OVERFLOW, UPDATE_FAILED, UNMAPPED_ACCESS, INVALID_ARGS
+*>
+fn void? protect(void* ptr, usz len, VirtualMemoryAccess access)
+{
+	$switch:
+		$case env::POSIX:
+			if (!posix::mprotect(ptr, len, access.to_posix())) return;
+			switch (libc::errno())
+			{
+				case errno::EACCES:    return ACCESS_DENIED~;
+				case errno::EINVAL:    return UNALIGNED_ADDRESS~;
+				case errno::EOVERFLOW: return RANGE_OVERFLOW~;
+				case errno::ENOMEM:    return UNMAPPED_ACCESS~;
+				default:               return UPDATE_FAILED~;
+			}
+		$case env::WIN32:
+			Win32_Protect old;
+			if (win32::virtualProtect(ptr, len, access.to_win32(), &old)) return;
+			switch (win32::getLastError())
+			{
+				case win32::ERROR_INVALID_ADDRESS:   return UNALIGNED_ADDRESS~;
+				case win32::ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED:     return ACCESS_DENIED~;
+				case win32::ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER: return INVALID_ARGS~;
+				default:                             return UPDATE_FAILED~;
+			}
+		$default:
+			unsupported("'virtual_protect' is only available on Win32 and Posix.");
+	$endswitch
+}
+
+<*
+ Makes a region of memory available that was previously retrieved using 'alloc'. This is necessary on Win32,
+ but optional on Posix.
+
+ @param [&inout] ptr : "Pointer to page to update, must be page aligned"
+ @param len : "To what len to commit, must be page aligned"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(ptr) : "The pointer should be page aligned"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(ptr + len) : "The length must be page aligned"
+ @return? UNKNOWN_ERROR, mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY, ACCESS_DENIED, UNALIGNED_ADDRESS, RANGE_OVERFLOW, UPDATE_FAILED, UNMAPPED_ACCESS, INVALID_ARGS
+*>
+fn void? commit(void* ptr, usz len, VirtualMemoryAccess access = READWRITE)
+{
+	$switch:
+		$case env::POSIX:
+			return protect(ptr, len, READWRITE) @inline;
+		$case env::WIN32:
+			void* result = win32::virtualAlloc(ptr, len, MEM_COMMIT, access.to_win32());
+			if (result) return;
+			switch (win32::getLastError())
+			{
+				case win32::ERROR_INVALID_ADDRESS:   return UNALIGNED_ADDRESS~;
+				case win32::ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED:     return ACCESS_DENIED~;
+				case win32::ERROR_COMMITMENT_LIMIT:
+				case win32::ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY: return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
+				case win32::ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER: return INVALID_ARGS~;
+				default:                             return UNKNOWN_ERROR~;
+			}
+		$default:
+			unsupported("'virtual_commit' is only available on Win32 and Posix.");
+	$endswitch
+}
+
+<*
+ Notifies that the memory in the region can be released back to the OS. On Win32 this decommits the region,
+ whereas on Posix it tells the system that it may be reused using madvise. The "block" parameter is only
+ respected on Posix, and protects the region from read/write/exec. On Win32 this always happens.
+
+ @param [&inout] ptr : "Pointer to page to update, must be page aligned"
+ @param len : "To what len to commit, must be page aligned"
+ @param block : "Set the released memory to protected"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(ptr) : "The pointer should be page aligned"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(ptr + len) : "The length must be page aligned"
+ @return? ACCESS_DENIED, UNALIGNED_ADDRESS, RANGE_OVERFLOW, UPDATE_FAILED, UNMAPPED_ACCESS, INVALID_ARGS
+*>
+fn void? decommit(void* ptr, usz len, bool block = true)
+{
+	$switch:
+		$case env::POSIX:
+			if (posix::madvise(ptr, len, posix::MADV_DONTNEED))
+			{
+				switch (libc::errno())
+				{
+					case errno::EINVAL: return UNALIGNED_ADDRESS~;
+					case errno::ENOMEM: return UNMAPPED_ACCESS~;
+					default:            return UPDATE_FAILED~;
+				}
+			}
+			if (block) (void)protect(ptr, len, PROTECTED) @inline;
+		$case env::WIN32:
+			if (!win32::virtualFree(ptr, len, MEM_DECOMMIT))
+			{
+				switch (win32::getLastError())
+				{
+					case win32::ERROR_INVALID_ADDRESS:   return UNALIGNED_ADDRESS~;
+					case win32::ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER: return INVALID_ARGS~;
+					case win32::ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED:     return ACCESS_DENIED~;
+					default:                             return UPDATE_FAILED~;
+				}
+			}
+		$default:
+			unsupported("'virtual_decommit' is only available on Win32 and Posix.");
+	$endswitch
+}
+
+<*
+ Map a portion of an already-opened file into memory.
+
+ @param fd : "File descriptor"
+ @param size : "Number of bytes to map, will be rounded up to page size"
+ @param offset : "Byte offset in file, must be page size aligned"
+ @param access : "The initial access permissions"
+ @param shared : "if True then MAP_SHARED else MAP_PRIVATE"
+ @return? mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY, RANGE_OVERFLOW, UNKNOWN_ERROR, ACCESS_DENIED, INVALID_ARGS, io::NO_PERMISSION, io::FILE_NOT_VALID, io::WOULD_BLOCK, io::FILE_NOT_FOUND
+ @return "Pointer to the mapped region"
+*>
+fn void*? mmap_file(Fd fd, usz size, usz offset = 0, VirtualMemoryAccess access = READ, bool shared = false) @if (env::POSIX)
+{
+	CInt flags = shared ? posix::MAP_SHARED : posix::MAP_PRIVATE;
+	void* ptr = posix::mmap(null, aligned_alloc_size(size), access.to_posix(), flags, fd, offset);
+	if (ptr != posix::MAP_FAILED) return ptr;
+	switch (libc::errno())
+	{
+		case errno::ENOMEM:    return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
+		case errno::EOVERFLOW: return RANGE_OVERFLOW~;
+		case errno::EPERM:     return ACCESS_DENIED~;
+		case errno::EINVAL:    return INVALID_ARGS~;
+		case errno::EACCES:    return io::NO_PERMISSION~;
+		case errno::EBADF:     return io::FILE_NOT_VALID~;
+		case errno::EAGAIN:    return io::WOULD_BLOCK~;
+		case errno::ENXIO:     return io::FILE_NOT_FOUND~;
+		default:               return UNKNOWN_ERROR~;
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ Create a VirtualMemory using
+
+ @param size : "The size of the memory to allocate."
+ @require size > 0 : "The size must be non-zero"
+ @return? mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY, RANGE_OVERFLOW, UNKNOWN_ERROR, ACCESS_DENIED, INVALID_ARGS
+*>
+fn VirtualMemory? virtual_alloc(usz size, VirtualMemoryAccess access = PROTECTED)
+{
+	size = aligned_alloc_size(size);
+	void* ptr = alloc(size, access)!;
+	return { ptr, size, access };
+}
+
+<*
+ Commits memory, using vm::commit
+
+ @param offset : "Starting from what offset to commit"
+ @param len : "To what len to commit"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(self.ptr + offset) : "The offset should be page aligned"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(self.ptr + offset + len) : "The length must be page aligned"
+ @require offset < self.size : "Offset out of range"
+ @require offset + len <= self.size : "Length out of range"
+ @return? UPDATE_FAILED, ACCESS_DENIED, UNALIGNED_ADDRESS, RANGE_OVERFLOW, UNKNOWN_ERROR
+*>
+macro void? VirtualMemory.commit(self, usz offset, usz len)
+{
+	return commit(self.ptr + offset, len, self.default_access);
+}
+
+<*
+ Changes protection of a part of memory using vm::protect
+
+ @param offset : "Starting from what offset to update"
+ @param len : "To what len to update"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(self.ptr + offset) : "The offset should be page aligned"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(self.ptr + offset + len) : "The length must be page aligned"
+ @require offset < self.size : "Offset out of range"
+ @require offset + len < self.size : "Length out of range"
+ @return? UPDATE_FAILED, ACCESS_DENIED, UNALIGNED_ADDRESS, RANGE_OVERFLOW, UNKNOWN_ERROR
+*>
+macro void? VirtualMemory.protect(self, usz offset, usz len, VirtualMemoryAccess access)
+{
+	return protect(self.ptr + offset, len, access);
+}
+<*
+ Decommits a part of memory using vm::decommit
+
+ @param offset : "Starting from what offset to decommit"
+ @param len : "To what len to decommit"
+ @param block : "Should the memory be blocked from access after decommit"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(self.ptr + offset) : "The offset should be page aligned"
+ @require mem::ptr_is_page_aligned(self.ptr + offset + len) : "The length must be page aligned"
+ @require offset < self.size : "Offset out of range"
+ @require offset + len < self.size : "Length out of range"
+ @return? UPDATE_FAILED
+*>
+fn void? VirtualMemory.decommit(self, usz offset, usz len, bool block = true)
+{
+	return decommit(self.ptr + offset, len, block);
+}
+
+<*
+ Releases the memory region
+
+ @require self.ptr != null : "Virtual memory must be initialized to call destroy"
+*>
+fn void? VirtualMemory.destroy(&self)
+{
+	return release(self.ptr, self.size);
+}
+
+fn CInt VirtualMemoryAccess.to_posix(self) @if(env::POSIX) @private
+{
+	switch (self)
+	{
+		case PROTECTED: return posix::PROT_NONE;
+		case READ: return posix::PROT_READ;
+		case WRITE: return posix::PROT_WRITE;
+		case EXEC: return posix::PROT_EXEC;
+		case READWRITE: return posix::PROT_READ | posix::PROT_WRITE;
+		case EXECREAD: return posix::PROT_READ | posix::PROT_EXEC;
+		case EXECWRITE: return posix::PROT_WRITE | posix::PROT_EXEC;
+		case ANY: return posix::PROT_WRITE | posix::PROT_READ | posix::PROT_EXEC;
+	}
+}
+
+fn Win32_Protect VirtualMemoryAccess.to_win32(self) @if(env::WIN32) @private
+{
+	switch (self)
+	{
+		case PROTECTED: return PAGE_NOACCESS;
+		case READ: return PAGE_READONLY;
+		case WRITE: return PAGE_READWRITE;
+		case EXEC: return PAGE_EXECUTE;
+		case READWRITE: return PAGE_READWRITE;
+		case EXECWRITE: return PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE;
+		case EXECREAD: return PAGE_EXECUTE_READ;
+		case ANY: return PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE;
+	}
+}
+

lib/std/core/os/wasm/wasm_memory.c3

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ fn char[]? WasmMemory.allocate_block(&self, usz bytes)
 	}
 
 	usz blocks_required = (bytes_required + WASM_BLOCK_SIZE + 1) / WASM_BLOCK_SIZE;
-	if ($$wasm_memory_grow(0, blocks_required) == -1) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY?;
+	if ($$wasm_memory_grow(0, blocks_required) == -1) return mem::OUT_OF_MEMORY~;
 	self.allocation = $$wasm_memory_size(0) * WASM_BLOCK_SIZE;
 	defer self.use += bytes;
 	return ((char*)self.use)[:bytes];

lib/std/core/private/macho_runtime.c3

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn SegmentCommand64*? find_segment(MachHeader* header, char* segname)
 		}
 		command = (void*)command + command.cmdsize;
 	}
-	return NOT_FOUND?;
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
 }
 fn Section64*? find_section(SegmentCommand64* command, char* sectname)
 {
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ fn Section64*? find_section(SegmentCommand64* command, char* sectname)
 		if (name_cmp(sectname, &section.sectname)) return section;
 		section++;
 	}
-	return NOT_FOUND?;
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
 }
 
 macro find_segment_section_body(MachHeader* header, char* segname, char* sectname, $Type)

lib/std/core/private/main_stub.c3

@@ -12,7 +12,10 @@ macro int @main_to_err_main(#m, int, char**)
 	if (catch #m()) return 1;
 	return 0;
 }
-macro int @main_to_int_main(#m, int, char**) => #m();
+macro int @main_to_int_main(#m, int, char**)
+{
+	return #m();
+}
 macro int @main_to_void_main(#m, int, char**)
 {
 	#m();
@@ -63,8 +66,19 @@ macro int @main_to_void_main_args(#m, int argc, char** argv)
 }
 
 module std::core::main_stub @if(env::WIN32);
+import std::os::win32;
 
-extern fn Char16** _win_command_line_to_argv_w(ushort* cmd_line, int* argc_ptr) @extern("CommandLineToArgvW");
+macro win32_set_utf8_codepage() @local
+{
+	// By default windows uses an OEM codepage that differs based on locale
+	// and does not support printing utf-8 characters. This allows both
+	// printing utf-8 characters from strings and reading them from stdin.
+	win32::setConsoleCP(UTF8);
+	win32::setConsoleOutputCP(UTF8);
+}
+
+
+extern fn Char16** _win_command_line_to_argv_w(ushort* cmd_line, int* argc_ptr) @cname("CommandLineToArgvW");
 
 macro String[] win_command_line_to_strings(ushort* cmd_line) @private
 {
@@ -93,18 +107,26 @@ macro void release_wargs(String[] list) @private
 
 macro int @win_to_err_main_noargs(#m, void* handle, void* prev_handle, Char16* cmd_line, int show_cmd)
 {
+	win32_set_utf8_codepage();
 	if (catch #m()) return 1;
 	return 0;
 }
-macro int @win_to_int_main_noargs(#m, void* handle, void* prev_handle, Char16* cmd_line, int show_cmd) => #m();
+macro int @win_to_int_main_noargs(#m, void* handle, void* prev_handle, Char16* cmd_line, int show_cmd)
+{
+	win32_set_utf8_codepage();
+	return #m();
+}
+
 macro int @win_to_void_main_noargs(#m, void* handle, void* prev_handle, Char16* cmd_line, int show_cmd)
 {
+	win32_set_utf8_codepage();
 	#m();
 	return 0;
 }
 
 macro int @win_to_err_main_args(#m, void* handle, void* prev_handle, Char16* cmd_line, int show_cmd)
 {
+	win32_set_utf8_codepage();
 	String[] args = win_command_line_to_strings(cmd_line);
 	defer release_wargs(args);
 	if (catch #m(args)) return 1;
@@ -113,6 +135,7 @@ macro int @win_to_err_main_args(#m, void* handle, void* prev_handle, Char16* cmd
 
 macro int @win_to_int_main_args(#m, void* handle, void* prev_handle, Char16* cmd_line, int show_cmd)
 {
+	win32_set_utf8_codepage();
 	String[] args = win_command_line_to_strings(cmd_line);
 	defer release_wargs(args);
 	return #m(args);
@@ -120,6 +143,7 @@ macro int @win_to_int_main_args(#m, void* handle, void* prev_handle, Char16* cmd
 
 macro int @win_to_void_main_args(#m, void* handle, void* prev_handle, Char16* cmd_line, int show_cmd)
 {
+	win32_set_utf8_codepage();
 	String[] args = win_command_line_to_strings(cmd_line);
 	defer release_wargs(args);
 	#m(args);
@@ -128,6 +152,7 @@ macro int @win_to_void_main_args(#m, void* handle, void* prev_handle, Char16* cm
 
 macro int @win_to_err_main(#m, void* handle, void* prev_handle, Char16* cmd_line, int show_cmd)
 {
+	win32_set_utf8_codepage();
 	String[] args = win_command_line_to_strings(cmd_line);
 	defer release_wargs(args);
 	if (catch #m(handle, prev_handle, args, show_cmd)) return 1;
@@ -136,6 +161,7 @@ macro int @win_to_err_main(#m, void* handle, void* prev_handle, Char16* cmd_line
 
 macro int @win_to_int_main(#m, void* handle, void* prev_handle, Char16* cmd_line, int show_cmd)
 {
+	win32_set_utf8_codepage();
 	String[] args = win_command_line_to_strings(cmd_line);
 	defer release_wargs(args);
 	return #m(handle, prev_handle, args, show_cmd);
@@ -143,6 +169,7 @@ macro int @win_to_int_main(#m, void* handle, void* prev_handle, Char16* cmd_line
 
 macro int @win_to_void_main(#m, void* handle, void* prev_handle, Char16* cmd_line, int show_cmd)
 {
+	win32_set_utf8_codepage();
 	String[] args = win_command_line_to_strings(cmd_line);
 	defer release_wargs(args);
 	#m(handle, prev_handle, args, show_cmd);
@@ -151,6 +178,7 @@ macro int @win_to_void_main(#m, void* handle, void* prev_handle, Char16* cmd_lin
 
 macro int @wmain_to_err_main_args(#m, int argc, Char16** argv)
 {
+	win32_set_utf8_codepage();
 	String[] args = wargs_strings(argc, argv);
 	defer release_wargs(args);
 	if (catch #m(args)) return 1;
@@ -159,6 +187,7 @@ macro int @wmain_to_err_main_args(#m, int argc, Char16** argv)
 
 macro int @wmain_to_int_main_args(#m, int argc, Char16** argv)
 {
+	win32_set_utf8_codepage();
 	String[] args = wargs_strings(argc, argv);
 	defer release_wargs(args);
 	return #m(args);
@@ -166,6 +195,7 @@ macro int @wmain_to_int_main_args(#m, int argc, Char16** argv)
 
 macro int @_wmain_runner(#m, int argc, Char16** argv)
 {
+	win32_set_utf8_codepage();
 	String[] args = wargs_strings(argc, argv);
 	defer release_wargs(args);
 	return #m(args) ? 0 : 1;
@@ -173,6 +203,7 @@ macro int @_wmain_runner(#m, int argc, Char16** argv)
 
 macro int @wmain_to_void_main_args(#m, int argc, Char16** argv)
 {
+	win32_set_utf8_codepage();
 	String[] args = wargs_strings(argc, argv);
 	defer release_wargs(args);
 	#m(args);

lib/std/core/refcount.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+<*
+ Ref provides a general *external* ref counted wrapper for a pointer. For convenience, a ref count of 0
+ means the reference is still valid.
+
+ When the rc drops to -1, it will first run the dealloc function on the underlying pointer (if it exists),
+ then free the pointer and the atomic variable assuming that they are allocated using the Allocator in the Ref.
+
+ @require !$defined(Type.dealloc) ||| $defined(Type.dealloc(&&(Type){})) : "'dealloc' must only take a pointer to the underlying type"
+ @require !$defined(Type.dealloc) ||| $typeof((Type){}.dealloc()) ==  void : "'dealloc' must return 'void'"
+*>
+module std::core::mem::ref <Type>;
+import std::thread, std::atomic;
+
+const OVERALIGNED @private = Type.alignof > mem::DEFAULT_MEM_ALIGNMENT;
+
+alias DeallocFn = fn void(void*);
+
+fn Ref wrap(Type* ptr, Allocator allocator = mem)
+{
+	return { .refcount = allocator::new(allocator, Atomic{int}), .ptr = ptr, .allocator = allocator };
+}
+<*
+ @require $vacount < 2 : "Too many arguments."
+ @require $vacount == 0 ||| $defined(Type a = $vaexpr[0]) : "The first argument must be an initializer for the type"
+*>
+macro Ref new(..., Allocator allocator = mem)
+{
+
+	$switch:
+		$case OVERALIGNED && !$vacount:
+			Type* ptr = allocator::calloc_aligned(allocator, Type.sizeof, Type.alignof)!!;
+		$case OVERALIGNED:
+			Type* ptr = allocator::malloc_aligned(allocator, Type.sizeof, Type.alignof)!!;
+			*ptr = $vaexpr[0];
+		$case !$vacount:
+			Type* ptr = allocator::calloc(allocator, Type.sizeof);
+		$default:
+			Type* ptr = allocator::malloc(allocator, Type.sizeof);
+			*ptr = $vaexpr[0];
+	$endswitch
+	return { .refcount = allocator::new(allocator, Atomic{int}),
+	         .ptr = ptr,
+	         .allocator = allocator };
+}
+
+struct Ref
+{
+	Atomic{int}* refcount;
+	Type* ptr;
+	Allocator allocator;
+}
+
+fn Ref* Ref.retain(&self)
+{
+	assert(self.refcount != null, "Reference already released");
+	assert(self.refcount.load(RELAXED) >= 0, "Retaining zombie");
+	self.refcount.add(1, RELAXED);
+	return self;
+}
+
+fn void Ref.release(&self)
+{
+	assert(self.refcount != null, "Reference already released");
+    assert(self.refcount.load(RELAXED) >= 0, "Overrelease of refcount");
+	if (self.refcount.sub(1, RELAXED) == 0)
+	{
+		thread::fence(ACQUIRE);
+		$if $defined(Type.dealloc):
+			self.ptr.dealloc();
+		$endif
+		$if OVERALIGNED:
+			allocator::free_aligned(self.allocator, self.ptr);
+		$else
+			allocator::free(self.allocator, self.ptr);
+		$endif
+		allocator::free(self.allocator, self.refcount);
+		*self = {};
+	}
+}
+
+module std::core::mem::rc;
+import std::thread, std::atomic;
+
+<*
+ A RefCounted struct should be an inline base of a struct.
+ If a `dealloc` is defined, then it will be called rather than `free`
+
+ For convenience, a ref count of 0 is still valid, and the struct is
+ only freed when when ref count drops to -1.
+
+ The macros rc::retain and rc::release must be used on the full pointer,
+ not on the RefCounted substruct.
+
+ So `Foo* f = ...; RefCounted* rc = f; rc::release(rc);` will not do the right thing.
+*>
+struct RefCounted
+{
+	Atomic{int} refcount;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require $defined(RefCounted* c = refcounted) : "Expected a ref counted value"
+*>
+macro retain(refcounted)
+{
+	if (refcounted)
+	{
+		assert(refcounted.refcount.load(RELAXED) >= 0, "Retaining zombie");
+    	refcounted.refcount.add(1, RELAXED);
+	}
+	return refcounted;
+}
+
+<*
+ @require $defined(RefCounted* c = refcounted) : "Expected a ref counted value"
+ @require !$defined(refcounted.dealloc()) ||| $typeof(refcounted.dealloc()) == void
+   : "Expected refcounted type to have a valid dealloc"
+*>
+macro void release(refcounted)
+{
+	if (!refcounted) return;
+	assert(refcounted.refcount.load(RELAXED) >= 0, "Overrelease of refcount");
+	if (refcounted.refcount.sub(1, RELAXED) == 0)
+	{
+		thread::fence(ACQUIRE);
+		$if $defined(refcounted.dealloc):
+			refcounted.dealloc();
+		$else
+			free(refcounted);
+		$endif
+	}
+}

lib/std/core/runtime.c3

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ macro @enum_lookup($Type, #value, value)
 	$foreach $val : $Type.values:
 		if ($val.#value == value) return $val;
 	$endforeach
-	return NOT_FOUND?;
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
 }
 
 macro @enum_lookup_new($Type, $name, value)
@@ -35,14 +35,14 @@ macro @enum_lookup_new($Type, $name, value)
 	$foreach $val : $Type.values:
 		if ($val.$eval($name) == value) return $val;
 	$endforeach
-	return NOT_FOUND?;
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
 }
 
 
-module std::core::runtime @if(WASM_NOLIBC);
+module std::core::runtime @if(env::FREESTANDING_WASM);
 
 extern fn void __wasm_call_ctors();
-fn void wasm_initialize() @extern("_initialize") @wasm
+fn void wasm_initialize() @cname("_initialize") @wasm
 {
 	// The linker synthesizes this to call constructors.
 	__wasm_call_ctors();

lib/std/core/runtime_benchmark.c3

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 module std::core::runtime;
-import libc, std::time, std::io, std::sort;
+import libc, std::time, std::io, std::sort, std::math, std::collections::map;
 
-alias BenchmarkFn = fn void();
+alias BenchmarkFn = fn void ();
+
+HashMap { String, uint } bench_fn_iters @local;
 
 struct BenchmarkUnit
 {
@@ -17,6 +19,7 @@ fn BenchmarkUnit[] benchmark_collection_create(Allocator allocator)
 	foreach (i, benchmark : fns)
 	{
 		benchmarks[i] = { names[i], fns[i] };
+		if (!bench_fn_iters.has_key(names[i])) bench_fn_iters[names[i]] = benchmark_max_iterations;
 	}
 	return benchmarks;
 }
@@ -36,6 +39,49 @@ fn void set_benchmark_max_iterations(uint value) @builtin
 {
     assert(value > 0);
     benchmark_max_iterations = value;
+	foreach (k : bench_fn_iters.key_iter()) bench_fn_iters[k] = value;
+}
+
+fn void set_benchmark_func_iterations(String func, uint value) @builtin
+{
+	assert(value > 0);
+	bench_fn_iters[func] = value;
+}
+
+
+Clock benchmark_clock @local;
+NanoDuration benchmark_nano_seconds @local;
+long cycle_start @local;
+long cycle_stop @local;
+DString benchmark_log @local;
+bool benchmark_warming @local;
+uint this_iteration @local;
+bool benchmark_stop @local;
+
+macro void @start_benchmark()
+{
+	benchmark_clock = clock::now();
+	cycle_start = $$sysclock();
+}
+
+macro void @end_benchmark()
+{
+	benchmark_nano_seconds = benchmark_clock.mark();
+	cycle_stop = $$sysclock();
+}
+
+macro void @kill_benchmark(String format, ...)
+{
+	@log_benchmark(format, $vasplat);
+	benchmark_stop = true;
+}
+
+macro void @log_benchmark(msg, args...) => @pool()
+{
+	if (benchmark_warming) return;
+
+	benchmark_log.appendf("%s [%d]:  ", $$FUNC, this_iteration);
+	benchmark_log.appendfn(msg, ...args);
 }
 
 fn bool run_benchmarks(BenchmarkUnit[] benchmarks)
@@ -58,36 +104,69 @@ fn bool run_benchmarks(BenchmarkUnit[] benchmarks)
 
 	name.clear();
 
-	long sys_clock_started;
-	long sys_clock_finished;
-	long sys_clocks;
-	Clock clock;
-
-	foreach(unit : benchmarks)
+	foreach (unit : benchmarks)
 	{
 		defer name.clear();
 		name.appendf("Benchmarking %s ", unit.name);
 		name.append_repeat('.', max_name - unit.name.len + 2);
 		io::printf("%s ", name.str_view());
 
+		benchmark_warming = true;
 		for (uint i = 0; i < benchmark_warmup_iterations; i++)
 		{
 			unit.func() @inline;
 		}
+		benchmark_warming = false;
 
-		clock = std::time::clock::now();
-		sys_clock_started = $$sysclock();
+		NanoDuration running_timer;
+		long total_clocks;
 
-		for (uint i = 0; i < benchmark_max_iterations; i++)
+		uint current_benchmark_iterations = bench_fn_iters[unit.name] ?? benchmark_max_iterations;
+		char[] perc_str = { [0..19] = ' ', [20] = 0 };
+		int perc = 0;
+		uint print_step = current_benchmark_iterations / 100;
+
+		for (this_iteration = 0; this_iteration < current_benchmark_iterations; ++this_iteration, benchmark_nano_seconds = {})
 		{
+			if (0 == this_iteration % print_step)   // only print right about when the % will update
+			{
+				perc_str[0..(uint)math::floor((this_iteration / (float)current_benchmark_iterations) * 20)] = '#';
+				perc = (uint)math::ceil(100 * (this_iteration / (float)current_benchmark_iterations));
+
+				io::printf("\r%s [%s] %d / %d (%d%%)", name.str_view(), (ZString)perc_str, this_iteration, current_benchmark_iterations, perc);
+				io::stdout().flush()!!;
+			}
+
+			@start_benchmark();   // can be overridden by calls inside the unit's func
+
 			unit.func() @inline;
+			if (benchmark_stop) return false;
+
+			if (benchmark_nano_seconds == (NanoDuration){}) @end_benchmark();   // only mark when it wasn't already by the unit.func
+
+			total_clocks += cycle_stop - cycle_start;
+			running_timer += benchmark_nano_seconds;
 		}
 
-		sys_clock_finished = $$sysclock();
-		NanoDuration nano_seconds = clock.mark();
-		sys_clocks = sys_clock_finished - sys_clock_started;
+		float clock_cycles = (float)total_clocks / current_benchmark_iterations;
+		float measurement = (float)running_timer / current_benchmark_iterations;
+		String[] units = { "nanoseconds", "microseconds", "milliseconds", "seconds" };
 
-		io::printfn("[COMPLETE] %.2f ns, %.2f CPU's clocks", (float)nano_seconds / benchmark_max_iterations, (float)sys_clocks / benchmark_max_iterations);
+		float adjusted_measurement = measurement;
+		while (adjusted_measurement > 1_000) adjusted_measurement /= 1_000;
+		float adjusted_runtime_total = (float)running_timer;
+		while (adjusted_runtime_total > 1_000) adjusted_runtime_total /= 1_000;
+
+		io::printf("\r%s ", name.str_view());
+		io::printfn(
+			"[COMPLETE] %.2f %s, %.2f CPU clocks, %d iterations (runtime %.2f %s)",
+			adjusted_measurement,
+			units[math::min(3, (int)math::floor(math::log(measurement, 1_000)))],
+			clock_cycles,
+			current_benchmark_iterations,
+			adjusted_runtime_total,
+			units[math::min(3, (int)math::floor(math::log((float)running_timer, 1_000)))],
+		);
 	}
 
 	io::printfn("\n%d benchmark%s run.\n", benchmarks.len, benchmarks.len > 1 ? "s" : "");
@@ -96,5 +175,12 @@ fn bool run_benchmarks(BenchmarkUnit[] benchmarks)
 
 fn bool default_benchmark_runner(String[] args) => @pool()
 {
+	benchmark_log.init(mem);
+	defer
+	{
+		if (benchmark_log.len()) io::printfn("\n---------- BENCHMARK LOG ----------\n%s\n", benchmark_log.str_view());
+		benchmark_log.free();
+	}
+
 	return run_benchmarks(benchmark_collection_create(tmem));
 }

lib/std/core/runtime_test.c3

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 module std::core::runtime;
 import std::core::test @public;
 import std::core::mem::allocator @public;
-import libc, std::time, std::io, std::sort;
-import std::os::env;
+import libc, std::time, std::io, std::sort, std::os;
+
 
 alias TestFn = fn void();
 
@@ -14,10 +14,12 @@ TestContext* test_context @private;
 struct TestContext
 {
 	JmpBuf buf;
-	// Allows filtering test cased or modules by substring, e.g. 'foo::', 'foo::test_add'
+	<* Allows filtering test cased or modules by substring, e.g. 'foo::', 'foo::test_add' *>
 	String test_filter;
-	// Triggers debugger breakpoint when assert or test:: checks failed
+	<* Triggers debugger breakpoint when assert or test:: checks failed *>
 	bool breakpoint_on_assert;
+	<* Controls level of printed logs *>
+	LogPriority log_level;
 
 	// internal state
 	bool assert_print_backtrace;
@@ -25,6 +27,8 @@ struct TestContext
 	bool is_in_panic;
 	bool is_quiet_mode;
 	bool is_no_capture;
+    bool sort;
+    bool check_leaks;
 	String current_test_name;
 	TestFn setup_fn;
 	TestFn teardown_fn;
@@ -86,7 +90,21 @@ fn bool terminal_has_ansi_codes() @local => @pool()
 	$endif
 }
 
+fn void sig_bus_error(CInt i, void*, void* context) @local @if(env::POSIX)
+{
+	panic_test("Bus error", "Unknown", "Unknown", 1, posix::stack_instruction(context));
+}
+
+fn void sig_segmentation_fault(CInt i, void*, void* context) @local @if(env::POSIX)
+{
+	panic_test("Segmentation fault", "Unknown", "Unknown", 1, posix::stack_instruction(context));
+}
+
 fn void test_panic(String message, String file, String function, uint line) @local
+{
+	panic_test(message, file, function, line);
+}
+fn void panic_test(String message, String file, String function, uint line, void* extra_trace = null) @local
 {
 	if (test_context.is_in_panic) return;
 	test_context.is_in_panic = true;
@@ -96,7 +114,7 @@ fn void test_panic(String message, String file, String function, uint line) @loc
 	if (test_context.assert_print_backtrace)
 	{
 		$if env::NATIVE_STACKTRACE:
-    		builtin::print_backtrace(message, 0);
+    		builtin::print_backtrace(message, extra_trace ? 3 : 0, extra_trace);
 		$endif
 	}
 	io::printf("\nTest failed ^^^ ( %s:%s ) %s\n",  file, line, message);
@@ -140,7 +158,6 @@ fn void unmute_output(bool has_error) @local
 	usz log_size = test_context.fake_stdout.seek(0, Seek.CURSOR)!!;
 	if (has_error)
 	{
-		io::printf("\nTesting %s ", test_context.current_test_name);
 		io::printn(test_context.has_ansi_codes ? "[\e[0;31mFAIL\e[0m]" : "[FAIL]");
 	}
 
@@ -166,11 +183,19 @@ fn void unmute_output(bool has_error) @local
 	(void)stdout.flush();
 }
 
+
 fn bool run_tests(String[] args, TestUnit[] tests) @private
 {
 	usz max_name;
-	bool sort_tests = true;
-	bool check_leaks = true;
+	if (!tests.len)
+	{
+		io::printn("There are no test units to run.");
+		return true;   // no tests == technically a pass
+	}
+$if !env::NO_LIBC && env::POSIX:
+	posix::install_signal_handler(libc::SIGBUS, &sig_bus_error);
+	posix::install_signal_handler(libc::SIGSEGV, &sig_segmentation_fault);
+$endif
 	foreach (&unit : tests)
 	{
 		if (max_name < unit.name.len) max_name = unit.name.len;
@@ -179,6 +204,9 @@ fn bool run_tests(String[] args, TestUnit[] tests) @private
 	{
 		.assert_print_backtrace = true,
 		.breakpoint_on_assert = false,
+        .sort = true,
+        .check_leaks = true,
+		.log_level = LogPriority.ERROR,
 		.test_filter = "",
 		.has_ansi_codes = terminal_has_ansi_codes(),
 		.stored.allocator = mem,
@@ -192,10 +220,11 @@ fn bool run_tests(String[] args, TestUnit[] tests) @private
 			case "--test-breakpoint":
 				context.breakpoint_on_assert = true;
 			case "--test-nosort":
-				sort_tests = false;
+				context.sort = false;
 			case "--test-noleak":
-				check_leaks = false;
+				context.check_leaks = false;
 			case "--test-nocapture":
+			case "--test-show-output":
 				context.is_no_capture = true;
 			case "--noansi":
 				context.has_ansi_codes = false;
@@ -211,13 +240,30 @@ fn bool run_tests(String[] args, TestUnit[] tests) @private
 				}
 				context.test_filter = args[i + 1];
 				i++;
+			case "--test-log-level":
+				if (i == args.len - 1)
+				{
+					io::printn("Missing log level for argument `--test-log-level`.");
+					return false;
+				}
+				@pool()
+				{
+					String upper = args[i + 1].to_upper_copy(tmem);
+					if (catch @try(context.log_level, enum_by_name(LogPriority, upper)))
+					{
+						io::printn("Log level given to `--test-log-level` is not one of verbose, debug, info, warn, error or critical.");
+						return false;
+					}
+				};
+				i++;
 			default:
 				io::printfn("Unknown argument: %s", args[i]);
 		}
 	}
 	test_context = &context;
+	log::set_priority_all(test_context.log_level);
 
-	if (sort_tests)
+	if (context.sort)
 	{
 		quicksort(tests, &cmp_test_unit);
 	}
@@ -277,14 +323,17 @@ fn bool run_tests(String[] args, TestUnit[] tests) @private
 		{
 			mute_output();
 			mem.clear();
-			if (check_leaks) allocator::thread_allocator = &mem;
-			unit.func();
+			if (context.check_leaks) allocator::thread_allocator = &mem;
+			@pool()
+            {
+                unit.func();
+            };
 			// track cleanup that may take place in teardown_fn
 			if (context.teardown_fn)
 			{
 				context.teardown_fn();
 			}
-			if (check_leaks) allocator::thread_allocator = context.stored.allocator;
+			if (context.check_leaks) allocator::thread_allocator = context.stored.allocator;
 
 			unmute_output(false); // all good, discard output
 			if (mem.has_leaks())
@@ -305,7 +354,7 @@ fn bool run_tests(String[] args, TestUnit[] tests) @private
 		}
 		mem.free();
 	}
-	io::printfn("\n%d test%s run.\n", test_count-tests_skipped, test_count > 1 ? "s" : "");
+	io::printfn("\n%d test%s run.\n", test_count-tests_skipped, test_count != 1 ? "s" : "");
 
 	int n_failed = test_count - tests_passed - tests_skipped;
 	io::printf("Test Result: %s%s%s: ",

lib/std/core/sanitizer/asan.c3

@@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ alias ErrorCallback = fn void (ZString);
  @param addr : "Start of memory region."
  @param size : "Size of memory region."
 *>
-macro poison_memory_region(void* addr, usz size)
+macro void poison_memory_region(void* addr, usz size)
 {
-	$if env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER: 
+	$if env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER:
 		__asan_poison_memory_region(addr, size);
-	$endif 
+	$endif
 }
 
 <*
@@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ macro poison_memory_region(void* addr, usz size)
  @param addr : "Start of memory region."
  @param size : "Size of memory region."
 *>
-macro unpoison_memory_region(void* addr, usz size)
+macro void unpoison_memory_region(void* addr, usz size)
 {
-	$if env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER: 
+	$if env::ADDRESS_SANITIZER:
 		__asan_unpoison_memory_region(addr, size);
-	$endif 
+	$endif
 }
 
 <*

lib/std/core/slice2d.c3

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-module std::core::array::slice {Type};
+module std::core::array;
 
 <*
  A slice2d allows slicing an array like int[10][10] into an arbitrary "int[][]"-like counterpart
  Typically you'd use array::slice2d(...) to create one.
 *>
-struct Slice2d
+struct Slice2d <Type>
 {
 	Type* ptr;
 	usz inner_len;

lib/std/core/string.c3

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 module std::core::string;
-import std::io;
+import std::io, std::ascii;
+
 
 typedef String @if(!$defined(String)) = inline char[];
 <*
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ macro WString @wstring(String $string) @builtin
 }
 
 <*
- Create a slice of an UTF32 encoded string at compile time.
+ Create a slice of an UTF16 encoded string at compile time.
 
  @param $string : "The string to encode"
 *>
@@ -107,6 +108,28 @@ fn String format(Allocator allocator, String fmt, args...) @format(1) => @pool()
 	return str.copy_str(allocator);
 }
 
+<*
+ Return a new String created using the formatting function, the resulting string must fit the buffer.
+
+ @param [inout] buffer : `The buffer to use`
+ @param [in] fmt : `The formatting string`
+*>
+fn String bformat(char[] buffer, String fmt, args...) @format(1)
+{
+	Formatter f;
+	OutputFn format_fn = fn void?(void* buf, char c) {
+		char[]* buffer_ref = buf;
+		char[] buffer = *buffer_ref;
+		if (buffer.len == 0) return io::BUFFER_EXCEEDED~;
+		buffer[0] = c;
+		*buffer_ref = buffer[1..];
+	};
+	char[] buffer_copy = buffer;
+	f.init(format_fn, &buffer_copy);
+	usz len = f.vprintf(fmt, args)!!;
+	return (String)buffer[:len];
+}
+
 <*
  Return a temporary String created using the formatting function.
 
@@ -123,7 +146,7 @@ fn String tformat(String fmt, args...) @format(0)
  Check if a character is in a set.
 
  @param c : `the character to check`
- @param [in] set : `The formatting string`
+ @param [in] set : `String containing the characters`
  @pure
  @return `True if a character is in the set`
 *>
@@ -167,13 +190,18 @@ fn String join(Allocator allocator, String[] s, String joiner)
  @param [&inout] allocator : `The allocator to use for the String`
  @return "The new string with the elements replaced"
 *>
-fn String String.replace(self, Allocator allocator, String needle, String new_str) @nodiscard
+fn String String.replace(self, Allocator allocator, String needle, String new_str) @nodiscard => @pool()
 {
-	@pool()
+	Splitter s = self.tokenize_all(needle);
+	DString d;
+	d.init(tmem, new_str.len * 2 + self.len + 16);
+	(void)d.append(s.next());
+	while (try element = s.next())
 	{
-		String[] split = self.tsplit(needle);
-		return dstring::join(tmem, split, new_str).copy_str(mem);
-	};
+		d.append(new_str);
+		d.append(element);
+	}
+	return d.copy_str(allocator);
 }
 
 <*
@@ -186,8 +214,16 @@ fn String String.replace(self, Allocator allocator, String needle, String new_st
 *>
 fn String String.treplace(self, String needle, String new_str)
 {
-	String[] split = self.tsplit(needle);
-	return dstring::join(tmem, split, new_str).str_view();
+	Splitter s = self.tokenize_all(needle);
+	DString d;
+	d.init(tmem, new_str.len * 2 + self.len + 16);
+	(void)d.append(s.next());
+	while (try element = s.next())
+	{
+		d.append(new_str);
+		d.append(element);
+	}
+	return d.str_view();
 }
 
 
@@ -199,11 +235,28 @@ fn String String.treplace(self, String needle, String new_str)
  @pure
  @return `a substring of the string passed in`
 *>
-fn String String.trim(self, String to_trim = "\t\n\r ")
+fn String String.trim(self, String to_trim = " \n\t\r\f\v")
 {
     return self.trim_left(to_trim).trim_right(to_trim);
 }
 
+<*
+ Remove characters from the front and end of a string.
+
+ @param [in] self : `The string to trim`
+ @param to_trim : `The set of characters to trim, defaults to whitespace`
+ @pure
+ @return `a substring of the string passed in`
+*>
+fn String String.trim_charset(self, AsciiCharset to_trim = ascii::WHITESPACE_SET)
+{
+	usz start = 0;
+	usz len = self.len;
+	while (start < len && to_trim.contains(self[start])) start++;
+	while (len > start && to_trim.contains(self[len - 1])) len--;
+    return self[start..len - 1];
+}
+
 <*
  Remove characters from the front of a string.
 
@@ -212,7 +265,7 @@ fn String String.trim(self, String to_trim = "\t\n\r ")
  @pure
  @return `a substring of the string passed in`
 *>
-fn String String.trim_left(self, String to_trim = "\t\n\r ")
+fn String String.trim_left(self, String to_trim = " \n\t\r\f\v")
 {
 	usz start = 0;
 	usz len = self.len;
@@ -229,7 +282,7 @@ fn String String.trim_left(self, String to_trim = "\t\n\r ")
  @pure
  @return `a substring of the string passed in`
 *>
-fn String String.trim_right(self, String to_trim = "\t\n\r ")
+fn String String.trim_right(self, String to_trim = " \n\t\r\f\v")
 {
 	usz len = self.len;
 	while (len > 0 && char_in_set(self[len - 1], to_trim)) len--;
@@ -315,7 +368,7 @@ fn String[] String.split(self, Allocator allocator, String delimiter, usz max =
 	bool no_more = false;
 	while (!no_more)
 	{
-		usz? index = i == max - 1 ? NOT_FOUND? : self.index_of(delimiter);
+		usz? index = i == max - 1 ? NOT_FOUND~ : self.index_of(delimiter);
 		String res @noinit;
 		if (try index)
 		{
@@ -374,7 +427,7 @@ fn String[]? String.split_to_buffer(s, String delimiter, String[] buffer, usz ma
 	bool no_more = false;
 	while (!no_more)
 	{
-		usz? index = i == max - 1 ? NOT_FOUND? : s.index_of(delimiter);
+		usz? index = i == max - 1 ? NOT_FOUND~ : s.index_of(delimiter);
 		String res @noinit;
 		if (try index)
 		{
@@ -392,7 +445,7 @@ fn String[]? String.split_to_buffer(s, String delimiter, String[] buffer, usz ma
 		}
 		if (i == max_capacity)
 		{
-			return BUFFER_EXCEEDED?;
+			return BUFFER_EXCEEDED~;
 		}
 		buffer[i++] = res;
 	}
@@ -412,6 +465,19 @@ fn bool String.contains(s, String substr)
 	return @ok(s.index_of(substr));
 }
 
+<*
+ Check if a character is found in the string.
+
+ @param [in] s
+ @param character : "The character to look for."
+ @pure
+ @return "true if the string contains the character, false otherwise"
+*>
+fn bool String.contains_char(s, char character)
+{
+	return @ok(s.index_of_char(character));
+}
+
 <*
  Check how many non-overlapping instances of a substring there is.
 
@@ -460,7 +526,7 @@ fn usz? String.index_of_char(self, char character)
 	{
 		if (c == character) return i;
 	}
-	return NOT_FOUND?;
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
 }
 
 <*
@@ -483,7 +549,7 @@ fn usz? String.index_of_chars(String self, char[] characters)
         }
     }
 
-    return NOT_FOUND?;
+    return NOT_FOUND~;
 }
 
 <*
@@ -500,12 +566,12 @@ fn usz? String.index_of_chars(String self, char[] characters)
 fn usz? String.index_of_char_from(self, char character, usz start_index)
 {
 	usz len = self.len;
-	if (len <= start_index) return NOT_FOUND?;
+	if (len <= start_index) return NOT_FOUND~;
 	for (usz i = start_index; i < len; i++)
 	{
 		if (self[i] == character) return i;
 	}
-	return NOT_FOUND?;
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
 }
 
 <*
@@ -524,7 +590,7 @@ fn usz? String.rindex_of_char(self, char character)
 	{
 		if (c == character) return i;
 	}
-	return NOT_FOUND?;
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
 }
 
 <*
@@ -549,7 +615,7 @@ fn usz? String.index_of(self, String substr)
 			if (c == first && self[i : needed] == substr) return i;
 		}
 	}
-	return NOT_FOUND?;
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
 }
 
 <*
@@ -574,7 +640,7 @@ fn usz? String.rindex_of(self, String substr)
 			if (c == first && self[i : needed] == substr) return i;
 		}
 	}
-	return NOT_FOUND?;
+	return NOT_FOUND~;
 }
 
 fn bool ZString.eq(self, ZString other) @operator(==)
@@ -582,6 +648,7 @@ fn bool ZString.eq(self, ZString other) @operator(==)
 	char* a = self;
 	char* b = other;
 	if (a == b) return true;
+	if (!a || !b) return false;
 	for (;; a++, b++)
 	{
 		char c = *a;
@@ -608,12 +675,17 @@ fn usz ZString.char_len(str)
 
 fn usz ZString.len(self)
 {
-	usz len = 0;
-	char* ptr = (char*)self;
-	while (char c = ptr++[0]) len++;
+	usz len;
+	for (char* ptr = (char*)self; *ptr; ptr++) len++;
 	return len;
 }
 
+fn usz WString.len(self)
+{
+	usz len;
+	for (Char16* ptr = (Char16*)self; *ptr; ptr++) len++;
+	return len;
+}
 
 fn ZString String.zstr_copy(self, Allocator allocator)
 {
@@ -756,6 +828,92 @@ fn String String.to_upper_copy(self, Allocator allocator)
 	return copy;
 }
 
+fn String String.capitalize_copy(self, Allocator allocator)
+{
+	String s = self.copy(allocator);
+	if (s.len > 0 && s[0].is_lower())
+	{
+		s[0] &= (char)~0x20;
+	}
+	return s;
+}
+
+<*
+ Convert a string from `snake_case` to PascalCase.
+
+ @param [in] self
+ @return `"FooBar" from "foo_bar" the resulting pointer may safely be cast to ZString.`
+*>
+fn String String.snake_to_pascal_copy(self, Allocator allocator)
+{
+	Splitter splitter = self.tokenize("_");
+	char[] new_string = allocator::alloc_array(allocator, char, self.len + 1);
+	usz index = 0;
+	while (try s = splitter.next())
+	{
+		assert(s.len > 0);
+		char c = s[0];
+		if (c.is_lower()) c = c.to_upper();
+		new_string[index++] = c;
+		s = s[1..];
+		new_string[index:s.len] = s[..];
+		index += s.len;
+	}
+	new_string[index] = 0;
+	return (String)new_string[:index];
+}
+
+<*
+ Movifies the current string from `snake_case` to PascalCase.
+
+ @param [inout] self
+*>
+fn void String.convert_snake_to_pascal(&self)
+{
+	Splitter splitter = self.tokenize("_");
+	String new_string = *self;
+	usz index = 0;
+	while (try s = splitter.next())
+	{
+		assert(s.len > 0);
+		char c = s[0];
+		if (c.is_lower()) c = c.to_upper();
+		new_string[index++] = c;
+		s = s[1..];
+		new_string[index:s.len] = s[..];
+		index += s.len;
+	}
+	*self = new_string[:index];
+}
+
+<*
+ Convert a string from `PascalCase` to `snake_case`.
+
+ @param [in] self
+ @return `"foo_bar" from "FooBar" the resulting pointer may safely be cast to ZString.`
+*>
+fn String String.pascal_to_snake_copy(self, Allocator allocator) => @pool()
+{
+	DString d;
+	d.init(tmem, (usz)(self.len * 1.5));
+	usz index = 0;
+	foreach (i, c : self)
+	{
+		if (c.is_upper())
+		{
+			if (i > 0 && ((self[i - 1].is_lower() || self[i - 1].is_digit()) || (i < self.len - 1 && self[i + 1].is_lower())))
+            {
+                d.append_char('_');
+            }
+			d.append_char(c.to_lower());
+			continue;
+		}
+		d.append_char(c);
+	}
+	return d.copy_str(allocator);
+}
+
+
 fn StringIterator String.iterator(self)
 {
 	return { self, 0 };
@@ -868,12 +1026,12 @@ macro String.to_integer(self, $Type, int base = 10)
 	usz index = 0;
 	char* ptr = self.ptr;
 	while (index < len && ptr[index].is_blank()) index++;
-	if (len == index) return EMPTY_STRING?;
+	if (len == index) return EMPTY_STRING~;
 	bool is_negative;
 	switch (self[index])
 	{
 		case '-':
-			if ($Type.min == 0) return NEGATIVE_VALUE?;
+			if ($Type.min == 0) return NEGATIVE_VALUE~;
 			is_negative = true;
 			index++;
 		case '+':
@@ -881,7 +1039,7 @@ macro String.to_integer(self, $Type, int base = 10)
 		default:
 			break;
 	}
-	if (len == index) return MALFORMED_INTEGER?;
+	if (len == index) return MALFORMED_INTEGER~;
 	$Type base_used = ($Type)base;
 	if (self[index] == '0' && base == 10)
 	{
@@ -904,7 +1062,7 @@ macro String.to_integer(self, $Type, int base = 10)
 			default:
 				break;
 		}
-		if (len == index) return MALFORMED_INTEGER?;
+		if (len == index) return MALFORMED_INTEGER~;
 	}
 	$Type value = 0;
 	while (index != len)
@@ -914,22 +1072,18 @@ macro String.to_integer(self, $Type, int base = 10)
 		{
 			case base_used < 10 || c < 'A':   c -= '0';
 			case c <= 'F':                    c -= 'A' - 10;
-			case c < 'a' || c > 'f':          return MALFORMED_INTEGER?;
+			case c < 'a' || c > 'f':          return MALFORMED_INTEGER~;
 			default:                          c -= 'a' - 10;
 		}
-		if (c >= base_used) return MALFORMED_INTEGER?;
+		if (c >= base_used) return MALFORMED_INTEGER~;
 		do
 		{
 			if (is_negative)
 			{
-				$Type new_value = value * base_used - c;
-				if (new_value > value) return INTEGER_OVERFLOW?;
-				value = new_value;
+				value = value.overflow_mul(base_used).overflow_sub(c) ?? INTEGER_OVERFLOW~!;
 				break;
 			}
-			$Type new_value = value * base_used + c;
-			if (new_value < value) return INTEGER_OVERFLOW?;
-			value = new_value;
+			value = value.overflow_mul(base_used).overflow_add(c) ?? INTEGER_OVERFLOW~!;
 		};
 	}
 	return value;
@@ -1043,16 +1197,21 @@ fn void Splitter.reset(&self)
 	self.current = 0;
 }
 
+fn bool Splitter.at_end(&self)
+{
+	return self.current > self.string.len;
+}
+
 fn String? Splitter.next(&self)
 {
 	while (true)
 	{
 		usz len = self.string.len;
 		usz current = self.current;
-		if (current > len) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+		if (current > len) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
 		if (current == len)
 		{
-			if (self.type != TOKENIZE_ALL) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+			if (self.type != TOKENIZE_ALL) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
 			self.current++;
 			return self.string[current - 1:0];
 		}
@@ -1064,7 +1223,7 @@ fn String? Splitter.next(&self)
 			if (!next && self.type == TOKENIZE) continue;
 			return remaining[:next];
 		}
-		self.current = len;
+		self.current = len + 1;
 		return remaining;
 	}
 }

lib/std/core/string_escape.c3

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2024 Christoffer Lerno. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright (c) 2024-2025 Christoffer Lerno. All rights reserved.
 // Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
 // a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
 
@@ -22,43 +22,57 @@ faultdef INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE, UNTERMINATED_STRING, INVALID_HEX_ESCAPE, INVAL
 *>
 fn String String.escape(String s, Allocator allocator, bool strip_quotes = true)
 {
-    // Conservative allocation: most strings need minimal escaping
-    usz initial_capacity = s.len + s.len / 5 + 2; // ~1.2x + quotes
-    DString result = dstring::new_with_capacity(allocator, initial_capacity);
+	// Conservative allocation: most strings need minimal escaping
+	usz initial_capacity = s.len + s.len / 5 + 2; // ~1.2x + quotes
 
-    if (!strip_quotes) result.append_char('"');
-
-    foreach (char c : s)
-    {
-        switch (c)
-        {
-            case '"':  result.append(`\"`);
-            case '\\': result.append(`\\`);
-            case '\b': result.append(`\b`);
-            case '\f': result.append(`\f`);
-            case '\n': result.append(`\n`);
-            case '\r': result.append(`\r`);
-            case '\t': result.append(`\t`);
-            case '\v': result.append(`\v`);
-            case '\0': result.append(`\0`);
-            default:
-                if (c >= 32 && c <= 126)
-                {
-                    // Printable ASCII
-                    result.append_char(c);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    // Non-printable, use hex escape
-                    result.appendf("\\x%02x", (uint)c);
-                }
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (!strip_quotes) result.append_char('"');
-    return result.copy_str(allocator);
+	if (allocator == tmem)
+	{
+		DString result = dstring::new_with_capacity(tmem, initial_capacity);
+		escape_dstring(s, result, strip_quotes);
+		return result.str_view();
+	}
+	@pool()
+	{
+		DString result = dstring::temp_with_capacity(initial_capacity);
+		escape_dstring(s, result, strip_quotes);
+		return result.copy_str(allocator);
+	};
 }
 
+fn void escape_dstring(String s, DString result, bool strip_quotes) @private
+{
+	if (!strip_quotes) result.append_char('"');
+
+	foreach (char c : s)
+	{
+		switch (c)
+		{
+			case '"':  result.append(`\"`);
+			case '\\': result.append(`\\`);
+			case '\b': result.append(`\b`);
+			case '\f': result.append(`\f`);
+			case '\n': result.append(`\n`);
+			case '\r': result.append(`\r`);
+			case '\t': result.append(`\t`);
+			case '\v': result.append(`\v`);
+			case '\0': result.append(`\0`);
+			default:
+				if (c >= 32 && c <= 126)
+				{
+					// Printable ASCII
+					result.append_char(c);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					// Non-printable, use hex escape
+					result.appendf("\\x%02x", (uint)c);
+				}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (!strip_quotes) result.append_char('"');
+
+}
 <*
  Escape a string using the temp allocator.
 
@@ -76,33 +90,33 @@ fn String String.tescape(String s, bool strip_quotes = false) => s.escape(tmem,
 *>
 fn usz escape_len(String s)
 {
-    usz len = 2; // For quotes
-    foreach (char c : s)
-    {
-        switch (c)
-        {
-            case '"':
-            case '\\':
-            case '\b':
-            case '\f':
-            case '\n':
-            case '\r':
-            case '\t':
-            case '\v':
-            case '\0':
-                len += 2; // \X
-            default:
-                if (c >= 32 && c <= 126)
-                {
-                    len += 1;
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    len += 4; // \xHH
-                }
-        }
-    }
-    return len;
+	usz len = 2; // For quotes
+	foreach (char c : s)
+	{
+		switch (c)
+		{
+			case '"':
+			case '\\':
+			case '\b':
+			case '\f':
+			case '\n':
+			case '\r':
+			case '\t':
+			case '\v':
+			case '\0':
+				len += 2; // \X
+			default:
+				if (c >= 32 && c <= 126)
+				{
+					len += 1;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					len += 4; // \xHH
+				}
+		}
+	}
+	return len;
 }
 
 <*
@@ -111,90 +125,103 @@ fn usz escape_len(String s)
  @param allocator : "The allocator to use for the result"
  @param s : "The quoted string to unescape"
  @param allow_unquoted : "Set to true to unescape strings not surrounded by quotes, defaults to false"
+ @param lenient : "Be lenient with escapes, resolving unknown sequences to the escape character, defaults to false"
  @return "The unescaped string without quotes, safe to convert to ZString"
  @return? UNTERMINATED_STRING, INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE, INVALID_HEX_ESCAPE, INVALID_UNICODE_ESCAPE
 *>
-fn String? String.unescape(String s, Allocator allocator, bool allow_unquoted = false)
+fn String? String.unescape(String s, Allocator allocator, bool allow_unquoted = false, bool lenient = false)
 {
 	if (s.len >= 2 && s[0] == '"' && s[^1] == '"')
 	{
 		// Remove quotes.
 		s = s[1:^2];
 	}
-	else if (!allow_unquoted) return UNTERMINATED_STRING?;
+	else if (!allow_unquoted) return UNTERMINATED_STRING~;
 
-    // Handle empty string case
-    if (!s.len)
-    {
-        return "".copy(allocator);
-    }
-
-    DString result = dstring::new_with_capacity(allocator, s.len);
+	// Handle empty string case
+	if (!s.len)
+	{
+		return "".copy(allocator);
+	}
+	if (allocator == tmem)
+	{
+		DString result = dstring::new_with_capacity(tmem, s.len);
+		unescape_dstring(s, result, allow_unquoted, lenient)!;
+		return result.str_view();
+	}
+	@pool()
+	{
+		DString result = dstring::temp_with_capacity(s.len);
+		unescape_dstring(s, result, allow_unquoted, lenient)!;
+		return result.copy_str(allocator);
+	};
+}
 
+fn void? unescape_dstring(String s, DString result, bool allow_unquoted = false, bool lenient = false) @private
+{
 	usz len = s.len;
 	for (usz i = 0; i < len; i++)
 	{
 		char c = s[i];
-        if (c != '\\')
-        {
-            result.append_char(c);
-            continue;
-        }
+		if (c != '\\')
+		{
+			result.append_char(c);
+			continue;
+		}
 
-        // Handle escape sequence
-        if (i + 1 >= len) return INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE?;
+		// Handle escape sequence
+		if (i + 1 >= len) return INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE~;
 
-        char escape_char = s[++i];
-        switch (escape_char)
-        {
-            case '"':  result.append_char('"');
-            case '\\': result.append_char('\\');
-            case '/':  result.append_char('/');
-            case 'b':  result.append_char('\b');
-            case 'f':  result.append_char('\f');
-            case 'n':  result.append_char('\n');
-            case 'r':  result.append_char('\r');
-            case 't':  result.append_char('\t');
-            case 'v':  result.append_char('\v');
-            case '0':  result.append_char('\0');
-            case 'x':
-                // Hex escape \xHH
-                if (i + 2 >= len) return INVALID_HEX_ESCAPE?;
-                char h1 = s[++i];
-                char h2 = s[++i];
-                if (!h1.is_xdigit() || !h2.is_xdigit()) return INVALID_HEX_ESCAPE?;
-                uint val = h1 > '9' ? (h1 | 32) - 'a' + 10 : h1 - '0';
-                val = val << 4;
-                val += h2 > '9' ? (h2 | 32) - 'a' + 10 : h2 - '0';
-                result.append_char((char)val);
-            case 'u':
-                // Unicode escape \uHHHH
-                if (i + 4 >= len) return INVALID_UNICODE_ESCAPE?;
-                uint val;
-                for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++)
-                {
-                    char hex_char = s[++i];
-                    if (!hex_char.is_xdigit()) return INVALID_UNICODE_ESCAPE?;
-                    val = val << 4 + (hex_char > '9' ? (hex_char | 32) - 'a' + 10 : hex_char - '0');
-                }
-                result.append_char32(val);
-            case 'U':
-                // Unicode escape \UHHHHHHHH
-                if (i + 8 >= len) return INVALID_UNICODE_ESCAPE?;
-                uint val;
-                for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++)
-                {
-                    char hex_char = s[++i];
-                    if (!hex_char.is_xdigit()) return INVALID_UNICODE_ESCAPE?;
-                    val = val << 4 + (hex_char > '9' ? (hex_char | 32) - 'a' + 10 : hex_char - '0');
-                }
-                result.append_char32(val);
-            default:
-                return INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return result.copy_str(allocator);
+		char escape_char = s[++i];
+		switch (escape_char)
+		{
+			case '"':  result.append_char('"');
+			case '\\': result.append_char('\\');
+			case '/':  result.append_char('/');
+			case 'b':  result.append_char('\b');
+			case 'f':  result.append_char('\f');
+			case 'n':  result.append_char('\n');
+			case 'r':  result.append_char('\r');
+			case 't':  result.append_char('\t');
+			case 'v':  result.append_char('\v');
+			case '0':  result.append_char('\0');
+			case 'x':
+				// Hex escape \xHH
+				if (i + 2 >= len) return INVALID_HEX_ESCAPE~;
+				char h1 = s[++i];
+				char h2 = s[++i];
+				if (!h1.is_xdigit() || !h2.is_xdigit()) return INVALID_HEX_ESCAPE~;
+				uint val = h1 > '9' ? (h1 | 32) - 'a' + 10 : h1 - '0';
+				val = val << 4;
+				val += h2 > '9' ? (h2 | 32) - 'a' + 10 : h2 - '0';
+				result.append_char((char)val);
+			case 'u':
+				// Unicode escape \uHHHH
+				if (i + 4 >= len) return INVALID_UNICODE_ESCAPE~;
+				uint val;
+				for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++)
+				{
+					char hex_char = s[++i];
+					if (!hex_char.is_xdigit()) return INVALID_UNICODE_ESCAPE~;
+					val = val << 4 + (hex_char > '9' ? (hex_char | 32) - 'a' + 10 : hex_char - '0');
+				}
+				result.append_char32(val);
+			case 'U':
+				// Unicode escape \UHHHHHHHH
+				if (i + 8 >= len) return INVALID_UNICODE_ESCAPE~;
+				uint val;
+				for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++)
+				{
+					char hex_char = s[++i];
+					if (!hex_char.is_xdigit()) return INVALID_UNICODE_ESCAPE~;
+					val = val << 4 + (hex_char > '9' ? (hex_char | 32) - 'a' + 10 : hex_char - '0');
+				}
+				result.append_char32(val);
+			default:
+				if (!lenient) return INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE~;
+				result.append_char(escape_char);
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 <*
@@ -202,10 +229,11 @@ fn String? String.unescape(String s, Allocator allocator, bool allow_unquoted =
 
  @param s : "The quoted string to unescape"
  @param allow_unquoted : "Set to true to unescape strings not surrounded by quotes, defaults to false"
+ @param lenient : "Be lenient with escapes, resolving unknown sequences to the escape character, defaults to false"
  @return "The unescaped string without quotes"
  @return? UNTERMINATED_STRING, INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE, INVALID_HEX_ESCAPE, INVALID_UNICODE_ESCAPE
 *>
-fn String? String.tunescape(String s, bool allow_unquoted = false) => s.unescape(tmem, allow_unquoted);
+fn String? String.tunescape(String s, bool allow_unquoted = false, bool lenient = false) => s.unescape(tmem, allow_unquoted, lenient);
 
 <*
  Check if a character needs to be escaped in a string literal.
@@ -215,19 +243,19 @@ fn String? String.tunescape(String s, bool allow_unquoted = false) => s.unescape
 *>
 fn bool needs_escape(char c)
 {
-    switch (c)
-    {
-        case '"':
-        case '\\':
-        case '\b':
-        case '\f':
-        case '\n':
-        case '\r':
-        case '\t':
-        case '\v':
-        case '\0':
-            return true;
-        default:
-            return c < 32 || c > 126;
-    }
+	switch (c)
+	{
+		case '"':
+		case '\\':
+		case '\b':
+		case '\f':
+		case '\n':
+		case '\r':
+		case '\t':
+		case '\v':
+		case '\0':
+			return true;
+		default:
+			return c < 32 || c > 126;
+	}
 }

lib/std/core/string_iterator.c3

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn Char32? StringIterator.next(&self)
 {
     usz len = self.utf8.len;
     usz current = self.current;
-    if (current >= len) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+    if (current >= len) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
     usz read = (len - current < 4 ? len - current : 4);
     Char32 res = conv::utf8_to_char32(&self.utf8[current], &read)!;
     self.current += read;
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn Char32? StringIterator.peek(&self)
 {
     usz len = self.utf8.len;
     usz current = self.current;
-    if (current >= len) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+    if (current >= len) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
     usz read = (len - current < 4 ? len - current : 4);
     Char32 res = conv::utf8_to_char32(&self.utf8[current], &read)!;
     return res;
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn Char32? StringIterator.get(&self)
     usz current = self.current;
     usz read = (len - current < 4 ? len - current : 4);
     usz index = current > read ? current - read : 0;
-    if (index >= len) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+    if (index >= len) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
     Char32 res = conv::utf8_to_char32(&self.utf8[index], &read)!;
     return res;
 }

lib/std/core/string_to_real.c3

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ macro double? decfloat(char[] chars, int $bits, int $emin, int sign)
 		got_rad = true;
 		if (index == last_char)
 		{
-			if (!got_digit) return MALFORMED_FLOAT?;
+			if (!got_digit) return MALFORMED_FLOAT~;
 			return sign * 0.0;
 		}
 		if (index != last_char && (c = chars[++index]) == '0')
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ macro double? decfloat(char[] chars, int $bits, int $emin, int sign)
 		switch
 		{
 			case c == '.':
-				if (got_rad) return MALFORMED_FLOAT?;
+				if (got_rad) return MALFORMED_FLOAT~;
 				got_rad = true;
 				lrp = dc;
 			case k < KMAX - 3:
@@ -113,24 +113,24 @@ macro double? decfloat(char[] chars, int $bits, int $emin, int sign)
 		c = chars[++index];
 	}
 	if (!got_rad) lrp = dc;
-	if (!got_digit) return MALFORMED_FLOAT?;
+	if (!got_digit) return MALFORMED_FLOAT~;
 	if ((c | 32) == 'e')
 	{
-		if (last_char == index) return MALFORMED_FLOAT?;
-		long e10 = String.to_long((String)chars[index + 1..]) ?? MALFORMED_FLOAT?!;
+		if (last_char == index) return MALFORMED_FLOAT~;
+		long e10 = String.to_long((String)chars[index + 1..]) ?? MALFORMED_FLOAT~!;
 		lrp += e10;
 	}
 	else if (index != last_char)
 	{
-		return MALFORMED_FLOAT?;
+		return MALFORMED_FLOAT~;
 	}
 	// Handle zero specially to avoid nasty special cases later
 	if (!x[0]) return sign * 0.0;
 
 	// Optimize small integers (w/no exponent) and over/under-flow
 	if (lrp == dc && dc < 10 && ($bits > 30 || (ulong)x[0] >> $bits == 0)) return sign * (double)x[0];
-	if (lrp > - $emin / 2) return FLOAT_OUT_OF_RANGE?;
-	if (lrp < $emin - 2 * math::DOUBLE_MANT_DIG) return FLOAT_OUT_OF_RANGE?;
+	if (lrp > - $emin / 2) return FLOAT_OUT_OF_RANGE~;
+	if (lrp < $emin - 2 * math::DOUBLE_MANT_DIG) return FLOAT_OUT_OF_RANGE~;
 
 	// Align incomplete final B1B digit
 	if (j)
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ macro double? decfloat(char[] chars, int $bits, int $emin, int sign)
 			y *= 0.5;
 			e2++;
 		}
-		if (e2 + math::DOUBLE_MANT_DIG > emax || (denormal && frac)) return MALFORMED_FLOAT?;
+		if (e2 + math::DOUBLE_MANT_DIG > emax || (denormal && frac)) return MALFORMED_FLOAT~;
 	}
 	return math::scalbn(y, e2);
 }
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ macro double? hexfloat(char[] chars, int $bits, int $emin, int sign)
 		got_rad = true;
 		if (index == last_char)
 		{
-			if (!got_digit) return MALFORMED_FLOAT?;
+			if (!got_digit) return MALFORMED_FLOAT~;
 			return sign * 0.0;
 		}
 		if (index != last_char && (c = chars[++index]) == '0')
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ macro double? hexfloat(char[] chars, int $bits, int $emin, int sign)
 	{
 		if (c == '.')
 		{
-			if (got_rad) return MALFORMED_FLOAT?;
+			if (got_rad) return MALFORMED_FLOAT~;
 			got_rad = true;
 			rp = dc;
 		}
@@ -393,20 +393,20 @@ macro double? hexfloat(char[] chars, int $bits, int $emin, int sign)
 		if (index == last_char) break;
 		c = chars[++index];
 	}
-	if (!got_digit) return MALFORMED_FLOAT?;
+	if (!got_digit) return MALFORMED_FLOAT~;
 	if (!got_rad) rp = dc;
 	for (; dc < 8; dc++) x *= 16;
 
 	long e2;
 	if ((c | 32) == 'p')
 	{
-		long e2val = String.to_long((String)chars[index + 1..]) ?? (MALFORMED_FLOAT?)!;
+		long e2val = String.to_long((String)chars[index + 1..]) ?? MALFORMED_FLOAT~!;
 		e2 = e2val;
 	}
 	e2 += 4 * rp - 32;
 	if (!x) return sign * 0.0;
-	if (e2 > -$emin) return FLOAT_OUT_OF_RANGE?;
-	if (e2 < $emin - 2 * math::DOUBLE_MANT_DIG) return FLOAT_OUT_OF_RANGE?;
+	if (e2 > -$emin) return FLOAT_OUT_OF_RANGE~;
+	if (e2 < $emin - 2 * math::DOUBLE_MANT_DIG) return FLOAT_OUT_OF_RANGE~;
 
 	while (x < 0x80000000)
 	{
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ macro double? hexfloat(char[] chars, int $bits, int $emin, int sign)
 	}
 	y = bias + sign * (double)x + sign * y;
 	y -= bias;
-	if (!y) return FLOAT_OUT_OF_RANGE?;
+	if (!y) return FLOAT_OUT_OF_RANGE~;
 
 	return math::scalbn(y, (int)e2);
 }
@@ -462,8 +462,8 @@ macro String.to_real(chars, $Type) @private
 		$error "Unexpected type";
 	$endswitch
 
-	while (chars.len && chars[0] == ' ') chars = chars[1..];
-	if (!chars.len) return MALFORMED_FLOAT?;
+	chars = chars.trim();
+	if (!chars.len) return MALFORMED_FLOAT~;
 
 	if (chars.len != 1)
 	{
@@ -476,6 +476,9 @@ macro String.to_real(chars, $Type) @private
 				chars = chars[1..];
 		}
 	}
+	chars = chars.trim();
+	if (!chars.len) return MALFORMED_FLOAT~;
+
 	if (chars == "infinity" || chars == "INFINITY") return sign * $Type.inf;
 	if (chars == "NAN" || chars == "nan") return $Type.nan;
 

lib/std/core/test.c3

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ faultdef DIVISION_BY_ZERO;
 
 fn double? divide(int a, int b)
 {
-	if (b == 0) return MathError.DIVISION_BY_ZERO?;
+	if (b == 0) return MathError.DIVISION_BY_ZERO~;
 	return (double)(a) / (double)(b);
 }
 
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ fn void? test_div() @test
 	test::le(2, 3);
 	test::eq_approx(m::divide(1, 3)!, 0.333, places: 3);
 	test::@check(2 == 2, "divide: %d", divide(6, 3)!);
+	test::@error(m::divide(3, 0));
 	test::@error(m::divide(3, 0), MathError.DIVISION_BY_ZERO);
 }
 
@@ -78,14 +79,15 @@ macro @check(#condition, String format = "", args...)
 }
 
 <*
- Check if function returns specific error
+ Check if function returns (specific) error
 
  @param #funcresult : `result of function execution`
  @param error_expected : `expected error of function execution`
  @require runtime::test_context != null : "Only allowed in @test functions"
 *>
-macro @error(#funcresult, fault error_expected)
+macro @error(#funcresult, fault error_expected = ...)
 {
+	$if $defined(error_expected):
 	if (catch err = #funcresult)
 	{
 		if (err != error_expected)
@@ -96,6 +98,10 @@ macro @error(#funcresult, fault error_expected)
 		return;
 	}
 	print_panicf("`%s` error [%s] was not returned.", $stringify(#funcresult), error_expected);
+	$else
+	if (catch err = #funcresult) return;
+	print_panicf("`%s` unexpectedly did not return error.", $stringify(#funcresult));
+	$endif
 }
 
 <*

lib/std/core/types.c3

@@ -29,47 +29,47 @@ macro any_to_int(any v, $Type)
 	{
 		case ichar:
 			ichar c = *(char*)v.ptr;
-			if (is_mixed_signed && c < 0) return VALUE_OUT_OF_UNSIGNED_RANGE?;
+			if (is_mixed_signed && c < 0) return VALUE_OUT_OF_UNSIGNED_RANGE~;
 			return ($Type)c;
 		case short:
 			short s = *(short*)v.ptr;
-			if (is_mixed_signed && s < 0) return VALUE_OUT_OF_UNSIGNED_RANGE?;
-			if (s > max || s < min) return VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE?;
+			if (is_mixed_signed && s < 0) return VALUE_OUT_OF_UNSIGNED_RANGE~;
+			if (s > max || s < min) return VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE~;
 			return ($Type)s;
 		case int:
 			int i = *(int*)v.ptr;
-			if (is_mixed_signed && i < 0) return VALUE_OUT_OF_UNSIGNED_RANGE?;
-			if (i > max || i < min) return VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE?;
+			if (is_mixed_signed && i < 0) return VALUE_OUT_OF_UNSIGNED_RANGE~;
+			if (i > max || i < min) return VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE~;
 			return ($Type)i;
 		case long:
 			long l = *(long*)v.ptr;
-			if (is_mixed_signed && l < 0) return VALUE_OUT_OF_UNSIGNED_RANGE?;
-			if (l > max || l < min) return VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE?;
+			if (is_mixed_signed && l < 0) return VALUE_OUT_OF_UNSIGNED_RANGE~;
+			if (l > max || l < min) return VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE~;
 			return ($Type)l;
 		case int128:
 			int128 i = *(int128*)v.ptr;
-			if (is_mixed_signed && i < 0) return VALUE_OUT_OF_UNSIGNED_RANGE?;
-			if (i > max || i < min) return VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE?;
+			if (is_mixed_signed && i < 0) return VALUE_OUT_OF_UNSIGNED_RANGE~;
+			if (i > max || i < min) return VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE~;
 			return ($Type)i;
 		case char:
 			char c = *(char*)v.ptr;
-			if (c > max) return VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE?;
+			if (c > max) return VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE~;
 			return ($Type)c;
 		case ushort:
 			ushort s = *(ushort*)v.ptr;
-			if (s > max || s < min) return VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE?;
+			if (s > max || s < min) return VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE~;
 			return ($Type)s;
 		case uint:
 			uint i = *(uint*)v.ptr;
-			if (i > max || i < min) return VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE?;
+			if (i > max || i < min) return VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE~;
 			return ($Type)i;
 		case ulong:
 			ulong l = *(ulong*)v.ptr;
-			if (l > max || l < min) return VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE?;
+			if (l > max || l < min) return VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE~;
 			return ($Type)l;
 		case uint128:
 			uint128 i = *(uint128*)v.ptr;
-			if (i > max || i < min) return VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE?;
+			if (i > max || i < min) return VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE~;
 			return ($Type)i;
 		default:
 			unreachable();
@@ -96,13 +96,18 @@ macro bool is_subtype_of($Type, $OtherType)
 }
 macro bool is_numerical($Type)
 {
-	var $kind = $Type.kindof;
-	$if $kind == TypeKind.DISTINCT:
-		return is_numerical($Type.inner);
-	$else
-		return $kind == TypeKind.SIGNED_INT || $kind == TypeKind.UNSIGNED_INT || $kind == TypeKind.FLOAT
-			|| $kind == TypeKind.VECTOR;
-	$endif
+	$switch $Type.kindof:
+		$case DISTINCT:
+		$case CONST_ENUM:
+			return is_numerical($Type.inner);
+		$case SIGNED_INT:
+		$case UNSIGNED_INT:
+		$case FLOAT:
+		$case VECTOR:
+			return true;
+		$default:
+			return false;
+	$endswitch
 }
 
 fn bool TypeKind.is_int(kind) @inline
@@ -110,7 +115,9 @@ fn bool TypeKind.is_int(kind) @inline
 	return kind == TypeKind.SIGNED_INT || kind == TypeKind.UNSIGNED_INT;
 }
 
-macro bool is_slice_convertable($Type)
+macro bool is_slice_convertable($Type) @deprecated("Use is_slice_convertible") => is_slice_convertible($Type);
+
+macro bool is_slice_convertible($Type)
 {
 	$switch $Type.kindof:
 		$case SLICE:
@@ -158,7 +165,7 @@ macro bool is_unsigned($Type) @const
 
 macro typeid flat_type($Type) @const
 {
-	$if $Type.kindof == DISTINCT:
+	$if $Type.kindof == DISTINCT || $Type.kindof == CONST_ENUM:
 		return flat_type($Type.inner);
 	$else
 		return $Type.typeid;
@@ -167,7 +174,7 @@ macro typeid flat_type($Type) @const
 
 macro TypeKind flat_kind($Type) @const
 {
-	$if $Type.kindof == DISTINCT:
+	$if $Type.kindof == DISTINCT || $Type.kindof == CONST_ENUM:
 		return flat_type($Type.inner);
 	$else
 		return $Type.kindof;
@@ -191,8 +198,8 @@ macro bool is_flat_intlike($Type) @const
 		$case UNSIGNED_INT:
 			return true;
 		$case VECTOR:
-			return is_flat_intlike($Type.inner);
 		$case DISTINCT:
+		$case CONST_ENUM:
 			return is_flat_intlike($Type.inner);
 		$default:
 			return false;
@@ -246,7 +253,7 @@ macro bool is_vector($Type) @const
 
 macro typeid inner_type($Type) @const
 {
-	$if $Type.kindof == TypeKind.DISTINCT:
+	$if $Type.kindof == DISTINCT || $Type.kindof == CONST_ENUM:
 		return inner_type($Type.inner);
 	$else
 		return $Type.typeid;
@@ -302,6 +309,7 @@ macro lower_to_atomic_compatible_type($Type) @const
 		$case UNSIGNED_INT:
 	        return $Type.typeid;
 		$case DISTINCT:
+		$case CONST_ENUM:
 			return lower_to_atomic_compatible_type($Type.inner);
 		$case FLOAT:
 			$switch $Type:
@@ -321,8 +329,8 @@ macro lower_to_atomic_compatible_type($Type) @const
   $endswitch
 }
 
-macro bool is_promotable_to_floatlike($Type) @const  => types::is_floatlike($Type) || types::is_int($Type);
-macro bool is_promotable_to_float($Type) @const  => types::is_float($Type) || types::is_int($Type);
+macro bool is_promotable_to_floatlike($Type) @const  => types::is_floatlike($Type) ||| types::is_int($Type);
+macro bool is_promotable_to_float($Type) @const  => types::is_float($Type) ||| types::is_int($Type);
 
 macro bool is_same_vector_type($Type1, $Type2) @const
 {
@@ -333,9 +341,11 @@ macro bool is_same_vector_type($Type1, $Type2) @const
 	$endif
 }
 
+macro bool has_equals($Type) @const => $defined(($Type){} == ($Type){});
+
 macro bool is_equatable_type($Type) @const
 {
-	$if $defined($Type.less) || $defined($Type.compare_to) || $defined($Type.equals):
+	$if $defined($Type.less) ||| $defined($Type.compare_to) ||| $defined($Type.equals):
 		return true;
 	$else
 		return $Type.is_eq;
@@ -347,7 +357,7 @@ macro bool is_equatable_type($Type) @const
 *>
 macro bool implements_copy($Type) @const
 {
-	return $defined($Type.copy) && $defined($Type.free);
+	return $defined($Type.copy) &&& $defined($Type.free);
 }
 
 macro bool @equatable_value(#value) @const
@@ -357,7 +367,7 @@ macro bool @equatable_value(#value) @const
 
 macro bool @comparable_value(#value) @const
 {
-	$if $defined(#value.less) || $defined(#value.compare_to):
+	$if $defined(#value.less) ||| $defined(#value.compare_to):
 		return true;
 	$else
 		return $typeof(#value).is_ordered;
@@ -375,6 +385,7 @@ enum TypeKind : char
 	FAULT,
 	ANY,
 	ENUM,
+	CONST_ENUM,
 	STRUCT,
 	UNION,
 	BITSTRUCT,

lib/std/core/values.c3

@@ -2,13 +2,11 @@ module std::core::values;
 import std::core::types;
 
 
-macro typeid @typeid(#value) @const @builtin => $typeof(#value).typeid;
-macro TypeKind @typekind(#value) @const @builtin => $typeof(#value).kindof;
-macro bool @typeis(#value, $Type) @const @builtin => $typeof(#value).typeid == $Type.typeid;
+macro bool @typematch(#value1, #value2) @builtin @const => $typeof(#value1) == $typeof(#value2);
 <*
  Return true if two values have the same type before any conversions.
 *>
-macro bool @is_same_type(#value1, #value2) @const => $typeof(#value1).typeid == $typeof(#value2).typeid;
+macro bool @is_same_type(#value1, #value2) @const @deprecated("Use @typematch") => $typeof(#value1).typeid == $typeof(#value2).typeid;
 macro bool @is_bool(#value) @const => types::is_bool($typeof(#value));
 macro bool @is_int(#value) @const => types::is_int($typeof(#value));
 macro bool @is_flat_intlike(#value) @const => types::is_flat_intlike($typeof(#value));
@@ -18,8 +16,12 @@ macro bool @is_promotable_to_floatlike(#value) @const => types::is_promotable_to
 macro bool @is_promotable_to_float(#value) @const => types::is_promotable_to_float($typeof(#value));
 macro bool @is_vector(#value) @const => types::is_vector($typeof(#value));
 macro bool @is_same_vector_type(#value1, #value2) @const => types::is_same_vector_type($typeof(#value1), $typeof(#value2));
-macro bool @assign_to(#value1, #value2) @const => $assignable(#value1, $typeof(#value2));
-macro bool @is_lvalue(#value) => $defined(#value = #value);
+macro bool @assign_to(#value1, #value2) @const @deprecated("use '$defined(#value1 = #value2)'") => @assignable_to(#value1, $typeof(#value2));
+macro bool @is_lvalue(#value) @deprecated("use '$defined(#value = #value)'")=> $defined(#value = #value);
+macro bool @is_const(#foo) @const @builtin @deprecated("use '$defined(var $v = expr)'")
+{
+	return $defined(var $v = #foo);
+}
 
 macro promote_int(x)
 {
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@ macro promote_int(x)
  @param #value_2
  @returns `The selected value.`
 *>
-macro @select(bool $bool, #value_1, #value_2) @builtin
+macro @select(bool $bool, #value_1, #value_2) @builtin @deprecated("Use '$bool ? #value_1 : #value_2' instead.")
 {
 	$if $bool:
 		return #value_1;
@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ macro @select(bool $bool, #value_1, #value_2) @builtin
 		return #value_2;
 	$endif
 }
+
 macro promote_int_same(x, y)
 {
 	$if @is_int(x):

lib/std/crypto/aes.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,650 @@
+<*
+This is an implementation of the AES algorithm with the ECB, CTR and CBC
+modes. The key size can be chosen among AES128, AES192, AES256.
+
+Ported from github.com/kokke/tiny-aes-c by Koni Marti.
+
+The implementation is verified against the test vectors from the National
+Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-38A 2001 ED.
+
+Data length must be evenly divisible by 16 bytes (len % 16 == 0) unless CTR is
+used. You should pad the end of the string with zeros or use PKCS7 if this is not the case.
+For AES192/256 the key size is proportionally larger.
+
+The following example demonstrates the AES encryption of a plaintext string
+with an AES 128-bit key:
+
+```
+module app;
+import std::crypto::aes, std::io;
+fn void main()
+{
+	char[] key 	= x"2b7e151628aed2a6abf7158809cf4f3c";
+	char[] text	= x"6bc1bee22e409f96e93d7e117393172a";
+	char[16] iv = x"f0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9fafbfcfdfeff";
+	Aes aes;
+	aes.init(AES128, key, iv);
+	defer aes.destroy();
+	char[] cipher = aes.encrypt(mem, text);
+	defer free(cipher);
+	assert(cipher == x"874d6191b620e3261bef6864990db6ce");
+}
+```
+
+*>
+module std::crypto::aes;
+
+<* Block length in bytes. AES is 128-bit blocks only. *>
+const BLOCKLEN = 16;
+
+<* Number of columns of a AES state. *>
+const COLNUM = 4;
+
+<*
+ Block modes:
+ ECB - Electronic Code Book  (Not recommended, indata be 16 byte multiple)
+ CBC - Cipher Block Chaining (Indata be 16 byte multiple)
+ CTR - Counter Mode          (Recommended, data may be any size)
+*>
+enum BlockMode
+{
+	ECB,
+	CBC,
+	CTR,
+}
+
+<* AES type: 128, 192 or 256 bits *>
+enum AesType : (AesKey key)
+{
+	AES128 = { 128, 16, 176, 4, 10 },
+	AES192 = { 192, 24, 208, 6, 12 },
+	AES256 = { 256, 32, 240, 8, 14 }
+}
+
+struct AesKey
+{
+	<* Size of key in bits *>
+	usz key_size;
+	<* Size of key in bytes *>
+	int key_len;
+	<* Size of the expanded round_key *>
+	int key_exp_size; // expected size of round_key
+	<* Number of 32 bit words in key *>
+	usz nk;
+	<* Number of rounds in the cipher *>
+	usz nr;
+}
+
+struct Aes
+{
+	<* The type, AES128, AES192 or AES256 *>
+	AesKey type;
+	<* Block mode: ECB, CBC or CTR *>
+	BlockMode mode;
+	<* Initialization Vector *>
+	char[BLOCKLEN] iv;
+	<* Internal key state *>
+	char[256] round_key;
+	<* Internal state *>
+	AesState state;
+}
+alias AesState = char[COLNUM][COLNUM];
+
+<*
+ Initializes the AES crypto. The initialization vector should be securely random for each encryption
+ to mitigate things like replay attacks.
+
+ @param type : "The type or AES: 128, 192 or 256 bits"
+ @param [in] key : "The key to use, should be the same bit size as the type, so 16, 24 or 32 bytes"
+ @param iv : "The initialization vector"
+ @param mode : "The block mode: EBC, CBC, CTR. Defaults to CTR"
+
+ @require key.len == type.key.key_len : "Key does not match expected length."
+*>
+fn Aes* Aes.init(&self, AesType type, char[] key, char[BLOCKLEN] iv, BlockMode mode = CTR)
+{
+	*self = { .type = type.key, .mode = mode, .iv = iv };
+	key_expansion(type, key, &self.round_key);
+	return self;
+}
+
+<*
+ Completely erases data stored in the context.
+*>
+fn void Aes.destroy(&self)
+{
+	*self = {};
+}
+
+<*
+ Check if the length is valid using the given block mode. It has to be a multiple of 16 bytes unless CTR is used.
+*>
+macro bool is_valid_encryption_len(BlockMode mode, usz len)
+{
+	switch (mode)
+	{
+		case CTR:
+			return true;
+		case ECB:
+		case CBC:
+			return len % BLOCKLEN == 0;
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [in] in : "Plaintext input."
+ @param [out] out : "Cipher output."
+ @require is_valid_encryption_len(self.mode, in.len) : "The input must be a multiple of 16 unless CTR is used"
+ @require out.len >= in.len : "Out buffer must be sufficiently large to hold the data"
+*>
+fn void Aes.encrypt_buffer(&self, char[] in, char[] out)
+{
+	switch (self.mode)
+	{
+		case CTR: ctr_xcrypt_buffer(self, in, out);
+		case ECB: ecb_encrypt_buffer(self, in, out);
+		case CBC: cbc_encrypt_buffer(self, in, out);
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [in] in : "Cipher input."
+ @param [out] out : "Plaintext output."
+ @require is_valid_encryption_len(self.mode, in.len) : "The encrypted data must be a multiple of 16 unless CTR is used"
+ @require out.len >= in.len : "Out buffer must be sufficiently large to hold the data"
+*>
+fn void Aes.decrypt_buffer(&self, char[] in, char[] out)
+{
+	switch (self.mode)
+	{
+		case ECB: ecb_decrypt_buffer(self, in, out);
+		case CBC: cbc_decrypt_buffer(self, in, out);
+		case CTR: ctr_xcrypt_buffer(self, in, out);
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ Encrypt the data, allocating memory for the encrypted data.
+
+ @param [in] in : "Plaintext input."
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use for the output"
+ @require is_valid_encryption_len(self.mode, in.len) : "The in-data needs to be a multiple of 16 unless CTR is used"
+*>
+fn char[] Aes.encrypt(&self, Allocator allocator, char[] in)
+{
+	char[] out = allocator::alloc_array(allocator, char, in.len);
+	self.encrypt_buffer(in, out) @inline;
+	return out;
+}
+
+<*
+ Encrypt the data, allocating temp memory for the encrypted data.
+
+ @param [in] in : "Plaintext input."
+ @require is_valid_encryption_len(self.mode, in.len) : "The in-data needs to be a multiple of 16 unless CTR is used"
+*>
+fn char[] Aes.tencrypt(&self, char[] in)
+{
+	return self.encrypt(tmem, in);
+}
+
+<*
+ Decrypt the data, allocating memory for the decrypted data.
+
+ @param [in] in : "Encrypted input."
+ @param [&inout] allocator : "The allocator to use for the output"
+ @require is_valid_encryption_len(self.mode, in.len) : "The in-data needs to be a multiple of 16 unless CTR is used"
+*>
+fn char[] Aes.decrypt(&self, Allocator allocator, char[] in)
+{
+	char[] out = allocator::alloc_array(allocator, char, in.len);
+	self.decrypt_buffer(in, out) @inline;
+	return out;
+}
+
+<*
+ Decrypt the data, allocating temp memory for the decrypted data.
+
+ @param [in] in : "Encrypted input."
+ @require is_valid_encryption_len(self.mode, in.len) : "The in-data needs to be a multiple of 16 unless CTR is used"
+
+*>
+fn char[] Aes.tdecrypt(&self, char[] in)
+{
+	return self.decrypt(tmem, in);
+}
+
+module std::crypto::aes @private;
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] aes : "AES context."
+ @param [in] in : "Plaintext input."
+ @param [out] out : "Cipher output."
+*>
+fn void ecb_encrypt_block(Aes *aes, char[BLOCKLEN]* in, char[BLOCKLEN]* out)
+{
+	for (usz i = 0; i < 4; i++)
+	{
+		for (usz j = 0; j < 4; j++)
+		{
+			aes.state[i][j] = (*in)[i * 4 + j];
+		}
+	}
+	aes_cipher(aes, &aes.round_key);
+	for (usz i = 0; i < 4; i++)
+	{
+		for (usz j = 0; j < 4; j++)
+		{
+			(*out)[i * 4 + j] = aes.state[i][j];
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] aes : "AES context."
+ @param [in] in : "Cipher input."
+ @param [out] out : "Plaintext output."
+*>
+fn void ecb_decrypt_block(Aes *aes, char[BLOCKLEN]* in, char[BLOCKLEN]* out)
+{
+	for (usz i = 0; i < 4; i++)
+	{
+		for (usz j = 0; j < 4; j++)
+		{
+			aes.state[i][j] = (*in)[i * 4 + j];
+		}
+	}
+	inv_cipher(aes, &aes.round_key);
+	for (usz i = 0; i < 4; i++)
+	{
+		for (usz j = 0; j < 4; j++)
+		{
+			(*out)[i * 4 + j] = aes.state[i][j];
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] aes : "AES context."
+ @param [in] in : "Cipher input."
+ @param [out] out : "Plaintext output."
+ @require out.len >= in.len : "out must be at least as large as buf"
+*>
+fn void ecb_decrypt_buffer(Aes *aes, char[] in, char[] out)
+{
+	usz len = in.len;
+	for (usz i = 0; i < len; i += 4)
+	{
+		ecb_decrypt_block(aes, in[:BLOCKLEN], out[:BLOCKLEN]) @inline;
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] aes : "AES context."
+ @param [in] in : "Plaintext input."
+ @param [out] out : "Cipher output."
+*>
+fn void ecb_encrypt_buffer(Aes *aes, char[] in, char[] out)
+{
+	usz len = in.len;
+	for (usz i = 0; i < len; i += BLOCKLEN)
+	{
+		ecb_encrypt_block(aes, in[i:BLOCKLEN], out[i:BLOCKLEN]) @inline;
+	}
+}
+
+fn void xor_with_iv(char[] buf, char[BLOCKLEN]* iv) @local
+{
+	foreach (i, b : *iv)
+	{
+		buf[i] ^= b;
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] aes : "AES context."
+ @param [in] in : "Plaintext input."
+ @param [out] out : "Cipher output."
+*>
+fn void cbc_encrypt_buffer(Aes *aes, char[] in, char[] out)
+{
+	char[] iv = aes.iv[..];
+	usz len = in.len;
+	char[BLOCKLEN] tmp;
+	char[BLOCKLEN] tmp2;
+	for (usz i = 0; i < len; i += BLOCKLEN)
+	{
+		tmp[:BLOCKLEN] = in[i:BLOCKLEN];
+		xor_with_iv(&tmp, iv);
+		ecb_encrypt_block(aes, &tmp, &tmp2);
+		out[i:BLOCKLEN] = tmp2[..];
+		iv = tmp2[..];
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] aes : "AES context."
+ @param [in] in : "Cipher input."
+ @param [out] out : "Plaintext output."
+*>
+fn void cbc_decrypt_buffer(Aes *aes, char[] in, char[] out)
+{
+	char[BLOCKLEN] tmp;
+	usz len = in.len;
+	for (usz i = 0; i < len; i += BLOCKLEN)
+	{
+		ecb_decrypt_block(aes, in[i:BLOCKLEN], &tmp);
+		xor_with_iv(&tmp, aes.iv[..]);
+		aes.iv[:BLOCKLEN] = in[i:BLOCKLEN];
+		out[i:BLOCKLEN] = tmp[..];
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ @param [&inout] aes : "AES context."
+ @param [in] in : "Plaintext/cipher input."
+ @param [out] out : "Cipher/plaintext output."
+*>
+fn void ctr_xcrypt_buffer(Aes *aes, char[] in, char[] out)
+{
+	 char[BLOCKLEN] buffer @noinit;
+	 usz len = in.len;
+	 for (int bi = BLOCKLEN, usz i = 0; i < len; i++)
+	 {
+		 if (bi == BLOCKLEN)
+		 {
+			 buffer = aes.iv;
+			 ecb_encrypt_block(aes, &buffer, &buffer);
+
+			 for LOOP: (bi = (BLOCKLEN - 1); bi >= 0; bi--)
+			 {
+				 if (aes.iv[bi] == 255)
+				 {
+					 aes.iv[bi] = 0;
+					 continue;
+				 }
+				 aes.iv[bi]++;
+				 break LOOP;
+			 }
+			 bi = 0;
+		 }
+		 out[i] = in[i] ^ buffer[bi];
+		 bi++;
+	 }
+}
+
+macro char get_sbox_value(num) => SBOX[num];
+macro char get_sbox_invert(num) => RSBOX[num];
+
+const char[256] SBOX =
+	x`637c777bf26b6fc53001672bfed7ab76
+	  ca82c97dfa5947f0add4a2af9ca472c0
+	  b7fd9326363ff7cc34a5e5f171d83115
+	  04c723c31896059a071280e2eb27b275
+	  09832c1a1b6e5aa0523bd6b329e32f84
+	  53d100ed20fcb15b6acbbe394a4c58cf
+	  d0efaafb434d338545f9027f503c9fa8
+	  51a3408f929d38f5bcb6da2110fff3d2
+	  cd0c13ec5f974417c4a77e3d645d1973
+	  60814fdc222a908846eeb814de5e0bdb
+	  e0323a0a4906245cc2d3ac629195e479
+	  e7c8376d8dd54ea96c56f4ea657aae08
+	  ba78252e1ca6b4c6e8dd741f4bbd8b8a
+	  703eb5664803f60e613557b986c11d9e
+	  e1f8981169d98e949b1e87e9ce5528df
+	  8ca1890dbfe6426841992d0fb054bb16`;
+
+const char[256] RSBOX =
+	x`52096ad53036a538bf40a39e81f3d7fb
+	  7ce339829b2fff87348e4344c4dee9cb
+	  547b9432a6c2233dee4c950b42fac34e
+	  082ea16628d924b2765ba2496d8bd125
+	  72f8f66486689816d4a45ccc5d65b692
+	  6c704850fdedb9da5e154657a78d9d84
+	  90d8ab008cbcd30af7e45805b8b34506
+	  d02c1e8fca3f0f02c1afbd0301138a6b
+	  3a9111414f67dcea97f2cfcef0b4e673
+	  96ac7422e7ad3585e2f937e81c75df6e
+	  47f11a711d29c5896fb7620eaa18be1b
+	  fc563e4bc6d279209adbc0fe78cd5af4
+	  1fdda8338807c731b11210592780ec5f
+	  60517fa919b54a0d2de57a9f93c99cef
+	  a0e03b4dae2af5b0c8ebbb3c83539961
+	  172b047eba77d626e169146355210c7d`;
+
+const char[11] RCON = x`8d01020408102040801b36`;
+
+fn void add_round_key(Aes* aes, usz round, char[] round_key)
+{
+	usz i, j;
+	for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
+	{
+		for (j = 0; j < 4; j++)
+		{
+			aes.state[i][j] ^= round_key[(round * COLNUM * 4) + (i * COLNUM) + j];
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+fn void sub_bytes(Aes* aes)
+{
+	for (usz i = 0; i < 4; i++)
+	{
+		for (usz j = 0; j < 4; j++)
+		{
+			aes.state[j][i] = get_sbox_value(aes.state[j][i]);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+fn void shift_rows(Aes* aes)
+{
+	char temp;
+
+	temp             = aes.state[0][1];
+	aes.state[0][1]  = aes.state[1][1];
+	aes.state[1][1]  = aes.state[2][1];
+	aes.state[2][1]  = aes.state[3][1];
+	aes.state[3][1]  = temp;
+
+	temp	         = aes.state[0][2];
+	aes.state[0][2]  = aes.state[2][2];
+	aes.state[2][2]  = temp;
+
+	temp	         = aes.state[1][2];
+	aes.state[1][2]  = aes.state[3][2];
+	aes.state[3][2]  = temp;
+
+	temp	         = aes.state[0][3];
+	aes.state[0][3]  = aes.state[3][3];
+	aes.state[3][3]  = aes.state[2][3];
+	aes.state[2][3]  = aes.state[1][3];
+	aes.state[1][3]  = temp;
+}
+
+fn char xtime(char x) @local
+{
+	return ((x << 1) ^ (((x >> 7) & 1) * 0x1b));
+}
+
+fn void mix_columns(Aes* aes)
+{
+	for (usz i = 0; i < 4; i++)
+	{
+		char t = aes.state[i][0];
+		char tmp = aes.state[i][0] ^ aes.state[i][1] ^ aes.state[i][2] ^ aes.state[i][3];
+
+		char tm = aes.state[i][0] ^ aes.state[i][1];
+		tm = xtime(tm);
+		aes.state[i][0] ^= tm ^ tmp;
+
+		tm = aes.state[i][1] ^ aes.state[i][2];
+		tm = xtime(tm);
+		aes.state[i][1] ^= tm ^ tmp;
+
+		tm = aes.state[i][2] ^ aes.state[i][3];
+		tm = xtime(tm);
+		aes.state[i][2] ^= tm ^ tmp;
+
+		tm = aes.state[i][3] ^ t;
+		tm = xtime(tm);
+		aes.state[i][3] ^= tm ^ tmp;
+	}
+}
+
+fn char multiply(char x, char y) @local
+{
+	return (((y & 1) * x) ^
+	       (((y>>1) & 1) * xtime(x)) ^
+		   (((y>>2) & 1) * xtime(xtime(x))) ^
+	       (((y>>3) & 1) * xtime(xtime(xtime(x)))) ^
+	       (((y>>4) & 1) * xtime(xtime(xtime(xtime(x))))));
+}
+
+fn void inv_mix_columns(Aes* aes)
+{
+	for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
+	{
+		char a = aes.state[i][0];
+		char b = aes.state[i][1];
+		char c = aes.state[i][2];
+		char d = aes.state[i][3];
+
+		aes.state[i][0] = multiply(a, 0x0e) ^ multiply(b, 0x0b) ^ multiply(c, 0x0d) ^ multiply(d, 0x09);
+		aes.state[i][1] = multiply(a, 0x09) ^ multiply(b, 0x0e) ^ multiply(c, 0x0b) ^ multiply(d, 0x0d);
+		aes.state[i][2] = multiply(a, 0x0d) ^ multiply(b, 0x09) ^ multiply(c, 0x0e) ^ multiply(d, 0x0b);
+		aes.state[i][3] = multiply(a, 0x0b) ^ multiply(b, 0x0d) ^ multiply(c, 0x09) ^ multiply(d, 0x0e);
+	}
+}
+
+fn void inv_sub_bytes(Aes* aes)
+{
+	for (usz i = 0; i < 4; i++)
+	{
+		for (usz j = 0; j < 4; j++)
+		{
+			aes.state[j][i] = get_sbox_invert(aes.state[j][i]);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+fn void inv_shift_rows(Aes* aes)
+{
+	char temp;
+
+	temp            = aes.state[3][1];
+	aes.state[3][1] = aes.state[2][1];
+	aes.state[2][1] = aes.state[1][1];
+	aes.state[1][1] = aes.state[0][1];
+	aes.state[0][1] = temp;
+
+	temp	        = aes.state[0][2];
+	aes.state[0][2] = aes.state[2][2];
+	aes.state[2][2] = temp;
+
+	temp	        = aes.state[1][2];
+	aes.state[1][2] = aes.state[3][2];
+	aes.state[3][2] = temp;
+
+	temp	        = aes.state[0][3];
+	aes.state[0][3] = aes.state[1][3];
+	aes.state[1][3] = aes.state[2][3];
+	aes.state[2][3] = aes.state[3][3];
+	aes.state[3][3] = temp;
+}
+
+fn void aes_cipher(Aes* aes, char[] round_key)
+{
+	usz round = 0;
+	add_round_key(aes, 0, round_key);
+
+	for LOOP: (round = 1;; round++)
+	{
+		sub_bytes(aes);
+		shift_rows(aes);
+		if (round == aes.type.nr) break LOOP;
+		mix_columns(aes);
+		add_round_key(aes, round, round_key);
+	}
+	add_round_key(aes, aes.type.nr, round_key);
+}
+
+fn void inv_cipher(Aes* aes, char[] round_key)
+{
+	add_round_key(aes, aes.type.nr, round_key);
+	for (usz round = aes.type.nr - 1; ; round--)
+	{
+		inv_shift_rows(aes);
+		inv_sub_bytes(aes);
+		add_round_key(aes, round, round_key);
+		if (!round) return;
+		inv_mix_columns(aes);
+	}
+}
+
+<*¨
+ @param type : "The AES variant to expant the key for"
+ @param [inout] round_key : "Key to expand into"
+ @param [in] key : "The key to expand"
+ @require key.len == type.key.key_len : "Key does not match expected length."
+*>
+fn void key_expansion(AesType type, char[] key, char[] round_key) @private
+{
+	usz nk = type.key.nk;
+	for (usz i = 0; i < nk; i++)
+	{
+		round_key[(i * 4) + 0] = key[(i * 4) + 0];
+		round_key[(i * 4) + 1] = key[(i * 4) + 1];
+		round_key[(i * 4) + 2] = key[(i * 4) + 2];
+		round_key[(i * 4) + 3] = key[(i * 4) + 3];
+	}
+
+	for (usz i = nk; i < COLNUM * (type.key.nr + 1); i++)
+	{
+		usz k = (i - 1) * 4;
+
+		char[4] tempa @noinit;
+
+		tempa[0] = round_key[k + 0];
+		tempa[1] = round_key[k + 1];
+		tempa[2] = round_key[k + 2];
+		tempa[3] = round_key[k + 3];
+
+		if (i % nk == 0)
+		{
+			// rotword
+			char tmp = tempa[0];
+			tempa[0] = tempa[1];
+			tempa[1] = tempa[2];
+			tempa[2] = tempa[3];
+			tempa[3] = tmp;
+
+			// subword
+			tempa[0] = get_sbox_value(tempa[0]);
+			tempa[1] = get_sbox_value(tempa[1]);
+			tempa[2] = get_sbox_value(tempa[2]);
+			tempa[3] = get_sbox_value(tempa[3]);
+
+			tempa[0] = tempa[0] ^ RCON[i / nk];
+		}
+
+		if (type.key.key_size == 256)
+		{
+			if (i % nk == 4)
+			{
+				// subword
+				tempa[0] = get_sbox_value(tempa[0]);
+				tempa[1] = get_sbox_value(tempa[1]);
+				tempa[2] = get_sbox_value(tempa[2]);
+				tempa[3] = get_sbox_value(tempa[3]);
+			}
+		}
+		usz j = i * 4;
+		k = (i - nk) * 4;
+		round_key[j + 0] = round_key[k + 0] ^ tempa[0];
+		round_key[j + 1] = round_key[k + 1] ^ tempa[1];
+		round_key[j + 2] = round_key[k + 2] ^ tempa[2];
+		round_key[j + 3] = round_key[k + 3] ^ tempa[3];
+	}
+}
+

lib/std/crypto/aes_128_192_256.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+// Experimental implementation
+module std::crypto::aes128;
+import std::crypto::aes;
+
+fn char[] encrypt(Allocator allocator, char[16]* key, char[aes::BLOCKLEN] iv, char[] data)
+{
+	Aes aes @noinit;
+	aes.init(AES128, key, iv, CTR);
+	defer aes.destroy();
+	return aes.encrypt(allocator, data);
+}
+
+fn char[] tencrypt(char[16]* key, char[aes::BLOCKLEN] iv, char[] data)
+{
+	return encrypt(tmem, key, iv, data);
+}
+
+fn char[] decrypt(Allocator allocator, char[16]* key, char[aes::BLOCKLEN] iv, char[] data)
+{
+	Aes aes @noinit;
+	aes.init(AES128, key, iv, CTR);
+	defer aes.destroy();
+	return aes.decrypt(allocator, data);
+}
+
+fn char[] tdecrypt(char[16]* key, char[aes::BLOCKLEN] iv, char[] data)
+{
+	return decrypt(tmem, key, iv, data);
+}
+
+module std::crypto::aes192;
+import std::crypto::aes;
+
+fn char[] encrypt(Allocator allocator, char[24]* key, char[aes::BLOCKLEN] iv, char[] data)
+{
+	Aes aes @noinit;
+	aes.init(AES192, key, iv, CTR);
+	defer aes.destroy();
+	return aes.encrypt(allocator, data);
+}
+
+fn char[] tencrypt(char[24]* key, char[aes::BLOCKLEN] iv, char[] data)
+{
+	return encrypt(tmem, key, iv, data);
+}
+
+fn char[] decrypt(Allocator allocator, char[24]* key, char[aes::BLOCKLEN] iv, char[] data)
+{
+	Aes aes @noinit;
+	aes.init(AES192, key, iv, CTR);
+	defer aes.destroy();
+	return aes.decrypt(allocator, data);
+}
+
+fn char[] tdecrypt(char[24]* key, char[aes::BLOCKLEN] iv, char[] data)
+{
+	return decrypt(tmem, key, iv, data);
+}
+
+module std::crypto::aes256;
+import std::crypto::aes;
+
+fn char[] encrypt(Allocator allocator, char[32]* key, char[aes::BLOCKLEN] iv, char[] data)
+{
+	Aes aes @noinit;
+	aes.init(AES256, key, iv, CTR);
+	defer aes.destroy();
+	return aes.encrypt(allocator, data);
+}
+
+fn char[] tencrypt(char[32]* key, char[aes::BLOCKLEN] iv, char[] data)
+{
+	return encrypt(tmem, key, iv, data);
+}
+
+fn char[] decrypt(Allocator allocator, char[32]* key, char[aes::BLOCKLEN] iv, char[] data)
+{
+	Aes aes @noinit;
+	aes.init(AES256, key, iv, CTR);
+	defer aes.destroy();
+	return aes.decrypt(allocator, data);
+}
+
+fn char[] tdecrypt(char[32]* key, char[aes::BLOCKLEN] iv, char[] data)
+{
+	return decrypt(tmem, key, iv, data);
+}

lib/std/crypto/chacha20.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2025 Zack Puhl <github@xmit.xyz>. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+//
+// ChaCha20 code dedicated from repo: https://github.com/NotsoanoNimus/chacha20_aead.c3l (but massively cleaned)
+module std::crypto::chacha20;
+
+
+<* The typical cipher block size in bytes. *>
+const BLOCK_SIZE = 64;
+
+<* Required key size in bytes. *>
+const KEY_SIZE = 32;
+
+<* ChaCha20 "nonce" (initialization vector) size. *>
+const NONCE_SIZE = 12;
+
+<* A required ChaCha20 "magic" value used for state initialization. *>
+const char[] MAGIC = "expand 32-byte k";
+
+<*
+ Once a single ChaCha20 context has processed this many bytes, a new nonce MUST be used,
+ unless the static `permit_overflow` runtime module variable is set to true.
+*>
+const CHACHA20_NONCE_REUSE_LIMIT = 64 * (1ull << 32);
+
+<*
+ SECURITY WARNING:
+ This boolean should always remain 'false'. If set to 'true', you accept the security
+ implications of nonce re-use caused by an overflow in the cipher's  'counter' field.
+
+ This security warning is only applicable when a single ChaCha20 context is being used
+ to process more than about 256 GiB of data.
+*>
+bool permit_overflow = false;
+
+
+<* A context structure used to track an ongoing ChaCha20 transformation. *>
+struct ChaCha20
+{
+	<* The position within a block before permuting the rounds. *>
+	usz position;
+	<* Count of bytes processed. Useful to track an approach to the 256GiB limit of a single context. *>
+	ulong bytes_processed;
+	<* The key stream or state used during cipher block operations. *>
+	uint[16] key_stream @align(ulong.sizeof);
+	<* The secret key for the context. *>
+	char[32] key;
+	<* The one-time nonce (or IV - initialization vector) used for the context. *>
+	char[12] nonce;
+	<* Internal state of the cipher. *>
+	uint[16] state;
+}
+
+
+<* The meat and potatoes of the ChaCha20 stream cipher. *>
+macro quarter_round(uint* x, int a, int b, int c, int d) @local
+{
+	x[a] += x[b]; x[d] = (x[d] ^ x[a]).rotl(16);
+	x[c] += x[d]; x[b] = (x[b] ^ x[c]).rotl(12);
+	x[a] += x[b]; x[d] = (x[d] ^ x[a]).rotl(8);
+	x[c] += x[d]; x[b] = (x[b] ^ x[c]).rotl(7);
+}
+
+<* Process the next (or final) chunk of ingested data. *>
+fn void ChaCha20.mutate_keystream(&self) @local @inline
+{
+	self.key_stream[..] = self.state[..];
+
+	for (usz i = 0; i < 10; i++) // unrolling this does not improve performance measurably
+	{
+		quarter_round(&self.key_stream[0],   0,  4,  8, 12);
+		quarter_round(&self.key_stream[0],   1,  5,  9, 13);
+		quarter_round(&self.key_stream[0],   2,  6, 10, 14);
+		quarter_round(&self.key_stream[0],   3,  7, 11, 15);
+		quarter_round(&self.key_stream[0],   0,  5, 10, 15);
+		quarter_round(&self.key_stream[0],   1,  6, 11, 12);
+		quarter_round(&self.key_stream[0],   2,  7,  8, 13);
+		quarter_round(&self.key_stream[0],   3,  4,  9, 14);
+	}
+
+	// NOTE: This would 'feel' like a performance hit, but testing the benchmark doesn't show any noticeable
+	//   difference on -O5 between this and a for-loop, or even an unrolled loop with compile-time '$for'.
+	array::@zip_into(self.key_stream[..], self.state[..], fn (a, b) => a + b);
+
+	self.state[12]++; // increment the block counter (rollovers are ok)
+}
+
+<*
+ Initialize a ChaCha20 transformation context.
+
+ @param key : `The secret key used for the transformation operation.`
+ @param nonce : `The one-time nonce to use for the transformation operation.`
+ @param counter : `An optional counter value to adjust the stream's position.`
+
+ @require key.len == KEY_SIZE : `Input key slice is not the correct length (32 bytes).`
+ @require nonce.len ==  NONCE_SIZE : `Input nonce slice is not the correct length (12 bytes).`
+*>
+fn void ChaCha20.init(&self, char[KEY_SIZE] key, char[NONCE_SIZE] nonce, uint counter = 0)
+{
+	// Init block.
+	self.position = BLOCK_SIZE; // start at the "end" of a block on init
+	self.bytes_processed = 0;
+	self.key[..] = key[..];
+	self.nonce[..] = nonce[..];
+	((char*)&self.state[0])[:MAGIC.len] = MAGIC[..];
+	((char*)&self.state[4])[:KEY_SIZE] = key[..];
+	self.state[12] = counter;
+	((char*)&self.state[13])[:NONCE_SIZE] = nonce[..];
+}
+
+<*
+ Transform some input data using the current context structure.
+
+ @param[inout] data : `The data to transform (encrypt or decrypt).`
+*>
+fn void ChaCha20.transform(&self, char[] data)
+{
+	if (!data.len) return;
+
+	usz original_length = data.len;
+	char[] key_stream = @as_char_view(self.key_stream);
+
+	// 1. Process remaining bytes in the current keystream block.
+	if (self.position < BLOCK_SIZE)
+	{
+		usz len = data.len < (BLOCK_SIZE - self.position) ? data.len : (BLOCK_SIZE - self.position);
+		for (usz i = 0; i < len; i++) data[i] ^= key_stream[self.position + i];
+		self.position += len;
+		data = data[len..];
+	}
+
+	// 2. Get the amount of bytes offset from the nearest alignment boundary.
+	//   Process full blocks at a time, word by word according to the system's architecture.
+	//   Any extra bytes on each side are dynamically processed byte-by-byte.
+    usz offset = usz.sizeof - (((usz)data.ptr % usz.sizeof) ?: usz.sizeof);
+
+	for (usz x = offset; data.len >= BLOCK_SIZE; data = data[BLOCK_SIZE..], x = offset)
+	{
+		self.mutate_keystream();
+        if (offset) foreach (i, &b : data[:offset]) *b ^= key_stream[i];
+        char[] aligned_data = data[offset..];
+		for (; x <= (BLOCK_SIZE - usz.sizeof); x += usz.sizeof)
+		{
+			((usz*)aligned_data.ptr)[x / usz.sizeof] ^= mem::load((usz*)(&key_stream[x]), $align: 1);
+		}
+        for (; x < BLOCK_SIZE; x++) data[x] ^= key_stream[x];
+	}
+
+	// 3. Process any remaining bytes.
+	if (data.len > 0)
+	{
+		self.mutate_keystream();
+		for (usz i = 0; i < data.len; i++) data[i] ^= key_stream[i];
+		self.position = data.len;
+	}
+
+	// All done. Capture the transformed length of data and check limits.
+	self.bytes_processed += original_length;
+	if (@unlikely(self.bytes_processed >= CHACHA20_NONCE_REUSE_LIMIT && !permit_overflow))
+	{
+		abort(
+			"ChaCha20 transform limit (~256 GiB) exceeded. You can set 'chacha20::permit_overflow = true;' at"
+			" runtime to disable this panic, but you accept the terrible SECURITY IMPLICATIONS of doing so."
+		);
+	}
+}
+
+<* Destroy the current context structure by zeroing all fields. *>
+fn void ChaCha20.destroy(&self) => mem::zero_volatile(@as_char_view(*self));
+
+
+<*
+ Perform an in-place transformation of some data in a buffer, without cloning the data to a new buffer.
+
+ @param[inout] data : `The data to transform (encrypt or decrypt).`
+ @param key : `The secret key used for the transformation operation.`
+ @param nonce : `The one-time nonce to use for the transformation operation.`
+ @param counter : `An optional counter value to adjust the stream's position.`
+
+ @require key.len == KEY_SIZE : `Input key slice is not the correct length (32 bytes).`
+ @require nonce.len ==  NONCE_SIZE : `Input nonce slice is not the correct length (12 bytes).`
+*>
+fn void crypt(char[] data, char[KEY_SIZE] key, char[NONCE_SIZE] nonce, uint counter = 0) @private
+{
+	if (@unlikely(!data.len)) return;
+	ChaCha20 c @noinit;
+	defer c.destroy();
+	c.init(key, nonce, counter);
+	c.transform(data);
+}
+alias encrypt_mut = crypt;
+alias decrypt_mut = crypt;
+
+<*
+ Perform a transformation of some data cloned from a source buffer.
+
+ @param[&inout] allocator : `The memory allocator which controls allocation of the cloned input data.`
+ @param[inout] data : `The data to transform (encrypt or decrypt).`
+ @param key : `The secret key used for the transformation operation.`
+ @param nonce : `The one-time nonce to use for the transformation operation.`
+ @param counter : `An optional counter value to adjust the stream's position.`
+
+ @require key.len == KEY_SIZE : `Input key slice is not the correct length (32 bytes).`
+ @require nonce.len ==  NONCE_SIZE : `Input nonce slice is not the correct length (12 bytes).`
+*>
+fn char[] crypt_clone(Allocator allocator, char[] data, char[KEY_SIZE] key, char[NONCE_SIZE] nonce, uint counter = 0) @private
+{
+	if (@unlikely(!data.len)) return {};
+	char[] buff = allocator::clone_slice(allocator, data);
+	crypt(buff, key, nonce, counter);
+	return buff;
+}
+alias encrypt = crypt_clone;
+alias decrypt = crypt_clone;
+
+<*
+ Perform a transformation of some data cloned from a source buffer by the temp allocator.
+
+ @param[inout] data : `The data to transform (encrypt or decrypt).`
+ @param key : `The secret key used for the transformation operation.`
+ @param nonce : `The one-time nonce to use for the transformation operation.`
+ @param counter : `An optional counter value to adjust the stream's position.`
+
+ @require key.len == KEY_SIZE : `Input key slice is not the correct length (32 bytes).`
+ @require nonce.len ==  NONCE_SIZE : `Input nonce slice is not the correct length (12 bytes).`
+*>
+fn char[] tcrypt_clone(char[] data, char[KEY_SIZE] key, char[NONCE_SIZE] nonce, uint counter = 0) @private
+{
+	return crypt_clone(tmem, data, key, nonce, counter);
+}
+alias tencrypt = tcrypt_clone;
+alias tdecrypt = tcrypt_clone;

lib/std/crypto/crypto.c3

@@ -9,4 +9,3 @@ fn bool safe_compare(void* data1, void* data2, usz len)
 	}
 	return match == 0;
 }
-

lib/std/crypto/ed25519.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,737 @@
+/*
+ Ed25519 Digital Signature Algorithm
+*/
+
+module std::crypto::ed25519;
+import std::hash::sha512;
+
+alias Ed25519PrivateKey = char[32];
+alias Ed25519PublicKey = char[Ed25519PrivateKey.len];
+alias Ed25519Signature = char[2 * Ed25519PublicKey.len];
+
+<*
+ Generate a public key from a private key.
+
+ @param [in] private_key : "32 bytes of cryptographically secure random data"
+ @require private_key.len == Ed25519PrivateKey.len
+*>
+fn Ed25519PublicKey public_keygen(char[] private_key)
+{
+	return pack(&&unproject(&&(BASE * expand_private_key(private_key)[:FBaseInt.len])));
+}
+
+<*
+ Sign a message.
+
+ @param [in] message
+ @param [in] private_key
+ @param [in] public_key
+ @require private_key.len == Ed25519PrivateKey.len
+ @require public_key.len == Ed25519PublicKey.len
+*>
+fn Ed25519Signature sign(char[] message, char[] private_key, char[] public_key)
+{
+	Ed25519Signature r @noinit;
+
+	char[*] exp = expand_private_key(private_key);
+
+	Sha512 sha @noinit;
+	sha.init();
+
+	sha.update(exp[FBaseInt.len..]);
+	sha.update(message);
+
+	FBaseInt k = from_bytes(&&sha.final());
+
+	r[:F25519Int.len] = pack(&&unproject(&&(BASE * k[..])))[..];
+
+	sha.init();
+
+	sha.update(r[:F25519Int.len]);
+	sha.update(public_key);
+	sha.update(message);
+
+	FBaseInt z = from_bytes(&&sha.final());
+	FBaseInt e = from_bytes(exp[:FBaseInt.len]);
+
+	r[F25519Int.len..] = (z * e + k)[..];
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+<*
+ Verify the signature of a message.
+
+ @param [in] message
+ @param [in] signature
+ @param [in] public_key
+ @require signature.len == Ed25519Signature.len
+ @require public_key.len == Ed25519PublicKey.len
+*>
+fn bool verify(char[] message, char[] signature, char[] public_key)
+{
+	char ok = 1;
+
+	F25519Int lhs = pack(&&unproject(&&(BASE * signature[F25519Int.len..])));
+
+	Unpacking unp_p = unpack_on_curve((F25519Int*)public_key);
+	Projection p = project(&unp_p.point);
+	ok &= unp_p.on_curve;
+
+	Sha512 sha @noinit;
+	sha.init();
+
+	sha.update(signature[:F25519Int.len]);
+	sha.update(public_key);
+	sha.update(message);
+
+	FBaseInt z = from_bytes(&&sha.final());
+
+	p = p * z[..];
+
+	Unpacking unp_q = unpack_on_curve((F25519Int*)signature[:F25519Int.len]);
+	Projection q = project(&unp_q.point);
+	ok &= unp_q.on_curve;
+
+	p = p + q;
+
+	F25519Int rhs = pack(&&unproject(&p));
+
+	return (bool)(ok & eq(&lhs, &rhs));
+}
+
+// Base point for Ed25519. Generate a subgroup of order 2^252+0x14def9dea2f79cd65812631a5cf5d3ed
+const Projection BASE @private =
+{
+	x"1ad5258f602d56c9 b2a7259560c72c69 5cdcd6fd31e2a4c0 fe536ecdd3366921",
+	x"5866666666666666 6666666666666666 6666666666666666 6666666666666666",
+	x"a3ddb7a5b38ade6d f5525177809ff020 7de3ab648e4eea66 65768bd70f5f8767",
+	ONE
+};
+
+<*
+ Compute the pruned SHA-512 hash of a private key.
+
+ @param [in] private_key
+ @require private_key.len == Ed25519PrivateKey.len
+*>
+fn char[sha512::HASH_SIZE] expand_private_key(char[] private_key) @local
+{
+	char[*] r = sha512::hash(private_key);
+
+	r[0] &= 0b11111000;
+	r[FBaseInt.len - 1] &= 0b01111111;
+	r[FBaseInt.len - 1] |= 0b01000000;
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ Operations on the twisted Edwards curve -x^2+y^2=1-121665/121666*x^2*y^2 over the prime field F_(2^255-19) (edwards25519)
+ The set of F_(2^255-19)-rational curve points is a group of order 2^3*(2^252+0x14def9dea2f79cd65812631a5cf5d3ed)
+*/
+
+module std::crypto::ed25519 @private;
+
+// Affine coordinates.
+struct Point
+{
+	F25519Int x;
+	F25519Int y;
+}
+
+// Projective coordinates.
+struct Projection
+{
+	F25519Int x;
+	F25519Int y;
+	F25519Int t;
+	F25519Int z;
+}
+
+// Neutral.
+const Projection NEUTRAL =
+{
+	ZERO,
+	ONE,
+	ZERO,
+	ONE
+};
+
+<*
+ Convert affine to projective coordinates.
+
+ @param [&in] p
+*>
+fn Projection project(Point* p) => { p.x, p.y, p.x * p.y, ONE };
+
+<*
+ Convert projective to affine coordinates.
+
+ @param [&in] p
+*>
+fn Point unproject(Projection* p)
+{
+	Point r @noinit;
+
+	F25519Int inv = p.z.inv();
+	r.x = p.x * inv;
+	r.y = p.y * inv;
+
+	r.x.normalize();
+	r.y.normalize();
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+// d parameter for edwards25519 : -121665/121666
+const F25519Int D = x"a3785913ca4deb75 abd841414d0a7000 98e879777940c78c 73fe6f2bee6c0352";
+
+// 2*d
+const F25519Int DD = x"59f1b226949bd6eb 56b183829a14e000 30d1f3eef2808e19 e7fcdf56dcd90624";
+
+<*
+ Compress a point.
+
+ @param [&in] p
+*>
+fn F25519Int pack(Point* p)
+{
+	Point r = *p;
+
+	r.x.normalize();
+	r.y.normalize();
+
+	r.y[^1] |= (r.x[0] & 1) << 7;
+
+	return r.y;
+}
+
+struct Unpacking
+{
+	Point point;
+	<* Non-zero if true. *>
+	char on_curve;
+}
+
+<*
+ Uncompress a point. Check if it is on the curve.
+
+ @param [&in] encoding
+*>
+fn Unpacking unpack_on_curve(F25519Int* encoding)
+{
+	Point p @noinit;
+
+	char parity = (*encoding)[^1] >> 7;
+
+	p.y = *encoding;
+	p.y[^1] &= 0b01111111;
+
+	F25519Int y2 = p.y * p.y;
+	F25519Int x2 = (D * y2 + ONE).inv() * (y2 - ONE);
+
+	F25519Int x = x2.sqrt();
+
+	p.x = f25519_select(&x, &&-x, (x[0] ^ parity) & 1);
+
+	F25519Int _x2 = p.x * p.x;
+
+	x2.normalize();
+	_x2.normalize();
+
+	return {p, eq(&x2, &_x2)};
+}
+
+macro Projection Projection.@add(&s, Projection #p) @operator(+) => s.add(@addr(#p));
+<*
+ Addition.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+*>
+fn Projection Projection.add(&s, Projection* p) @operator(+)
+{
+	Projection r @noinit;
+
+	F25519Int a = (s.y - s.x) * (p.y - p.x);
+	F25519Int b = (s.y + s.x) * (p.y + p.x);
+	F25519Int c = s.t * DD * p.t;
+	F25519Int d = (s.z * p.z).mul_s(2);
+	F25519Int e = b - a;
+	F25519Int f = d - c;
+	F25519Int g = d + c;
+	F25519Int h = b + a;
+
+	r.x = e * f;
+	r.y = g * h;
+	r.t = e * h;
+	r.z = f * g;
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+<*
+ Double a point.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+*>
+fn Projection Projection.twice(&s)
+{
+	Projection r @noinit;
+
+	F25519Int a = s.x * s.x;
+	F25519Int b = s.y * s.y;
+	F25519Int c = (s.z * s.z).mul_s(2);
+	F25519Int d = s.x + s.y;
+	F25519Int e = d * d - a - b;
+	F25519Int g = b - a;
+	F25519Int f = g - c;
+	F25519Int h = -b - a;
+
+	r.x = e * f;
+	r.y = g * h;
+	r.t = e * h;
+	r.z = f * g;
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+<*
+ Variable base scalar multiplication.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+ @param [in] n
+*>
+fn Projection Projection.mul(&s, char[] n) @operator(*)
+{
+	Projection r = NEUTRAL;
+
+	for (isz i = n.len << 3 - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+	{
+		r = r.twice();
+
+		Projection t = r + s;
+
+		char bit = n[i >> 3] >> (i & 7) & 1;
+		r.x = f25519_select(&r.x, &t.x, bit);
+		r.y = f25519_select(&r.y, &t.y, bit);
+		r.z = f25519_select(&r.z, &t.z, bit);
+		r.t = f25519_select(&r.t, &t.t, bit);
+	}
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ Modular arithmetic over the prime field F_(2^255-19)
+*/
+
+module std::crypto::ed25519 @private;
+
+typedef F25519Int = inline char[32];
+
+const F25519Int ZERO = {};
+const F25519Int ONE = {[0] = 1};
+
+<*
+ Reduce an element with carry to at most 2^255+18 (32 bytes)
+
+ @param [&inout] s
+*>
+fn void F25519Int.reduce_carry(&s, uint carry)
+{
+	// Reduce using 2^255 = 19 mod p
+	(*s)[^1] &= 0b01111111;
+
+	carry *= 19;
+
+	foreach (i, &v : s)
+	{
+		carry += *v;
+		*v = (char)carry;
+		carry >>= 8;
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ Reduce an element to at most 2^255-19
+
+ @param [&inout] s
+*>
+fn void F25519Int.normalize(&s)
+{
+	s.reduce_carry((*s)[^1] >> 7);
+
+	// Subtract p
+	F25519Int sub @noinit;
+	ushort c = 19;
+	foreach (i, v : (*s)[:^1])
+	{
+		c += v;
+		sub[i] = (char)c;
+		c >>= 8;
+	}
+	c += (*s)[^1] - 0b10000000;
+	sub[^1] = (char)c;
+
+	*s = f25519_select(&sub, s, (char)(c >> 15));
+}
+
+<*
+ Constant-time equality comparison. Return is non-zero if true.
+
+ @param [&in] a
+ @param [&in] b
+*>
+fn char eq(F25519Int* a, F25519Int* b)
+{
+	char e;
+	foreach (i, v : a) e |= v ^ (*b)[i];
+
+	e |= (e >> 4);
+	e |= (e >> 2);
+	e |= (e >> 1);
+
+	return e ^ 1;
+}
+
+<*
+ Constant-time conditional selection. Result is undefined if condition is neither 0 nor 1.
+
+ @param [&in] zero : "selected if condition is 0"
+ @param [&in] one : "selected if condition is 1"
+*>
+fn F25519Int f25519_select(F25519Int* zero, F25519Int* one, char condition)
+{
+	F25519Int r @noinit;
+
+	foreach (i, z : zero) r[i] = z ^ (-condition & ((*one)[i] ^ z));
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+macro F25519Int F25519Int.@add(&s, F25519Int #n) @operator(+) => s.add(@addr(#n));
+
+<*
+ Addition.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+ @param [&in] n
+*>
+fn F25519Int F25519Int.add(&s, F25519Int* n) @operator(+)
+{
+	F25519Int r @noinit;
+
+	ushort c;
+	foreach (i, v : s)
+	{
+		c >>= 8;
+		c += v + (*n)[i];
+		r[i] = (char)c;
+	}
+
+	r.reduce_carry(c >> 7);
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+macro F25519Int F25519Int.@sub(&s, F25519Int #n) @operator(-) => s.sub(@addr(#n));
+
+<*
+ Subtraction.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+ @param [&in] n
+*>
+fn F25519Int F25519Int.sub(&s, F25519Int* n) @operator(-)
+{
+	// Compute s+2*p-n instead of s-n to avoid underflow.
+	F25519Int r @noinit;
+
+	uint c = (char)~(2 * 19 - 1);
+	foreach (i, v : (*s)[:^1])
+	{
+		c += 0b11111111_00000000 + v - (*n)[i];
+		r[i] = (char)c;
+		c >>= 8;
+	}
+	c += (*s)[^1] - (*n)[^1];
+	r[^1] = (char)c;
+
+	r.reduce_carry(c >> 7);
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+<*
+ Negation.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+*>
+fn F25519Int F25519Int.neg(&s) @operator(-)
+{
+	// Compute 2*p-s instead of -s to avoid underflow.
+	F25519Int r @noinit;
+
+	uint c = (char)~(2 * 19 - 1);
+	foreach (i, v : (*s)[:^1])
+	{
+		c += 0b11111111_00000000 - v;
+		r[i] = (char)c;
+		c >>= 8;
+	}
+	c -= (*s)[^1];
+	r[^1] = (char)c;
+
+	r.reduce_carry(c >> 7);
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+macro F25519Int F25519Int.@mul(&s, F25519Int #n) @operator(*) => s.mul(@addr(#n));
+
+<*
+ Multiplication.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+ @param [&in] n
+*>
+fn F25519Int F25519Int.mul(&s, F25519Int* n) @operator(*)
+{
+	F25519Int r @noinit;
+
+	uint c;
+	for (usz i = 0; i < F25519Int.len; i++)
+	{
+		c >>= 8;
+		for (usz j; j <= i; j++) c += (*s)[j] * (*n)[i - j];
+		// Reduce using 2^256 = 2*19 mod p
+		for (usz j = i + 1; j < F25519Int.len; j++) c += (*s)[j] * (*n)[^j - i] * 2 * 19;
+		r[i] = (char)c;
+	}
+
+	r.reduce_carry(c >> 7);
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+<*
+ Multiplication by a small element.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+*>
+fn F25519Int F25519Int.mul_s(&s, uint n)
+{
+	F25519Int r @noinit;
+
+	uint c;
+	foreach (i, v : s)
+	{
+		c >>= 8;
+		c += v * n;
+		r[i] = (char)c;
+	}
+
+	r.reduce_carry(c >> 7);
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+<*
+ Inverse an element.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+*>
+fn F25519Int F25519Int.inv(&s)
+{
+	//Compute s^(p-2)
+	F25519Int r = *s;
+
+	for (usz i; i < 255 - 1 - 5; i++) r = r * r * s;
+
+	r *= r;
+	r = r * r * s;
+	r *= r;
+	r = r * r * s;
+	r = r * r * s;
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+<*
+ Raise an element to the power of 2^252-3
+
+ @param [&in] s
+*>
+fn F25519Int F25519Int.pow_2523(&s) @local
+{
+	F25519Int r = *s;
+
+	for (usz i; i < 252 - 1 - 2; i++) r = r * r * s;
+
+	r *= r;
+	r = r * r * s;
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+<*
+ Compute the square root of an element.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+*>
+fn F25519Int F25519Int.sqrt(&s)
+{
+	F25519Int twice = s.mul_s(2);
+	F25519Int pow = twice.pow_2523();
+
+	return (twice * pow * pow - ONE) * s * pow;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ Modular arithmetic over the prime field F_(2^252+0x14def9dea2f79cd65812631a5cf5d3ed)
+*/
+
+module std::crypto::ed25519 @private;
+import std::math;
+
+typedef FBaseInt = inline char[32];
+
+// Order of the field : 2^252+0x14def9dea2f79cd65812631a5cf5d3ed
+const FBaseInt ORDER = x"edd3f55c1a631258 d69cf7a2def9de14 0000000000000000 0000000000000010";
+
+<*
+ Interpret bytes as a normalized element.
+
+ @param [in] bytes
+*>
+fn FBaseInt from_bytes(char[] bytes)
+{
+	FBaseInt r;
+
+	usz bitc = min(252 - 1, bytes.len << 3);
+	usz bytec = bitc >> 3;
+	usz mod = bitc & 7;
+	usz rem = bytes.len << 3 - bitc;
+
+	r[:bytec] = bytes[^bytec..];
+
+	if (mod)
+	{
+		r <<= mod;
+		r[0] |= bytes[^bytec + 1] >> (8 - mod);
+	}
+
+	for (isz i = rem - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+	{
+		r <<= 1;
+		r[0] |= bytes[i >> 3] >> (i & 7) & 1;
+		r = r.sub_l(&ORDER);
+	}
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+<*
+ Constant-time conditional selection. Result is undefined if condition is neither 0 nor 1.
+
+ @param [&in] zero : "selected if condition is 0"
+ @param [&in] one : "selected if condition is 1"
+*>
+fn FBaseInt fbase_select(FBaseInt* zero, FBaseInt* one, char condition)
+{
+	FBaseInt r @noinit;
+
+	foreach (i, z : zero) r[i] = z ^ (-condition & ((*one)[i] ^ z));
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+macro FBaseInt FBaseInt.@add(&s, FBaseInt #n) @operator(+) => s.add(@addr(#n));
+
+<*
+ Addition.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+ @param [&in] n
+*>
+fn FBaseInt FBaseInt.add(&s, FBaseInt* n) @operator(+)
+{
+	FBaseInt r @noinit;
+
+	ushort c;
+	foreach (i, v : s)
+	{
+		c += v + (*n)[i];
+		r[i] = (char)c;
+		c >>= 8;
+	}
+
+	return r.sub_l(&ORDER);
+}
+
+<*
+ Subtraction if RHS is less than LHS else identity.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+ @param [&in] n
+*>
+fn FBaseInt FBaseInt.sub_l(&s, FBaseInt* n)
+{
+	FBaseInt sub @noinit;
+	ushort c;
+	foreach (i, v : s)
+	{
+		c = v - (*n)[i] - c;
+		sub[i] = (char)c;
+		c = (c >> 8) & 1;
+	}
+
+	return fbase_select(&sub, s, (char)c);
+}
+
+<*
+ Left shift.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+*>
+fn FBaseInt FBaseInt.shl(&s, usz n) @operator(<<)
+{
+	FBaseInt r @noinit;
+
+	ushort c;
+	foreach (i, v : s)
+	{
+		c |= v << n;
+		r[i] = (char)c;
+		c >>= 8;
+	}
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+macro FBaseInt FBaseInt.@mul(&s, FBaseInt #n) @operator(*) => s.mul(@addr(#n));
+<*
+ Multiplication.
+
+ @param [&in] s
+ @param [&in] n
+*>
+fn FBaseInt FBaseInt.mul(&s, FBaseInt* n) @operator(*)
+{
+	FBaseInt r;
+
+	for (isz i = 252; i >= 0; i--)
+	{
+		r = (r << 1).sub_l(&ORDER);
+		r = fbase_select(&r, &&(r + s), (*n)[i >> 3] >> (i & 7) & 1);
+	}
+
+	return r;
+}

lib/std/encoding/base32.c3

@@ -101,12 +101,12 @@ fn char[]? decode_buffer(char[] src, char[] dst, char padding = DEFAULT_PAD, Bas
 		{
 			if (src.len == 0)
 			{
-				if (padding > 0) return encoding::INVALID_PADDING?;
+				if (padding > 0) return encoding::INVALID_PADDING~;
 				break;
 			}
 			if (src[0] == padding) break;
 			buf[i] = alphabet.reverse[src[0]];
-			if (buf[i] == INVALID) return encoding::INVALID_CHARACTER?;
+			if (buf[i] == INVALID) return encoding::INVALID_CHARACTER~;
 			src = src[1..];
 		}
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ fn char[]? decode_buffer(char[] src, char[] dst, char padding = DEFAULT_PAD, Bas
 				dst[0] = buf[1] >> 2 | buf[0] << 3;
 				n++;
 			default:
-				return encoding::INVALID_CHARACTER?;
+				return encoding::INVALID_CHARACTER~;
 		}
 		if (dst.len < 5) break;
 		dst = dst[5..];

lib/std/encoding/base64.c3

@@ -87,11 +87,11 @@ fn usz? decode_len(usz n, char padding)
 	usz trailing = n % 4;
 	if (padding)
 	{
-		if (trailing != 0) return encoding::INVALID_PADDING?;
+		if (trailing != 0) return encoding::INVALID_PADDING~;
 		// source size is multiple of 4
 		return dn;
 	}
-	if (trailing == 1) return encoding::INVALID_PADDING?;
+	if (trailing == 1) return encoding::INVALID_PADDING~;
 	return dn + trailing * 3 / 4;
 }
 
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ fn char[]? decode_buffer(char[] src, char[] dst, char padding = DEFAULT_PAD, Bas
 			case c1:
 			case c2:
 			case c3:
-				return encoding::INVALID_CHARACTER?;
+				return encoding::INVALID_CHARACTER~;
 		}
 		uint group = (uint)c0 << 18 | (uint)c1 << 12 | (uint)c2 << 6 | (uint)c3;
 		dst[0] = (char)(group >> 16);
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ fn char[]? decode_buffer(char[] src, char[] dst, char padding = DEFAULT_PAD, Bas
 	src = src[^trailing..];
 	char c0 = alphabet.reverse[src[0]];
 	char c1 = alphabet.reverse[src[1]];
-	if (c0 == 0xFF || c1 == 0xFF) return encoding::INVALID_PADDING?;
+	if (c0 == 0xFF || c1 == 0xFF) return encoding::INVALID_PADDING~;
 	if (!padding)
 	{
 		switch (src.len)
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ fn char[]? decode_buffer(char[] src, char[] dst, char padding = DEFAULT_PAD, Bas
 				dst[0] = (char)(group >> 16);
 			case 3:
 				char c2 = alphabet.reverse[src[2]];
-				if (c2 == 0xFF) return encoding::INVALID_CHARACTER?;
+				if (c2 == 0xFF) return encoding::INVALID_CHARACTER~;
 				uint group = (uint)c0 << 18 | (uint)c1 << 12 | (uint)c2 << 6;
 				dst[0] = (char)(group >> 16);
 				dst[1] = (char)(group >> 8);
@@ -235,13 +235,13 @@ fn char[]? decode_buffer(char[] src, char[] dst, char padding = DEFAULT_PAD, Bas
 		switch (padding)
 		{
 			case src[2]:
-				if (src[3] != padding) return encoding::INVALID_PADDING?;
+				if (src[3] != padding) return encoding::INVALID_PADDING~;
 				uint group = (uint)c0 << 18 | (uint)c1 << 12;
 				dst[0] = (char)(group >> 16);
 				dn -= 2;
 			case src[3]:
 				char c2 = alphabet.reverse[src[2]];
-				if (c2 == 0xFF) return encoding::INVALID_CHARACTER?;
+				if (c2 == 0xFF) return encoding::INVALID_CHARACTER~;
 				uint group = (uint)c0 << 18 | (uint)c1 << 12 | (uint)c2 << 6;
 				dst[0] = (char)(group >> 16);
 				dst[1] = (char)(group >> 8);

lib/std/encoding/csv.c3

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ macro void? @each_row(InStream stream, String separator = ",", int max_rows = in
 			if (catch err = s)
 			{
 				if (err == io::EOF) return;
-				return err?;
+				return err~;
 			}
 			@body(s.split(mem, separator));
 		};

lib/std/encoding/hex.c3

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ fn usz? decode_bytes(char[] src, char[] dst)
 	{
 		char a = HEXREVERSE[src[j - 1]];
 		char b = HEXREVERSE[src[j]];
-		if (a > 0x0f || b > 0x0f) return encoding::INVALID_CHARACTER?;
+		if (a > 0x0f || b > 0x0f) return encoding::INVALID_CHARACTER~;
 		dst[i] = (a << 4) | b;
 		i++;
 	}

lib/std/encoding/json.c3

@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ module std::encoding::json;
 import std::io;
 import std::collections::object;
 
-faultdef UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER, INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE, DUPLICATE_MEMBERS, INVALID_NUMBER;
+faultdef UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER, INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE, INVALID_NUMBER, MAX_DEPTH_REACHED;
+
+int max_depth = 128;
 
 fn Object*? parse_string(Allocator allocator, String s)
 {
@@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ fn Object*? parse(Allocator allocator, InStream s)
 		JsonContext context = { .last_string = dstring::new_with_capacity(smem, 64), .stream = s, .allocator = allocator };
 		@pool()
 		{
-			return parse_any(&context);
+			return parse_any(&context)!;
 		};
 	};
 }
@@ -62,11 +64,14 @@ struct JsonContext @local
 	DString last_string;
 	double last_number;
 	char current;
-	bitstruct : char {
+	int depth;
+	bitstruct : char
+	{
 		bool skip_comments;
 		bool reached_end;
 		bool pushed_back;
 	}
+
 }
 
 
@@ -80,13 +85,13 @@ fn Object*? parse_from_token(JsonContext* context, JsonTokenType token) @local
 		case COMMA:
 		case RBRACE:
 		case RBRACKET:
-		case COLON: return UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER?;
+		case COLON: return UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER~;
 		case STRING: return object::new_string(context.last_string.str_view(), context.allocator);
 		case NUMBER: return object::new_float(context.last_number, context.allocator);
 		case TRUE: return object::new_bool(true);
 		case FALSE: return object::new_bool(false);
 		case NULL: return object::new_null();
-		case EOF: return io::EOF?;
+		case EOF: return io::EOF~;
 	}
 }
 fn Object*? parse_any(JsonContext* context) @local
@@ -105,10 +110,16 @@ fn JsonTokenType? lex_number(JsonContext *context, char c) @local
 			t.append(c);
 			c = read_next(context)!;
 		}
+		bool leading_zero = c == '0';
 		while (c.is_digit())
 		{
 			t.append(c);
 			c = read_next(context)!;
+			if (leading_zero)
+			{
+				if (c.is_digit()) return INVALID_NUMBER~;
+				leading_zero = false;
+			}
 		}
 		if (c == '.')
 		{
@@ -129,7 +140,7 @@ fn JsonTokenType? lex_number(JsonContext *context, char c) @local
 					t.append(c);
 					c = read_next(context)!;
 			}
-			if (!c.is_digit()) return INVALID_NUMBER?;
+			if (!c.is_digit()) return INVALID_NUMBER~;
 			while (c.is_digit())
 			{
 				t.append(c);
@@ -137,7 +148,7 @@ fn JsonTokenType? lex_number(JsonContext *context, char c) @local
 			}
 		}
 		pushback(context, c);
-		double? d = t.str_view().to_double() ?? INVALID_NUMBER?;
+		double? d = t.str_view().to_double() ?? INVALID_NUMBER~;
 		context.last_number = d!;
 		return NUMBER;
 	};
@@ -148,15 +159,16 @@ fn Object*? parse_map(JsonContext* context) @local
 	Object* map = object::new_obj(context.allocator);
 	defer catch map.free();
 	JsonTokenType token = advance(context)!;
+	defer context.depth--;
+	if (++context.depth >= max_depth) return json::MAX_DEPTH_REACHED~;
 
 	@stack_mem(256; Allocator mem)
 	{
 		DString temp_key = dstring::new_with_capacity(mem, 32);
 		while (token != JsonTokenType.RBRACE)
 		{
-			if (token != JsonTokenType.STRING) return UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER?;
+			if (token != JsonTokenType.STRING) return UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER~;
 			DString string = context.last_string;
-			if (map.has_key(string.str_view())) return DUPLICATE_MEMBERS?;
 			// Copy the key to our temp holder, since our
 			// last_string may be used in parse_any
 			temp_key.clear();
@@ -170,7 +182,7 @@ fn Object*? parse_map(JsonContext* context) @local
 				token = advance(context)!;
 				continue;
 			}
-			if (token != JsonTokenType.RBRACE) return UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER?;
+			if (token != JsonTokenType.RBRACE) return UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER~;
 		}
 		return map;
 	};
@@ -180,6 +192,8 @@ fn Object*? parse_array(JsonContext* context) @local
 {
 	Object* list = object::new_obj(context.allocator);
 	defer catch list.free();
+	defer context.depth--;
+	if (++context.depth >= max_depth) return json::MAX_DEPTH_REACHED~;
 	JsonTokenType token = advance(context)!;
 	while (token != JsonTokenType.RBRACKET)
 	{
@@ -191,7 +205,7 @@ fn Object*? parse_array(JsonContext* context) @local
 			token = advance(context)!;
 			continue;
 		}
-		if (token != JsonTokenType.RBRACKET) return UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER?;
+		if (token != JsonTokenType.RBRACKET) return UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER~;
 	}
 	return list;
 }
@@ -222,7 +236,7 @@ fn char? read_next(JsonContext* context) @local
 			context.reached_end = true;
 			return '\0';
 		}
-		return err?;
+		return err~;
 	}
 	if (c == 0)
 	{
@@ -235,7 +249,7 @@ fn JsonTokenType? advance(JsonContext* context) @local
 {
 	char c;
 	// Skip whitespace
-	while WS: (c = read_next(context)!)
+	while WS: ((c = read_next(context)!))
 	{
 		switch (c)
 		{
@@ -248,7 +262,7 @@ fn JsonTokenType? advance(JsonContext* context) @local
 			case '\v':
 				continue;
 			case '/':
-				if (!context.skip_comments) break;
+				if (!context.skip_comments) break WS;
 				c = read_next(context)!;
 				if (c != '*')
 				{
@@ -258,12 +272,12 @@ fn JsonTokenType? advance(JsonContext* context) @local
 				while COMMENT: (true)
 				{
 					// Skip to */
-					while (c = read_next(context)!)
+					while ((c = read_next(context)!))
 					{
 						if (c == '\n') context.line++;
 						if (c != '*') continue;
 						// Skip through all the '*'
-						while (c = read_next(context)!)
+						while ((c = read_next(context)!))
 						{
 							if (c == '\n') context.line++;
 							if (c != '*') break;
@@ -279,7 +293,7 @@ fn JsonTokenType? advance(JsonContext* context) @local
 	switch (c)
 	{
 		case '\0':
-			return io::EOF?;
+			return io::EOF~;
 		case '{':
 			return LBRACE;
 		case '}':
@@ -307,7 +321,7 @@ fn JsonTokenType? advance(JsonContext* context) @local
 			match(context, "ull")!;
 			return NULL;
 		default:
-			return UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER?;
+			return UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER~;
 	}
 }
 
@@ -316,13 +330,13 @@ fn void? match(JsonContext* context, String str) @local
 	foreach (c : str)
 	{
 		char l = read_next(context)!;
-		if (l != c) return UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER?;
+		if (l != c) return UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER~;
 	}
 }
 
 fn void? parse_expected(JsonContext* context, JsonTokenType token) @local
 {
-	if (advance(context)! != token) return UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER?;
+	if (advance(context)! != token) return UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER~;
 }
 
 fn JsonTokenType? lex_string(JsonContext* context)
@@ -334,9 +348,9 @@ fn JsonTokenType? lex_string(JsonContext* context)
 		switch (c)
 		{
 			case '\0':
-				return io::EOF?;
+				return io::EOF~;
 			case 1..31:
-				return UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER?;
+				return UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER~;
 			case '"':
 				break LOOP;
 			case '\\':
@@ -349,9 +363,9 @@ fn JsonTokenType? lex_string(JsonContext* context)
 		switch (c)
 		{
 			case '\0':
-				return io::EOF?;
+				return io::EOF~;
 			case 1..31:
-				return UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER?;
+				return UNEXPECTED_CHARACTER~;
 			case '"':
 			case '\\':
 			case '/':
@@ -371,13 +385,13 @@ fn JsonTokenType? lex_string(JsonContext* context)
 				for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
 				{
 					c = read_next(context)!;
-					if (!c.is_xdigit()) return INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE?;
+					if (!c.is_xdigit()) return INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE~;
 					val = val << 4 + (c > '9' ? (c | 32) - 'a' + 10 : c - '0');
 				}
 				context.last_string.append_char32(val);
 				continue;
 			default:
-				 return INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE?;
+				 return INVALID_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE~;
 		}
 		context.last_string.append(c);
 	}

lib/std/experimental/FrameScheduler.c3

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-module std::experimental::scheduler{Event};
+module std::experimental::scheduler <Event>;
 import std::collections, std::thread, std::time;
 
 struct DelayedSchedulerEvent @local
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ macro void FrameScheduler.@destroy(&self; @destruct(Event e))
 	self.events.free();
 	self.pending_events.free();
 	self.delayed_events.free();
-	(void)self.mtx.destroy();
+	self.mtx.destroy();
 }
 
 fn void FrameScheduler.queue_delayed_event(&self, Event event, Duration delay)
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ fn Event? FrameScheduler.pop_event(&self)
 	while (true)
 	{
 		if (try event = self.events.pop()) return event;
-    	if (!@atomic_load(self.pending)) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+    	if (!@atomic_load(self.pending)) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
         self.mtx.@in_lock()
         {
             self.events.add_all(&self.pending_events);
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ fn Event? FrameScheduler.pop_event(&self)
                 self.events.push(self.delayed_events.pop()!!);
             }
             @atomic_store(self.pending, self.delayed_events.len() > 0);
-            if (!self.events.len()) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT?;
+            if (!self.events.len()) return NO_MORE_ELEMENT~;
         };
 	}
 }

lib/std/hash/a5hash.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2025 Zack Puhl <github@xmit.xyz>. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+//
+// An implementation of Aleksey Vaneev's a5hash, version 5.16, in C3:
+//   https://github.com/avaneev/komihash
+//
+// The license for komihash from the above repository at the time of writing is as follows:
+//
+// >> MIT License
+// >>
+// >> Copyright (c) 2025 Aleksey Vaneev
+// >>
+// >> Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+// >> of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+// >> in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+// >> to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+// >> copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+// >> furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+// >>
+// >> The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+// >> copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+// >>
+// >> THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+// >> IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+// >> FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+// >> AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+// >> LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+// >> OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+// >> SOFTWARE.
+//
+//
+module std::hash::a5hash;
+
+
+macro void @a5mul(#u, #v, #lo, #hi) @local
+{
+	uint128 imd = (uint128)#u * (uint128)#v;
+	#lo = (ulong)imd;
+	#hi = (ulong)(imd >> 64);
+}
+
+
+fn ulong hash(char[] data, ulong seed = 0)
+{
+	ulong seed1 = 0x243F_6A88_85A3_08D3 ^ data.len;
+	ulong seed2 = 0x4528_21E6_38D0_1377 ^ data.len;
+	ulong val10 = 0xAAAA_AAAA_AAAA_AAAA;
+	ulong val01 = 0x5555_5555_5555_5555;
+	ulong a, b;
+
+	@a5mul(seed2 ^ (seed & val10), seed1 ^ (seed & val01), seed1, seed2);
+
+	val10 ^= seed2;
+
+	if (@likely(data.len > 3))
+	{
+		if (data.len > 16)
+		{
+			val01 ^= seed1;
+
+			for (; data.len > 16; data = data[16..])
+			{
+				@a5mul(
+					mem::load((ulong*)data.ptr, 1) ^ seed1,
+					mem::load((ulong*)data.ptr + 1, 1) ^ seed2,
+					seed1, seed2
+				);
+
+				seed1 += val01;
+				seed2 += val10;
+			}
+
+			a = mem::load((ulong*)(data.ptr + (uptr)data.len - 16), 1);
+			b = mem::load((ulong*)(data.ptr + (uptr)data.len - 8), 1);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			a = ((ulong)mem::load((uint*)&data[0], 1) << 32)
+				| mem::load((uint*)&data[^4], 1);
+
+			b = ((ulong)mem::load((uint*)&data[(data.len >> 3) * 4], 1) << 32)
+				| mem::load((uint*)(data.ptr + data.len - 4 - (data.len >> 3) * 4), 1);
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		a = data.len ? (data[0] | (data.len > 1 ? ((ulong)data[1] << 8) : 0) | (data.len > 2 ? ((ulong)data[2] << 16) : 0)) : 0;
+		b = 0;
+	}
+
+	@a5mul(a ^ seed1, b ^ seed2, seed1, seed2);
+	@a5mul(val01 ^ seed1, seed2, a, b);
+
+	return a ^ b;
+}

lib/std/hash/blake2.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2025 Zack Puhl <github@xmit.xyz>. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+//
+// This is based on the original BLAKE2 reference implementation, but it's been
+//   significantly changed. You can really see how C3's features shine over the
+//   original C source.
+//
+// You'll note that this may have been better done with generic modules. I'm not
+//   an expert, but I'd argue that it's unnecessary for this particular algorithm.
+//   There are only two important versions of the algorithm to implement in a "common"
+//   (generic) way, and the output size of each type is controlled rather naturally.
+//
+module std::hash::blake2;
+
+
+// Common hash output sizes. The library is NOT limited to these six output sizes, but
+//   these instead stand in for what would have been "magic numbers" throughout the code.
+const SIZE_128 = 16;
+const SIZE_160 = 20;
+const SIZE_224 = 28;
+const SIZE_256 = 32;
+const SIZE_384 = 48;
+const SIZE_512 = 64;
+
+
+macro @g(r, m, $s, i, #a, #b, #c, #d) @local
+{
+	// I really dislike using these conditional one-liners, but... it's the only difference between 2s and 2b besides buffer sizes (mainly).
+	#a += #b + m[$s[r][2*i+0]];
+	#d = (#d ^ #a).rotr($sizeof(#a) == ulong.sizeof ??? 32 : 16);
+	#c += #d;
+	#b = (#b ^ #c).rotr($sizeof(#a) == ulong.sizeof ??? 24 : 12);
+	#a += #b + m[$s[r][2*i+1]];
+	#d = (#d ^ #a).rotr($sizeof(#a) == ulong.sizeof ??? 16 : 8);
+	#c += #d;
+	#b = (#b ^ #c).rotr($sizeof(#a) == ulong.sizeof ??? 63 : 7);
+}
+
+macro @round(r, m, $s, #v) @local
+{
+	@g(r, m, $s, 0, #v[ 0], #v[ 4], #v[ 8], #v[12]);
+	@g(r, m, $s, 1, #v[ 1], #v[ 5], #v[ 9], #v[13]);
+	@g(r, m, $s, 2, #v[ 2], #v[ 6], #v[10], #v[14]);
+	@g(r, m, $s, 3, #v[ 3], #v[ 7], #v[11], #v[15]);
+	@g(r, m, $s, 4, #v[ 0], #v[ 5], #v[10], #v[15]);
+	@g(r, m, $s, 5, #v[ 1], #v[ 6], #v[11], #v[12]);
+	@g(r, m, $s, 6, #v[ 2], #v[ 7], #v[ 8], #v[13]);
+	@g(r, m, $s, 7, #v[ 3], #v[ 4], #v[ 9], #v[14]);
+}
+
+macro @common_compress(#instance, $rounds, $iv, $sigma, block) @local
+{
+	$typeof(#instance.h[0])[16] m, v;
+
+	((char*)&m)[:$sizeof(block)] = block[..];
+
+	v[:8] = #instance.h[..];
+	v[ 8] = $iv[0];
+	v[ 9] = $iv[1];
+	v[10] = $iv[2];
+	v[11] = $iv[3];
+	v[12] = $iv[4] ^ #instance.t[0];
+	v[13] = $iv[5] ^ #instance.t[1];
+	v[14] = $iv[6] ^ #instance.f[0];
+	v[15] = $iv[7] ^ #instance.f[1];
+
+	$for usz $i = 0; $i < $rounds; $i++:
+		@round($i, m, $sigma, v);
+	$endfor
+
+	$for usz $i = 0; $i < 8; $i++:
+		#instance.h[$i] ^= v[$i] ^ v[$i + 8];
+	$endfor
+}
+
+macro @add_ctr(#instance, usz amount) @local
+{
+	#instance.t[0] += ($typeof(#instance.t[0]))amount;
+	#instance.t[1] += ($typeof(#instance.t[0]))(#instance.t[0] < amount); // adds 1 on overflow of [0]
+}
+
+macro @common_init(#instance, $ParamType, $iv, usz out_len, char[] key = {}, char[] salt = {}, char[] personal = {}) @local
+{
+	mem::zero_volatile(@as_char_view(*#instance)); // explicitly because habits around hash init usually involve @noinit
+
+	#instance.h[..] = $iv[..];
+	#instance.outlen = out_len;
+
+	$ParamType p = {
+		.digest_length = (char)out_len,
+		.key_length = (char)key.len,
+		.fanout = 1,
+		.depth = 1,
+	};
+	if (salt.len) p.salt[:salt.len] = salt[..];
+	if (personal.len) p.personal[:personal.len] = personal[..];
+
+	array::@zip_into(((char*)&#instance.h)[:$sizeof(p)], ((char*)&p)[:$sizeof(p)], fn (a, b) => a ^ b); // bytes(self.h) ^= bytes(p)
+
+	if (key.len) 
+	{
+		char[$sizeof($iv[0])*16] dummy = {};
+		dummy[:key.len] = key[..];
+		#instance.update(dummy[..]); // consume a FULL block
+		mem::zero_volatile(dummy[..]); // do not optimize clearing this from the stack
+	}
+}
+
+macro @common_update(#instance, $block_size, char[] data) @local
+{
+	if (@unlikely(!data.len)) return;
+
+	usz fill = $block_size - #instance.buflen;
+	if (data.len > fill)
+	{
+		#instance.buf[#instance.buflen:fill] = data[:fill];
+		#instance.buflen = 0;
+
+		@add_ctr(#instance, $block_size);
+		#instance.compress(#instance.buf);
+
+		data = data[fill..];
+
+		for (; data.len > $block_size; data = data[$block_size..])
+		{
+			@add_ctr(#instance, $block_size);
+			#instance.compress(data[:$block_size]);
+		}
+	}
+	#instance.buf[#instance.buflen:data.len] = data[..];
+	#instance.buflen += data.len;
+}
+
+macro @common_final(#instance, $output_length) @local
+{
+	char[$output_length] result = {};
+	if ($output_length != #instance.outlen) return result;
+
+	@add_ctr(#instance, #instance.buflen);
+	if (#instance.f[0]) return result; // technically an error return
+
+	if (#instance.last_node) #instance.f[1] = $typeof(#instance.h[0]).max;
+	#instance.f[0] = $typeof(#instance.h[0]).max;
+
+	mem::zero_volatile(#instance.buf[#instance.buflen..]); // pad buffer with zeroes
+	#instance.compress(#instance.buf);
+
+    defer mem::zero_volatile(@as_char_view(*#instance)); // destroy the current context implicitly
+
+	result[:#instance.outlen] = @as_char_view(#instance.h)[:#instance.outlen];
+	return result;
+}
+
+
+// ======================================================================================
+// BEGIN Blake2b contents. Do not separate this from Blake2s: there's not really a point.
+//
+const BLAKE2B_BLOCKBYTES	@local = 128;
+const BLAKE2B_OUTBYTES		@local = 64;
+const BLAKE2B_KEYBYTES		@local = 64;
+const BLAKE2B_SALTBYTES		@local = 16;
+const BLAKE2B_PERSONALBYTES	@local = 16;
+const ulong[8] BLAKE2B_IV @local = {
+    0x6a09e667f3bcc908, 0xbb67ae8584caa73b, 0x3c6ef372fe94f82b, 0xa54ff53a5f1d36f1,
+    0x510e527fade682d1, 0x9b05688c2b3e6c1f, 0x1f83d9abfb41bd6b, 0x5be0cd19137e2179
+};
+const char[16][12] BLAKE2B_SIGMA @local = {
+    x'000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f',
+    x'0e0a0408090f0d06010c00020b070503',
+    x'0b080c0005020f0d0a0e030607010904',
+    x'070903010d0c0b0e0206050a04000f08',
+    x'0900050702040a0f0e010b0c0608030d',
+    x'020c060a000b0803040d07050f0e0109',
+    x'0c05010f0e0d040a000706030902080b',
+    x'0d0b070e0c01030905000f040806020a',
+    x'060f0e090b0300080c020d0701040a05',
+    x'0a020804070601050f0b090e030c0d00',
+    x'000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f',
+    x'0e0a0408090f0d06010c00020b070503',
+};
+
+struct Blake2b
+{
+	ulong[8]					h;
+	ulong[2]					t;
+	ulong[2]					f;
+	char[BLAKE2B_BLOCKBYTES]	buf;
+	usz							buflen;
+	usz							outlen;
+	char						last_node;
+}
+
+struct Blake2bParam @packed @local
+{
+	char						digest_length;	/*  1 */
+	char						key_length;		/*  2 */
+	char						fanout;			/*  3 */
+	char						depth;			/*  4 */
+	uint						leaf_length;	/*  8 */
+	uint						node_offset;	/* 12 */
+	uint						xof_length;		/* 16 */
+	char						node_depth;		/* 17 */
+	char						inner_length;	/* 18 */
+	char[14]					reserved;		/* 32 */
+	char[BLAKE2B_SALTBYTES]		salt;			/* 48 */
+	char[BLAKE2B_PERSONALBYTES]	personal;		/* 64 */
+}
+
+<*
+ @require $defined(data[0]) &&& $typeof(data[0]) == char : "Input data must be a char slice, char array, or string value."
+*>
+macro blake2b_hash($out_len, data, char[] key = {}, char[] salt = {})
+{
+	Blake2b b @noinit;
+    b.init($out_len, key, salt);
+	b.update(data[..]);
+	return b.final($out_len);
+}
+alias b = blake2b_hash;
+
+// See RFC 7693, Section 4 for common parameter sets.
+macro blake2b_224(data, char[] key = {}, char[] salt = {}) => blake2b_hash(SIZE_224, data, key, salt);
+macro blake2b_256(data, char[] key = {}, char[] salt = {}) => blake2b_hash(SIZE_256, data, key, salt);
+macro blake2b_384(data, char[] key = {}, char[] salt = {}) => blake2b_hash(SIZE_384, data, key, salt);
+macro blake2b_512(data, char[] key = {}, char[] salt = {}) => blake2b_hash(SIZE_512, data, key, salt);
+
+alias b_224 = blake2b_224;
+alias b_256 = blake2b_256;
+alias b_384 = blake2b_384;
+alias b_512 = blake2b_512;
+
+<*
+ Blake2b initialization method. Presents various options 
+
+ @param out_len : "The desired output length from the hash function."
+ @param[in] key : "An optional key value to use (keys the entire hash value to give HMAC-like functionality)."
+ @param[in] salt : "An optional salt value to use when generating the hash."
+ @param[in] personal : "An optional personalization value to use when generating the hash."
+
+ @require out_len > 0 && out_len <= BLAKE2B_OUTBYTES : "Blake2 output length must be within the proper range."
+ @require !key.ptr || (key.len > 0 && key.len <= BLAKE2B_KEYBYTES) : "A specified key's length must be within the proper range."
+ @require !salt.ptr || (salt.len > 0 && salt.len <= BLAKE2B_SALTBYTES) : "A specified salt's length must be within the proper range."
+ @require !personal.ptr || (personal.len > 0 && personal.len <= BLAKE2B_PERSONALBYTES) : "A specified personalization's length must be within the proper range."
+*>
+fn void Blake2b.init(&self, usz out_len, char[] key = {}, char[] salt = {}, char[] personal = {})
+	=> @common_init(self, Blake2bParam, BLAKE2B_IV, out_len, key, salt, personal);
+
+<*
+ Core compression inline function for Blake2b.
+*>
+fn void Blake2b.compress(&self, char[BLAKE2B_BLOCKBYTES] block) @local @inline
+	=> @common_compress(self, 12, BLAKE2B_IV, BLAKE2B_SIGMA, block);
+
+<*
+ Add more data to the hash context or stream.
+
+ @param[in] data : "The data to ingest into the hash context."
+*>
+fn void Blake2b.update(&self, char[] data)
+	=> @common_update(self, BLAKE2B_BLOCKBYTES, data);
+
+<*
+ Finalize the hash context and return the hash result at the given size.
+
+ @param $output_length : "The length of the output array which is returned by value, instead of as a slice."
+
+ @require $output_length == self.outlen : "The specified compile-time output size MUST be equal to the initialized output size."
+*>
+macro char[*] Blake2b.final(&self, $output_length)
+	=> @common_final(self, $output_length);
+
+
+// ======================================================================================
+// BEGIN Blake2s contents. Do not separate this from Blake2b: there's not really a point.
+//
+const BLAKE2S_BLOCKBYTES	@local = BLAKE2B_BLOCKBYTES 	/ 2;
+const BLAKE2S_OUTBYTES		@local = BLAKE2B_OUTBYTES 		/ 2;
+const BLAKE2S_KEYBYTES		@local = BLAKE2B_KEYBYTES 		/ 2;
+const BLAKE2S_SALTBYTES		@local = BLAKE2B_SALTBYTES 		/ 2;
+const BLAKE2S_PERSONALBYTES	@local = BLAKE2B_PERSONALBYTES 	/ 2;
+const uint[8] BLAKE2S_IV @local = { 0x6A09E667, 0xBB67AE85, 0x3C6EF372, 0xA54FF53A, 0x510E527F, 0x9B05688C, 0x1F83D9AB, 0x5BE0CD19 };
+const char[16][10] BLAKE2S_SIGMA @local = {
+    x'000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f',
+    x'0e0a0408090f0d06010c00020b070503',
+    x'0b080c0005020f0d0a0e030607010904',
+    x'070903010d0c0b0e0206050a04000f08',
+    x'0900050702040a0f0e010b0c0608030d',
+    x'020c060a000b0803040d07050f0e0109',
+    x'0c05010f0e0d040a000706030902080b',
+    x'0d0b070e0c01030905000f040806020a',
+    x'060f0e090b0300080c020d0701040a05',
+    x'0a020804070601050f0b090e030c0d00',
+};
+
+struct Blake2s
+{
+	uint[8]						h;
+	uint[2]						t;
+	uint[2]						f;
+	char[BLAKE2S_BLOCKBYTES]	buf;
+	usz							buflen;
+	usz							outlen;
+	char						last_node;
+}
+
+struct Blake2sParam @packed @local
+{
+	char						digest_length;	/*  1 */
+	char						key_length;		/*  2 */
+	char						fanout;			/*  3 */
+	char						depth;			/*  4 */
+	uint						leaf_length;	/*  8 */
+	uint						node_offset;	/* 12 */
+	ushort						xof_length;		/* 14 */
+	char						node_depth;		/* 15 */
+	char						inner_length;	/* 16 */
+	char[BLAKE2S_SALTBYTES]		salt;			/* 24 */
+	char[BLAKE2S_PERSONALBYTES]	personal;		/* 32 */
+}
+
+<*
+ @require $defined(data[0]) &&& $typeof(data[0]) == char : "Input data must be a char slice, char array, or string value."
+*>
+macro blake2s_hash($out_len, data, char[] key = {}, char[] salt = {})
+{
+	Blake2s b @noinit;
+    b.init($out_len, key, salt);
+	b.update(data[..]);
+	return b.final($out_len);
+}
+alias s = blake2s_hash;
+
+// See RFC 7693, Section 4 for common parameter sets.
+macro blake2s_128(data, char[] key = {}, char[] salt = {}) => blake2s_hash(SIZE_128, data, key, salt);
+macro blake2s_160(data, char[] key = {}, char[] salt = {}) => blake2s_hash(SIZE_160, data, key, salt);
+macro blake2s_224(data, char[] key = {}, char[] salt = {}) => blake2s_hash(SIZE_224, data, key, salt);
+macro blake2s_256(data, char[] key = {}, char[] salt = {}) => blake2s_hash(SIZE_256, data, key, salt);
+
+alias s_128 = blake2s_128;
+alias s_160 = blake2s_160;
+alias s_224 = blake2s_224;
+alias s_256 = blake2s_256;
+
+<*
+ Blake2s initialization method. Presents various options 
+
+ @param out_len : "The desired output length from the hash function."
+ @param[in] key : "An optional key value to use (keys the entire hash value to give HMAC-like functionality)."
+ @param[in] salt : "An optional salt value to use when generating the hash."
+ @param[in] personal : "An optional personalization value to use when generating the hash."
+
+ @require out_len > 0 && out_len <= BLAKE2S_OUTBYTES : "Blake2 output length must be within the proper range."
+ @require !key.ptr || (key.len > 0 && key.len <= BLAKE2S_KEYBYTES) : "A specified key's length must be within the proper range."
+ @require !salt.ptr || (salt.len > 0 && salt.len <= BLAKE2S_SALTBYTES) : "A specified salt's length must be within the proper range."
+ @require !personal.ptr || (personal.len > 0 && personal.len <= BLAKE2B_PERSONALBYTES) : "A specified personalization's length must be within the proper range."
+*>
+fn void Blake2s.init(&self, usz out_len, char[] key = {}, char[] salt = {}, char[] personal = {})
+	=> @common_init(self, Blake2sParam, BLAKE2S_IV, out_len, key, salt, personal);
+
+<*
+ Core compression inline function for Blake2s.
+*>
+fn void Blake2s.compress(&self, char[BLAKE2S_BLOCKBYTES] block) @local @inline
+	=> @common_compress(self, 10, BLAKE2S_IV, BLAKE2S_SIGMA, block);
+
+<*
+ Add more data to the hash context or stream.
+
+ @param[in] data : "The data to ingest into the hash context."
+*>
+fn void Blake2s.update(&self, char[] data)
+	=> @common_update(self, BLAKE2S_BLOCKBYTES, data);
+
+<*
+ Finalize the hash context and return the hash result at the given size.
+
+ @param $output_length : "The length of the output array which is returned by value, instead of as a slice."
+
+ @require $output_length == self.outlen : "The specified compile-time output size MUST be equal to the initialized output size."
+*>
+macro char[*] Blake2s.final(&self, $output_length)
+	=> @common_final(self, $output_length);

lib/std/hash/blake3.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,747 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 Zack Puhl <github@xmit.xyz>. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+//
+// This is based on the original BLAKE3 reference implementation:
+//   https://github.com/BLAKE3-team/BLAKE3/blob/master
+//
+module std::hash::blake3;
+
+
+const BLOCK_SIZE = 64;
+const CHUNK_SIZE = 1024;
+const KEY_SIZE = 32;
+const KEY_SIZE_WORDS = KEY_SIZE / uint.sizeof;
+const OUT_SIZE = 32;
+const MAX_DEPTH = 54;
+
+const uint[8] IV = {
+	0x6a09e667, 0xbb67ae85, 0x3c6ef372, 0xa54ff53a,
+	0x510e527f, 0x9b05688c, 0x1f83d9ab, 0x5be0cd19
+};
+
+const char[16][7] MESSAGE_SCHEDULE = {
+	x'000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f',
+	x'0206030a0700040d010b0c05090e0f08',
+	x'03040a0c0d02070e060509000b0f0801',
+	x'0a070c090e030d0f04000b0205080106',
+	x'0c0d090b0f0a0e080702050300010604',
+	x'090e0b05080c0f010d03000a02060407',
+	x'0b0f0500010908060e0a020c0304070d',
+};
+
+
+// Get feature-based optimization options.
+//   For now, none of these are used until there's a chance to explore BLAKE3's (necessary) vectorization optimizations.
+//
+<* When true, force the use of slow-but-portable BLAKE3 functions. Do not vectorize the hash function. *>
+const FORCE_PORTABLE = true; //$feature(BLAKE3_FORCE_PORTABLE); // this is statically set to TRUE for now
+<* AARCH64: When not big-endian, use Neon. *>
+const USE_NEON = !FORCE_PORTABLE &&& (env::AARCH64 &&& !env::BIG_ENDIAN);
+<* Bundling some architecture booleans into one. *>
+const IS_X86 = !FORCE_PORTABLE &&& (env::X86_64 ||| env::X86);
+<*
+ The maximum possible degree of parallelization based on the current architecture.
+ This doesn't represent the ACTUAL degree available.
+*>
+const MAX_SIMD_DEGREE = IS_X86 ??? 16 : (USE_NEON ??? 4 : 1);
+<* There are cases in BLAKE3 where, at compile-time, it's necessary to easily get the max degree, or a minimum of 2. *>
+const MAX_SIMD_DEGREE_OR_2 = @max(MAX_SIMD_DEGREE, 2);
+
+
+<* Always set to true once BLAKE3 caches some initial CPU details. *>
+bool cpuinfo_initd @local = false;
+
+<*
+ Cache some information at runtime about the current processor and platform, as needed for optimizations.
+*>
+fn void init_blake3() @local @init
+{
+	$if IS_X86:
+		cpudetect::x86_initialize_cpu_features(); // query all x86 feature flags, one time
+	$endif
+	cpuinfo_initd = true;
+}
+
+<* Check whether a given CPU flag is set (x86/x86_64 only). *>
+macro bool @check_cpu_flag(X86Feature f) @local @if(IS_X86)
+	=> !!(cpudetect::x86_features & f.ordinal);
+
+<*
+ Return the actual SIMD degree of the processor at runtime.
+*>
+macro @simd_degree() @local
+{
+	if (!cpuinfo_initd) init_blake3();
+	assert(cpuinfo_initd == true, "Failed to run required BLAKE3 initializations.");
+
+	$switch:
+		$case IS_X86:
+			if (@check_cpu_flag(AVX512F) && @check_cpu_flag(AVX512VL)) return 16;
+			if (@check_cpu_flag(AVX2)) return 8;
+			if (@check_cpu_flag(SSE4_1) || @check_cpu_flag(SSE2)) return 4;
+		$case USE_NEON:
+			return 4;
+	$endswitch
+
+	return 1;
+}
+
+<* Flags used during hash computation based on its state. *>
+enum Blake3Flags : const inline char
+{
+	CHUNK_START			= 1 << 0,
+	CHUNK_END			= 1 << 1,
+	PARENT				= 1 << 2,
+	ROOT				= 1 << 3,
+	KEYED_HASH			= 1 << 4,
+	DERIVE_KEY_CONTEXT	= 1 << 5,
+	DERIVE_KEY_MATERIAL	= 1 << 6,
+}
+
+struct Blake3ChunkState @local
+{
+	uint[8]				cv;
+	ulong				chunk_counter;
+	char[BLOCK_SIZE]	buf;
+	char				buf_len;
+	char				blocks_compressed;
+	char				flags;
+}
+
+struct Blake3Output @local
+{
+	uint[KEY_SIZE_WORDS]	input_cv;
+	ulong					counter;
+	char[BLOCK_SIZE]		block;
+	char					block_len;
+	char					flags;
+}
+
+struct Blake3
+{
+	uint[KEY_SIZE_WORDS]				key;
+	Blake3ChunkState					chunk;
+	char								cv_stack_len;
+	char[(MAX_DEPTH + 1) * OUT_SIZE]	cv_stack;
+}
+
+
+<*
+ Generate an XOF hash based on the given inputs.
+
+ Consider the output hash w/ `seek = 0` and `$out_size = 41`:
+ ```
+ 2cc39783c223154fea8dfb7c1b1660f2ac2dcbd1c1de8277b0b0dd39b7e50d7d905630c8be290dfcf3
+ ```
+
+ Computing with the same input `key` and input `data`, but with a `seek = 3` and `$out_size = 8` yields:
+ ```
+ 83c223154fea8dfb
+
+ which is a slice cut out from the above hash:
+   2cc397  [83c223154fea8dfb]  7c1b1660f2ac2dcbd1c1de8277b0b0dd39b7e50d7d905630c8be290dfcf3
+ ```
+
+ In this way, the XOF primitive that BLAKE3 is built from allows the hash output to be a potentially
+ limitless result that one may slice to their liking using the right parameters.
+
+ @param [in] data : "The data to hash."
+ @param [in] key : "An optional 32-byte key to turn the result into a keyed hash."
+ @param seek : "An optional value specifying the offset into the XOF's yield where the resultant hash should begin."
+ @param $out_size : "An optional value specifying the desired length to slice from the XOF's yield."
+
+ @return "The hash as a character array of `$out_size` bytes."
+
+ @require !key.len || key.len == KEY_SIZE : "Key value must be empty or exactly 32 bytes."
+ @require $out_size > 0 : "You cannot use a zero $out_size."
+*>
+macro char[*] hash(char[] data, char[] key = {}, usz seek = 0, usz $out_size = 32)
+{
+	char[$out_size] result;
+	Blake3 b @noinit;
+	defer b.destroy();
+	b.init(key);
+	b.update(data);
+	b.final(result[..], $out_size, seek);
+	return result;
+}
+
+<*
+ Generate a hash from a context string. This call allows one to use the "context" to
+ auto-generate keying material for the resultant hash value. Effectively, this allows for
+ hashes made from data with completely variable-length keys, rather than having a key fixed
+ to 32 bytes. The 'context' nomenclature is from BLAKE3 itself, not my naming.
+
+ @param [in] data : "The data to hash."
+ @param [in] context : "An optional key to turn the result into a keyed hash."
+ @param seek : "An optional value specifying the offset into the XOF's yield where the resultant hash should begin."
+ @param $out_size : "An optional value specifying the desired length to slice from the XOF's yield."
+
+ @return "The context-based hash as a character array of `$out_size` bytes."
+
+ @require $out_size > 0 : "You cannot use a zero $out_size."
+*>
+macro char[*] ctx_hash(char[] data, char[] context, usz seek = 0, usz $out_size = 32)
+{
+	char[$out_size] result;
+	Blake3 b = new_from_context(context);
+	defer b.destroy();
+	b.update(data);
+	b.final(result[..], $out_size, seek);
+	return result;
+}
+
+<*
+ Generate a new Blake3 hashing structure from the given context string. The context string
+ acts as a variable-length key to seed the new hash structure, and makes it ready to ingest
+ incoming data with `update`.
+
+ @param [in] context : "The context byte array used to seed the returned Blake3 context."
+*>
+macro Blake3 new_from_context(char[] context)
+{
+	char[KEY_SIZE] context_based_key;
+	defer mem::zero_volatile(context_based_key[..]);
+
+	Blake3 key_from_ctx @noinit;
+	defer key_from_ctx.destroy();
+	key_from_ctx.init(explicit_flags: Blake3Flags.DERIVE_KEY_CONTEXT);
+	key_from_ctx.update(context);
+	key_from_ctx.final(context_based_key[..], KEY_SIZE);
+
+	Blake3 b @noinit;
+	b.init(key: context_based_key[..], explicit_flags: Blake3Flags.DERIVE_KEY_MATERIAL);
+	return b;
+}
+
+
+<*
+ Initialize a BLAKE3 context.
+
+ @param [in] key : "An optional key initializer to use."
+
+ @require !key.len || key.len == KEY_SIZE : "An explicit initialization key must be of KEY_SIZE (32 bytes)."
+*>
+fn void Blake3.init(&self, char[] key = {}, char explicit_flags = 0)
+{
+	mem::zero_volatile(@as_char_view(*self));
+
+	if (key.len)
+	{
+		foreach (i, &w : self.key) *w = mem::load((uint*)&key[i * $sizeof(self.key[0])], 1);
+		if (!explicit_flags) explicit_flags = Blake3Flags.KEYED_HASH;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		self.key[..] = IV[..];
+	}
+
+	self.chunk.init(self.key[..], explicit_flags);
+}
+
+<*
+ Reset the state of the hashing context, in case it should be reused without reloading the key value.
+*>
+fn void Blake3.reset(&self) @local @inline
+{
+	self.chunk.reset(self.key[..], 0);
+	self.cv_stack_len = 0;
+}
+
+<*
+ Private function to merge tree results.
+*>
+fn void Blake3.merge_cv_stack(&self, ulong total_len) @local @inline
+{
+	usz post_merge_stack_len = (usz)@popcnt(total_len);
+	for (; self.cv_stack_len > post_merge_stack_len; self.cv_stack_len--)
+	{
+		char* parent_node = &self.cv_stack[(self.cv_stack_len - 2) * OUT_SIZE];
+		Blake3Output o = parent_output(parent_node, self.key[..], self.chunk.flags);
+		o.chaining_value(parent_node);
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ Private function to add a new tree onto the stack.
+*>
+fn void Blake3.push_cv(&self, char* new_cv, ulong chunk_counter) @local @inline
+{
+	self.merge_cv_stack(chunk_counter);
+	self.cv_stack[self.cv_stack_len * OUT_SIZE : OUT_SIZE] = new_cv[:OUT_SIZE];
+	self.cv_stack_len++;
+}
+
+<*
+ Update the hash context by consuming incoming data.
+
+ @param [in] input : "The slice of new data to digest."
+ @param use_tbb : "Should remain `false` until other BLAKE3 optimizations are set up."
+*>
+fn void Blake3.update(&self, char[] input, bool use_tbb = false)
+{
+	if (!input.len) return;
+
+	if (self.chunk.len() > 0)
+	{
+		usz take = min(CHUNK_SIZE - self.chunk.len(), input.len);
+		self.chunk.update(input[:take]);
+		input = input[take..];
+
+		if (!input.len) return;
+
+		char[KEY_SIZE] chunk_cv;
+		Blake3Output o = self.chunk.output();
+		o.chaining_value(&chunk_cv);
+		self.push_cv(&chunk_cv, self.chunk.chunk_counter);
+		self.chunk.reset(self.key[..], self.chunk.chunk_counter + 1);
+	}
+
+	while (input.len > CHUNK_SIZE)
+	{
+		usz subtree_len = @round_down_to_power_of_2(input.len);
+		ulong count_so_far = self.chunk.chunk_counter * CHUNK_SIZE;
+
+		while ((((ulong)(subtree_len - 1)) & count_so_far) != 0) subtree_len /= 2;
+
+		ulong subtree_chunks = subtree_len / CHUNK_SIZE;
+		if (subtree_len <= CHUNK_SIZE)
+		{
+			Blake3ChunkState chunk_state;
+			chunk_state.init(self.key[..], self.chunk.flags);
+			chunk_state.chunk_counter = self.chunk.chunk_counter;
+			chunk_state.update(input[:subtree_len]);
+			char[OUT_SIZE] cv;
+			Blake3Output o = chunk_state.output();
+			o.chaining_value(&cv);
+			self.push_cv(&cv, chunk_state.chunk_counter);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			char[2 * OUT_SIZE] cv_pair;
+			compress_subtree_to_parent_node(input[:subtree_len], self.key[..], self.chunk.chunk_counter, self.chunk.flags, cv_pair[..], use_tbb);
+			self.push_cv(&cv_pair[0], self.chunk.chunk_counter);
+			self.push_cv(&cv_pair[OUT_SIZE], self.chunk.chunk_counter + (subtree_chunks / 2));
+		}
+		self.chunk.chunk_counter += subtree_chunks;
+		input = input[subtree_len..];
+	}
+
+	if (input.len > 0)
+	{
+		self.chunk.update(input);
+		self.merge_cv_stack(self.chunk.chunk_counter);
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ Yield the results of the hash into a specified output buffer, at the specified length.
+ Note that the `into` slice does not need to be properly cut to receive hash results; it
+ just needs to be wide enough to accommodate `into_len` yielded bytes from the XOF.
+
+ @param [in] into : "The storage buffer for the output hash value. Must be >= `into_len` bytes."
+ @param into_len : "How many bytes to receive from the XOF/hash output."
+ @param seek : "How far into the XOF's yield to begin the stored byte sequence."
+
+ @require into.len >= into_len : "The requested output size must be equal to or less than the size of the output slice."
+*>
+fn void Blake3.final(&self, char[] into, usz into_len, usz seek = 0)
+{
+	if (!into_len) return;
+
+	if (!self.cv_stack_len)
+	{
+		Blake3Output o = self.chunk.output();
+		o.root_bytes(seek, into[:into_len]);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	Blake3Output o @noinit;
+	usz cvs_remaining;
+	if (self.chunk.len() > 0)
+	{
+		cvs_remaining = self.cv_stack_len;
+		o = self.chunk.output();
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		cvs_remaining = (usz)self.cv_stack_len - 2;
+		o = parent_output(&self.cv_stack[cvs_remaining * KEY_SIZE], self.key[..], self.chunk.flags);
+	}
+
+	while (cvs_remaining > 0)
+	{
+		char[BLOCK_SIZE] parent_block;
+		cvs_remaining--;
+		parent_block[:32] = self.cv_stack[cvs_remaining * 32 : 32];
+		o.chaining_value(&parent_block[32]);
+		o = parent_output(&parent_block, self.key[..], self.chunk.flags);
+	}
+
+	o.root_bytes(seek, into[:into_len]);
+}
+
+<*
+ Destroy a BLAKE3 hashing context.
+*>
+fn void Blake3.destroy(&self) @inline
+{
+	mem::zero_volatile(@as_char_view(*self));
+}
+
+
+<*
+ Initialize a BLAKE3 chunk state.
+
+ @param [in] key
+ @param flags
+*>
+fn void Blake3ChunkState.init(&self, uint[] key, char flags) @local @inline
+{
+	mem::zero_volatile(@as_char_view(*self));
+	self.cv[..] = key[..];
+	self.flags = flags;
+}
+
+<*
+ Reset a BLAKE3 chunk state.
+
+ @param [in] key
+ @param chunk_counter
+*>
+fn void Blake3ChunkState.reset(&self, uint[] key, ulong chunk_counter) @local @inline
+{
+	self.init(key, self.flags); // maintain its own flags
+	self.chunk_counter = chunk_counter; // update chunk counter
+}
+
+<*
+ Get bytes length of consumed data.
+*>
+fn usz Blake3ChunkState.len(&self) @operator(len) @local @inline
+	=> (BLOCK_SIZE * (usz)self.blocks_compressed) + (usz)self.buf_len;
+
+<*
+ Ingest an amount of bytes into the chunk's buffer. NOTE: Doesn't check for underflow.
+
+ @param [in] data : "Data to ingest."
+*>
+fn usz Blake3ChunkState.fill_buf(&self, char[] data) @local @inline
+{
+	usz take = min(BLOCK_SIZE - (usz)self.buf_len, data.len);
+	self.buf[self.buf_len:take] = data[:take];
+	self.buf_len += (char)take;
+	return take;
+}
+
+<*
+ Determine whether to set the CHUNK_START flag.
+*>
+fn char Blake3ChunkState.maybe_start_flag(&self) @local @inline
+	=> !self.blocks_compressed ? Blake3Flags.CHUNK_START : 0;
+
+<*
+ Update the chunk with the provided input bytes.
+
+ @param [in] input : "Incoming bytes to update with."
+*>
+fn void Blake3ChunkState.update(&self, char[] input) @local
+{
+	if (self.buf_len)
+	{
+		usz take = self.fill_buf(input);
+		input = input[take..];
+		if (input.len)
+		{
+			compress_in_place(self.cv[..], self.buf[..], BLOCK_SIZE, self.chunk_counter, self.flags | self.maybe_start_flag());
+			self.blocks_compressed++;
+			self.buf_len = 0;
+			self.buf[..] = {};
+		}
+	}
+	for (; input.len > BLOCK_SIZE; self.blocks_compressed++, input = input[BLOCK_SIZE..])
+	{
+		compress_in_place(self.cv[..], input[:BLOCK_SIZE], BLOCK_SIZE, self.chunk_counter, self.flags | self.maybe_start_flag());
+	}
+	self.fill_buf(input);
+}
+
+<*
+ Convert the chunk state to an "output" type with the right flags.
+*>
+fn Blake3Output Blake3ChunkState.output(&self) @local @inline
+	=> make_output(self.cv[..], &self.buf, self.buf_len, self.chunk_counter, self.flags | self.maybe_start_flag() | Blake3Flags.CHUNK_END);
+
+<*
+ Generate and initialize an output structure with the provided parameters.
+
+ @param [in] key
+ @param [&in] in_block
+ @param block_len
+ @param counter
+ @param flags
+*>
+fn Blake3Output make_output(uint[] key, char* in_block, usz block_len, ulong counter, char flags) @local @noinline
+{
+	Blake3Output o;
+	o.input_cv[..] = key[..];
+	o.block[..] = in_block[:BLOCK_SIZE];
+	o.block_len = (char)block_len;
+	o.counter = counter;
+	o.flags = flags;
+	return o;
+}
+
+<*
+ Auto-generate a parent output structure, pre-initialized with some constant identifiers.
+
+ @param [&in] block
+ @param [in] key
+ @param flags
+*>
+macro Blake3Output parent_output(char* block, uint[] key, char flags) @local
+	=> make_output(key, block, BLOCK_SIZE, 0, flags | Blake3Flags.PARENT);
+
+<*
+ Compress then store the chaining value of the output structure.
+
+ @param [&inout] cv
+*>
+macro void Blake3Output.chaining_value(&self, char* cv) @local
+{
+	uint[KEY_SIZE_WORDS] cv_words;
+	cv_words[..] = self.input_cv[..];
+	compress_in_place(cv_words[..], self.block, self.block_len, self.counter, self.flags);
+	cv[:KEY_SIZE] = @as_char_view(cv_words)[:KEY_SIZE];
+}
+
+<*
+ Store the result of the output into the designated slice.
+
+ @param seek
+ @param [inout] into
+*>
+fn void Blake3Output.root_bytes(&self, usz seek, char[] into) @local
+{
+	if (!into.len) return;
+
+	ulong output_block_counter = seek / BLOCK_SIZE;
+	usz offset_within_block = seek % BLOCK_SIZE;
+	char[BLOCK_SIZE] wide_buf;
+
+	if (offset_within_block)
+	{
+		compress_xof(self.input_cv[..], self.block, self.block_len, output_block_counter, self.flags | Blake3Flags.ROOT, wide_buf[..]);
+		usz avail = BLOCK_SIZE - offset_within_block;
+		usz bytes = min(into.len, avail);
+		into[:bytes] = wide_buf[offset_within_block:bytes];
+		into = into[bytes..];
+		output_block_counter++;
+	}
+	if (into.len / BLOCK_SIZE)
+	{
+		@xof_many(self.input_cv[..], self.block, self.block_len, output_block_counter, self.flags | Blake3Flags.ROOT, into, into.len / BLOCK_SIZE);
+	}
+	output_block_counter += into.len / 64;
+	into = into[(usz)(into.len & -64ll) ..];
+	if (into.len)
+	{
+		compress_xof(self.input_cv[..], self.block, self.block_len, output_block_counter, self.flags | Blake3Flags.ROOT, wide_buf[..]);
+		into[..] = wide_buf[:into.len];
+	}
+}
+
+
+// =================================================================================================
+// =================================================================================================
+// =================================================================================================
+// WELCOME TO THE COMPUTATION GARDEN...
+//
+//     You wanna understand BLAKE3? You gotta get through us.
+//          ______________________________
+//        ༼ ºل͟º ༼ ºل͟º ༼ ºل͟º ༽ ºل͟º ༽ ºل͟º ༽
+//
+//
+macro uint @popcnt(#x) @local => (uint)#x.popcount();
+macro uint @highest_one(#x) @local => 63 ^ (uint)#x.clz();
+macro usz @round_down_to_power_of_2(#x) @local => (usz)1 << @highest_one(#x | 1);
+
+macro left_subtree_len(usz input_len) @local
+	=> @round_down_to_power_of_2((input_len - 1) / CHUNK_SIZE) * CHUNK_SIZE;
+
+
+macro @g(#state, a, b, c, d, x, y) @local
+{
+	#state[a] += #state[b] + x;
+	#state[d] = (#state[d] ^ #state[a]).rotr(16);
+	#state[c] += #state[d];
+	#state[b] = (#state[b] ^ #state[c]).rotr(12);
+	#state[a] += #state[b] + y;
+	#state[d] = (#state[d] ^ #state[a]).rotr(8);
+	#state[c] += #state[d];
+	#state[b] = (#state[b] ^ #state[c]).rotr(7);
+}
+
+macro @round(uint[] state, uint* msg, usz round) @local
+{
+	char* schedule = &MESSAGE_SCHEDULE[round];
+	@g(state, 0, 4,  8, 12, msg[schedule[0] ], msg[schedule[1] ]);
+	@g(state, 1, 5,  9, 13, msg[schedule[2] ], msg[schedule[3] ]);
+	@g(state, 2, 6, 10, 14, msg[schedule[4] ], msg[schedule[5] ]);
+	@g(state, 3, 7, 11, 15, msg[schedule[6] ], msg[schedule[7] ]);
+	@g(state, 0, 5, 10, 15, msg[schedule[8] ], msg[schedule[9] ]);
+	@g(state, 1, 6, 11, 12, msg[schedule[10]], msg[schedule[11]]);
+	@g(state, 2, 7,  8, 13, msg[schedule[12]], msg[schedule[13]]);
+	@g(state, 3, 4,  9, 14, msg[schedule[14]], msg[schedule[15]]);
+}
+
+fn void compress_pre(uint[] state, uint[] cv, char[BLOCK_SIZE] block, usz block_len, ulong counter, char flags) @local @noinline
+{
+	uint[16] block_words @noinit;
+	foreach (i, &b : block_words) *b = mem::load((uint*)&block[i * 4], 1);
+	state[0:8] = cv[0:8];
+	state[8:4] = IV[0:4];
+	state[12] = (uint)counter;
+	state[13] = (uint)(counter >> 32);
+	state[14] = (uint)block_len;
+	state[15] = (uint)flags;
+	@round(state, &block_words[0], 0);
+	@round(state, &block_words[0], 1);
+	@round(state, &block_words[0], 2);
+	@round(state, &block_words[0], 3);
+	@round(state, &block_words[0], 4);
+	@round(state, &block_words[0], 5);
+	@round(state, &block_words[0], 6);
+}
+
+macro compress_in_place(uint[] cv, char[BLOCK_SIZE] block, usz block_len, ulong counter, char flags) @local
+{
+	uint[16] state @noinit;
+	compress_pre(state[..], cv, block, block_len, counter, flags);
+	for (usz i = 0; i < 8; i++) cv[i] = state[i] ^ state[i + 8];
+}
+
+macro compress_xof(uint[] cv, char[BLOCK_SIZE] block, usz block_len, ulong counter, char flags, char[] out) @local
+{
+	uint[16] state @noinit;
+	compress_pre(state[..], cv, block, block_len, counter, flags);
+	$for usz $i = 0; $i < 8; $i++: mem::store((uint*)&out[4 * $i], state[$i] ^ state[$i + 8], 1); $endfor
+	$for usz $i = 0; $i < 8; $i++: mem::store((uint*)&out[4 * (8 + $i)], state[$i + 8] ^ cv[$i], 1); $endfor
+}
+
+macro @xof_many(uint[] cv, char[BLOCK_SIZE] block, usz block_len, ulong counter, char flags, char[] out, usz out_blocks) @local
+{
+	for (usz i = 0; i < out_blocks; i++, out = out[BLOCK_SIZE..]) compress_xof(cv, block, block_len, counter + i, flags, out);
+}
+
+macro hash_one(char* input, usz blocks, uint[] key, ulong counter, char flags, char flags_start, char flags_end, char[] out) @local
+{
+	uint[8] cv;
+	cv[..] = key[..];
+	char block_flags = flags | flags_start;
+	for (; blocks > 0; input += BLOCK_SIZE, blocks--, block_flags = flags)
+	{
+		if (blocks == 1) block_flags |= flags_end;
+		compress_in_place(cv[..], input[:BLOCK_SIZE], BLOCK_SIZE, counter, block_flags);
+	}
+	foreach (i, c : cv) mem::store((uint*)&out[i * 4], c, 1);
+}
+
+macro hash_many(char*[] inputs, usz num_inputs, usz blocks, uint[] key, ulong counter, bool $increment_counter, char flags, char flags_start, char flags_end, char* out) @local
+{
+	for (; num_inputs > 0; num_inputs--, inputs = inputs[1..], out += OUT_SIZE)
+	{
+		hash_one(inputs[0], blocks, key, counter, flags, flags_start, flags_end, out[:OUT_SIZE]);
+		$if $increment_counter: counter++; $endif
+	}
+}
+
+
+fn void compress_subtree_to_parent_node(char[] input, uint[] key, ulong chunk_counter, char flags, char[] out, bool use_tbb) @local @noinline
+{
+	char[MAX_SIMD_DEGREE_OR_2 * OUT_SIZE] cv_array;
+
+	usz num_cvs = compress_subtree_wide(input, key, chunk_counter, flags, cv_array[..], use_tbb);
+	assert(num_cvs <= 2);
+
+	$if MAX_SIMD_DEGREE_OR_2 > 2:
+		char[MAX_SIMD_DEGREE_OR_2 * OUT_SIZE / 2] out_array;
+		while (num_cvs > 2) num_cvs = compress_parents_parallel(cv_array[..], num_cvs, key, flags, &out_array);
+	$endif
+
+	out[..] = cv_array[:2 * OUT_SIZE];
+}
+
+fn usz compress_subtree_wide(char[] input, uint[] key, ulong chunk_counter, char flags, char* out, bool use_tbb) @local @noinline
+{
+	if (input.len <= @simd_degree() * CHUNK_SIZE) return compress_chunks_parallel(input, key, chunk_counter, flags, out);
+
+	usz left_input_len = left_subtree_len(input.len);
+	usz right_input_len = input.len - left_input_len;
+	char* right_input = &input[left_input_len];
+	ulong right_chunk_counter = chunk_counter + (ulong)(left_input_len / CHUNK_SIZE);
+
+	char[2 * MAX_SIMD_DEGREE_OR_2 * OUT_SIZE] cv_array;
+	usz degree = @simd_degree();
+	if (left_input_len > CHUNK_SIZE && degree == 1) degree = 2;
+	char* right_cvs = &cv_array[degree * OUT_SIZE];
+
+	usz left_n = compress_subtree_wide(input[:left_input_len], key, chunk_counter, flags, &cv_array, use_tbb);
+	usz right_n = compress_subtree_wide(right_input[:right_input_len], key, right_chunk_counter, flags, right_cvs, use_tbb);
+
+	if (left_n == 1)
+	{
+		out[:2 * OUT_SIZE] = cv_array[:2 * OUT_SIZE];
+		return 2;
+	}
+
+	return compress_parents_parallel(cv_array[..], left_n + right_n, key, flags, out);
+}
+
+fn usz compress_parents_parallel(char[] child_chaining_values, usz num_chaining_values, uint[] key, char flags, char* out) @local @noinline
+{
+	char*[MAX_SIMD_DEGREE_OR_2] parents_array;
+	usz parents_array_len = 0;
+
+	while (num_chaining_values - (2 * parents_array_len) >= 2)
+	{
+		parents_array[parents_array_len++] = &child_chaining_values[2 * parents_array_len * OUT_SIZE];
+	}
+
+	hash_many(parents_array[:parents_array_len], parents_array_len, 1, key, 0, false, flags | Blake3Flags.PARENT, 0, 0, out);
+
+	if (num_chaining_values > 2 * parents_array_len)
+	{
+		out[parents_array_len * OUT_SIZE : OUT_SIZE] = child_chaining_values[2 * parents_array_len * OUT_SIZE : OUT_SIZE];
+		return parents_array_len + 1;
+	}
+
+	return parents_array_len;
+}
+
+fn usz compress_chunks_parallel(char[] input, uint[] key, ulong chunk_counter, char flags, char* out) @local @noinline
+{
+	char*[MAX_SIMD_DEGREE] chunks_array;
+	usz input_position = 0;
+	usz chunks_array_len = 0;
+
+	for (; input.len - input_position >= CHUNK_SIZE; input_position += CHUNK_SIZE)
+	{
+		chunks_array[chunks_array_len++] = &input[input_position];
+	}
+
+	hash_many(chunks_array[:chunks_array_len], chunks_array_len, CHUNK_SIZE / BLOCK_SIZE, key, chunk_counter, true, flags, Blake3Flags.CHUNK_START, Blake3Flags.CHUNK_END, out);
+
+	if (input.len <= input_position) return chunks_array_len;
+
+	ulong counter = chunk_counter + (ulong)chunks_array_len;
+	Blake3ChunkState chunk_state;
+	chunk_state.init(key, flags);
+	chunk_state.chunk_counter = counter;
+	chunk_state.update(input[input_position : input.len - input_position]);
+	Blake3Output o = chunk_state.output();
+	o.chaining_value(&out[chunks_array_len * OUT_SIZE]);
+
+	return chunks_array_len + 1;
+}

lib/std/hash/gost/streebog.c3

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2025 Zack Puhl <github@xmit.xyz>. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by the MIT license
+// a copy of which can be found in the LICENSE_STDLIB file.
+//
+// An implementation of Streebog-256 and Streebog-512, defined in the
+//   Russian standard GOST R 34.11-2012. Also known as "GOST-12".
+//
+module std::hash::streebog;
+
+
+enum StreebogLength : const inline uint
+{
+	SIZE_256 = 32,
+	SIZE_512 = 64,
+}
+
+struct Streebog
+{
+	ulong[8]    h;
+	ulong[8]    n;
+	ulong[8]    s;
+	ulong[8]    message;
+	usz 	    index;
+	usz			hash_size;
+}
+
+
+<*
+ @require $defined(data[0]) &&& $typeof(data[0]) == char : "Input data must be a char slice, char array, or string value."
+*>
+macro char[*] hash(StreebogLength $hash_size, data)
+{
+	// TODO: The speed of this hash hinges on use of >>> SIMD instructions <<<. It would be nice to have some added.
+	Streebog s @noinit;
+	s.init($hash_size);
+	s.update(data);
+	return s.final($hash_size);
+}
+
+macro char[*] hash_256(char[] data) => hash(SIZE_256, data);
+macro char[*] hash_512(char[] data) => hash(SIZE_512, data);
+
+
+macro @xor_512(#x, #y, #z) @local
+{
+	$for var $i = 0; $i < 8; $i++:
+		#z[$i] = #x[$i] ^ #y[$i];
+	$endfor
+}
+
+macro @add_512(#sum, #x) @local
+{
+	ulong carry = 0;
+	$for usz $i = 0; $i < 8; $i++:
+		#sum[$i] += #x[$i] + carry;
+		carry = #sum[$i] < #x[$i] ? 1 : (#sum[$i] == #x[$i] ? carry : 0);
+	$endfor
+}
+
+macro @lpsx(#a, #b, #result) @local
+{
+	ulong[8] z @noinit;
+	@xor_512(#a, #b, z);
+	// Do not unroll these loops - produces far too much code at compile-time.
+	for (usz i = 0; i < 8; i++)
+	{
+		#result[i] = TR[0][(z[0] >> (i << 3)) & 0xff];
+		for (usz j = 1; j < 8; j++) #result[i] ^= TR[j][(z[j] >> (i << 3)) & 0xff];
+	}
+}
+
+macro @g_n(#n, #h, #m) @local
+{
+	ulong[8] k_i;
+	ulong[8] state;
+
+	@lpsx(#h, #n, k_i);
+	@lpsx(k_i, #m, state);
+	// Do not unroll this loop - produces far too much code at compile-time.
+	for (usz i = 0; i < 11; i++)
+	{
+		@lpsx(k_i, ITERATION_CONSTANTS[i], k_i);
+		@lpsx(k_i, state, state);
+	}
+	@lpsx(k_i, ITERATION_CONSTANTS[11], k_i);
+	@xor_512(k_i, state, state);
+	@xor_512(state, #h, state);
+	@xor_512(state, #m, #h);
+}
+
+
+macro Streebog.@stage2(&self, #m) @local
+{
+	@g_n(self.n, self.h, #m);
+	@add_512(self.n, STAGE2_512);
+	@add_512(self.s, #m);
+}
+
+macro void Streebog.init(&self, StreebogLength $hash_size)
+{
+	mem::zero_volatile(@as_char_view(*self)); // explicitly initialize the entire state to 0
+	self.hash_size = $hash_size;
+	$if $hash_size != SIZE_512:
+		@as_char_view(self.h)[..] = (char[*]){ [0..63] = 0x01 }[..];
+	$endif
+}
+
+fn void Streebog.update(&self, char[] data)
+{
+	if (self.index)
+	{
+		usz rest = BLOCK_SIZE - self.index;
+		usz size = data.len;
+		usz len = size < rest ? size : rest;
+
+		@as_char_view(self.message)[self.index:len] = data[:len];
+		self.index += size;
+		if (size < rest) return;
+
+		self.@stage2(self.message);
+		data = data[rest..];
+		self.index = 0;
+	}
+	bool aligned = 0 == (usz)data.ptr % ulong.sizeof;
+	for (; data.len >= BLOCK_SIZE; data = data[BLOCK_SIZE..])
+	{
+		if (aligned)
+		{
+			self.@stage2((ulong*)data.ptr);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			@as_char_view(self.message)[:BLOCK_SIZE] = data[:BLOCK_SIZE];
+			self.@stage2(self.message);
+		}
+	}
+	if (data.len)
+	{
+		self.index = data.len;
+		@as_char_view(self.message)[:data.len] = data[..];
+	}
+}
+
+<*
+ @require $hash_size == self.hash_size : "You must use the same output hash size as was initialized with the context."
+*>
+macro char[*] Streebog.final(&self, StreebogLength $hash_size)
+{
+	char[$hash_size] result;
+	ulong[8] unprocessed_bits_count;
+	usz index = self.index >> 3;
+	usz shift = (self.index & 0b111) * 8;
+
+	unprocessed_bits_count[0] = self.index * 8;
+	self.message[index]   &= ~(ulong.max << shift);
+	self.message[index++] ^= 1ul << shift;
+	if (index < 8) self.message[index..] = {};
+
+	@g_n(self.n, self.h, self.message);
+	@add_512(self.n, unprocessed_bits_count);
+	@add_512(self.s, self.message);
+	@g_n(ZERO_512, self.h, self.n);
+	@g_n(ZERO_512, self.h, self.s);
+
+	defer mem::zero_volatile(@as_char_view(*self)); // implicitly clear the structure when finalized
+
+	result[..] = @as_char_view(self.h)[(BLOCK_SIZE - $hash_size)..];
+	return result;
+}